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Punctuation |
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apostrophe ( ’ ' ) |
| Interword separation |
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spaces ( ) ( ) ( ) |
| General typography |
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ampersand ( & ) |
| Uncommon typography |
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asterism ( ⁂ ) |
Punctuation is everything in written language other than the actual letters or numbers, including punctuation marks (listed at right), inter-word spaces and indentation. Guillemets ( or after French) also called Angle quotes, are line segments pointed as if arrows ( « or ») sometimes forming a complementary A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes The question mark (? also known as an interrogation point, question point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that replaces Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech A semicolon ( ) is a conventional Punctuation mark with several usages The slash ( /) is a punctuation mark It is also called a virgule, diagonal, stroke, forward slash, oblique dash, The solidus ( ⁄) is a punctuation mark that is not found on standard keyboards Interword separation is the act and the effect of mutually separating the written representations of Words The early Semitic languages mdashwhich had no vowel In writing a space () is a blank area that is devoid of content which separates words letters numbers and punctuation An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety An ampersand ( &) also commonly called an " 'and' sign," is a Logogram representing the conjunction "and" The typographic character @, the at sign, denotes a pan-lingual abbreviation of the word 'at' An asterisk ( *) (Latin asteriscum "little star" from Greek ἀστερίσκος) is a Typographical symbol or Glyph The backslash ( \) is a typographical mark ( Glyph) used chiefly in Computing. In Typography, a bullet is a typographical symbol or Glyph used to introduce Items in a list, like below also known as the point of a bullet Caret is the name for the symbol ^ in ASCII and some other Character sets Its Unicode code point is U+005E and its ASCII code in hexadecimal is 5E The currency sign ( ¤) is a character used to denote a currency when the symbol for a particular currency is unavailable In many national currencies, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of the basic monetary unit The euro sign (€ is the Currency sign used for the Euro, the official currency of the European Union (EU See also Pound (currency.The pound sign (" £ " or " ₤ " is the symbol for the Pound sterling —the currency of the ¥￥ ₪The sheqel sign ( ₪) A dagger ( †, &dagger U+ 2020 is a typographical symbol or Glyph. The degree symbol (° Unicode: U+00B0 HTML: ° is a typographical symbol or Glyph, that is used to represent degrees of arc (see The inverted question and exclamation marks are used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences respectively in written Spanish. The inverted question and exclamation marks are used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences respectively in written Spanish. In Logic and Mathematics, negation or not is an operation on Logical values for example the logical value of a Proposition Number sign is a name for the symbol #; it is the preferred Unicode name for the Code point associated with that Glyph. The Numero sign (U+2116 or Number sign is used in many languages to indicate ordinal numeration especially in names and titles for example instead of writing the long " The percent sign ( %) is the symbol used to indicate a Percentage (that the preceding number is divided by one hundred The pilcrow (¶ Unicode U+00B6 HTML entity ¶ also called the Paragraph sign or the alinea ( The prime symbol ( ′ double prime symbol ( &Prime triple prime symbol ( ‴ etc The section sign (§ Unicode U+00A7 HTML entity § is a typographical character used mainly to refer to a particular section The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark The underscore _ (also called understrike, underbar, low line, or low dash is a character that originally appeared on the Typewriter. Note "broken bar" and the glyph "¦" redirect here Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety For other uses of this term please refer to Asterism disambiguation page The symbol ☞ is a Punctuation mark called an index or fist. In a Mathematical proof, the therefore sign (∴ is a symbol that is sometimes placed before a Logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a The interrobang ( ‽, is a nonstandard English -language Punctuation mark intended to combine the functions of the Question mark (also "؟" redirects here For the Arabic question mark see Question mark. This page lists Japanese typographic symbols which are not included in Kana or Kanji. A sarcasm mark or sarcasm point identifies text as being Derogatory or ironic. [1]
Punctuation marks are symbols that correspond to neither phonemes (sounds) of a language nor to lexemes (words and phrases), but which serve to indicate the structure and organization of writing, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading it aloud. The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them For its use in the context of Computer Science see Lexical analysis. In Linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch whilst speaking which is not used to distinguish words See orthography. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language
In English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate the meaning of sentences. For example, "woman, without her man, is nothing," and "woman: without her, man is nothing," have greatly different meanings, as do "eats shoots and leaves" and "eats, shoots and leaves. "[2]
The rules of punctuation vary with language, location, register and time, and are constantly evolving. In Geography, location is a position or point in Physical space that something occupies on Earths' surface In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Certain aspects of punctuation are stylistic and are thus the author's (or editor's) choice. Tachygraphic language forms, such as those used in online chat and text messages, may have wildly different rules. Online chat can refer to any kind of Communication over the Internet, but is primarily meant to refer to direct one-on-one chat or Text-based group Text messaging, or texting is the common term for the sending of "short" (160 characters or fewer including spaces text messages from Mobile phones
Contents |
History
The earliest writing had no capitalization, no spaces and no punctuation marks. Capitalization (or capitalisation &mdash see spelling differences) is writing a word with its first letter as a Majuscule (upper case letter This worked as long as the subject matter was restricted to a limited range of topics (for example, writing was initially used for recording business transactions). Expanding the use of writing to more abstract concepts required some way to disambiguate meanings. --> Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information Until the 18th century, punctuation was principally an aid to reading aloud; after that time its development was as a mechanism for ensuring that the text made sense when read silently. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Aid (from the french word aide, also known as international aid, overseas aid, or foreign aid, especially in the United States) is [1]
The oldest known document that uses punctuation is the Mesha Stele (9th century BC). The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the "Moabite Stone") is a black Basalt stone bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC This employs points between the words and horizontal strokes between the sense section as punctuation.
The Greeks were using punctuation marks consisting of vertically arranged dots - usually two (c. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions f. the modern colon) or three - in around the 5th century BC. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. Greek playwrights (e. g. , Euripides and Aristophanes) used symbols to distinguish the ends of phrases in written drama: this essentially helped the play's cast to know when to pause. Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. In particular, they used three different symbols to divide speeches, known as commas (indicated by a centred dot), colons (indicated by a dot on the base line), and periods (indicated by a raised dot).
The Romans (circa 1st century BC) also adopted symbols to indicate pauses. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC.
Punctuation developed dramatically when large numbers of copies of the Christian Bible started to be produced. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin These were designed to be read aloud and the copyists began to introduce a range of marks to aid the reader, including indentation, various punctuation marks and an early version of initial capitals. A copyist is a person who makes written copies In ancient times a scrivener was also called a St Jerome and his colleagues, who produced the Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin, developed an early system (circa 400 AD); this was considerably improved on by Alcuin. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c The marks included the virgule (forward slash) and dots in different locations; the dots were centred in the line, raised or in groups. The slash ( /) is a punctuation mark It is also called a virgule, diagonal, stroke, forward slash, oblique dash,
The use of punctuation was not standardized until after the invention of printing. Credit for introducing a standard system is generally given to Aldus Manutius and his grandson. Aldus Manutius (1449/1450 – February 6, 1515) the Latinized name of Teobaldo Mannucci, sometimes called Aldus Manutius the Elder to distinguish They popularized the practice of ending sentences with the colon or full stop, invented the semicolon, made occasional use of parentheses and created the modern comma by lowering the virgule. A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point, decimal point, or dot) is the Punctuation mark commonly placed at the A semicolon ( ) is a conventional Punctuation mark with several usages Brackets are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text A comma ( , is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs The slash ( /) is a punctuation mark It is also called a virgule, diagonal, stroke, forward slash, oblique dash, [2]
The standards and limitations of evolving technologies have exercised further pragmatic influences. For example, minimisation of punctuation in typewritten matter became economically desirable in the 1960s and 1970s for the many users of carbon-film ribbons, since a period or comma consumed the same length of expensive non-reusable ribbon as did a capital letter.
Other languages
Other European languages use much the same punctuation as English. Most of the many Languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European Language family. The similarity is so strong that the few variations confuse a native English reader. Quotation marks are particularly variable across European languages. Quotation marks, also called quotes, speech marks or inverted commas, are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech a quotation For example, in French, quotes would appear as: « Je suis fatigué. » (in French, each "double punctuation", as the Guillemet, requires a non-breaking space). Guillemets ( or after French) also called Angle quotes, are line segments pointed as if arrows ( « or ») sometimes forming a complementary In computer-based Text processing and Digital typesetting, a non-breaking space or no-break space ( NBSP) is In Greek, the question mark is written as a sign resembling the English semi-colon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (·), known as the ano teleia (άνω τελεία). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries
Arabic — written from right to left — uses a reversed question mark: ؟. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language However, Hebrew, which is also written right to left, uses the same character as in English: ?.
Originally Sanskrit had no punctuation. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical In the 1600s, Sanskrit and Marathi, both written in the Devanagari script, started using the vertical bar (|) to end a line of a prose and double vertical bars (||) to end the verse.
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean did not use punctuation before the modern era. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system The grammatical structure of sentences in classical writing is inferred from context. Most punctuation marks in modern Chinese, Japanese, and Korean have similar functions to their English counterparts; however, they often look different and have different customary rules.
- Further information: East Asian Punctuation
Ethiopian languages, including Amharic, Tigrinya, Ge'ez, and Afaan Oromo, make use of these punctuation marks: space (፡), comma (፣), sentence end (።), semicolon (፤), colon (፥), preface colon (፦), question mark (፧), paragraph separator (፨). East Asian punctuation can refer to Chinese punctuation Japanese punctuation Korean punctuation
Novel punctuation marks
A European patent application was filed, and published in 1992 under WO number WO9219458,[3] for two new punctuation marks: the "question comma" and the "exclamation comma". A patent application is a request pending at a Patent office for the grant of a Patent for the Invention described and claimed by that application The patent application entered the national phase in Canada only, advertised as lapsing in Australia on 27 January 1994 [4] and in Canada on 6 November 1995 [5].
Unicode
Apart from the ASCII punctuation marks in its Basic Latin range
- !"'()*,-. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) ISO 646 is an ISO standard that since 1972 has specified a 7- Bit character code from which several national standards are derived /:;<>?[\]`{|}~
Unicode has the General Punctuation (U+2000–206F) and Supplemental Punctuation (U+E000–E0FF) ranges. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's
| General Punctuation Unicode.org chart (PDF) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U+ | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 2000 | | | | | | |||||||||||
| 2010 | ‐ | ‑ | ‒ | – | — | ― | ‖ | ‗ | ‘ | ’ | ‚ | ‛ | “ | ” | „ | ‟ |
| 2020 | † | ‡ | • | ‣ | ․ | ‥ | … | ‧ | | | | | | |||
| 2030 | ‰ | ‱ | ′ | ″ | ‴ | ‵ | ‶ | ‷ | ‸ | ‹ | › | ※ | ‼ | ‽ | ‾ | ‿ |
| 2040 | ⁀ | ⁁ | ⁂ | ⁃ | ⁄ | ⁅ | ⁆ | ⁇ | ⁈ | ⁉ | ⁊ | ⁋ | ⁌ | ⁍ | ⁎ | ⁏ |
| 2050 | ⁐ | ⁑ | ⁒ | ⁓ | ⁔ | ⁕ | ⁖ | ⁗ | ⁘ | ⁙ | ⁚ | ⁛ | ⁜ | ⁝ | ⁞ | |
| 2060 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Supplemental Punctuation Unicode.org chart (PDF) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U+ | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| E000 | ⸀ | ⸁ | ⸂ | ⸃ | ⸄ | ⸅ | ⸆ | ⸇ | ⸈ | ⸉ | ⸊ | ⸋ | ⸌ | ⸍ | ⸎ | ⸏ |
| E010 | ⸐ | ⸑ | ⸒ | ⸓ | ⸔ | ⸕ | ⸖ | ⸗ | ⸘ | ⸙ | ⸚ | ⸛ | ⸜ | ⸝ | ⸞ | ⸟ |
| E020 | ⸠ | ⸡ | ⸢ | ⸣ | ⸤ | ⸥ | ⸦ | ⸧ | ⸨ | ⸩ | ⸪ | ⸫ | ⸬ | ⸭ | ⸮ | ⸯ |
References
- ^ a b Todd, Loreto (2000). The Cassell Guide to Punctuation. Cassell, ISBN 978-0304349616.
- ^ a b Truss, Lynne (2003). Lynne Truss (born 1955) is an English writer and journalist who was born in Kingston upon Thames. Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Eats Shoots & Leaves The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation is a Non-fiction book written by Lynne Truss, the former host of the BBC 's Profile Books. ISBN 1-86197-612-7.
- ^ European Patent Office publication
- ^ Australian Official Journal of Patents, 27 January 1994
- ^ CIPO - Patent - 2102803 - Financial Transactions
See also
- Hebrew punctuation
- Japanese punctuation
- Obelism, the practice of annotating manuscripts with marks set in the margins
- Scribal abbreviations, abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin
- Tironian notes, a system of shorthand consisted of about 4,000 signs
- Unicode symbols, characters of symbols that have a well-defined place in plain text, in computing
- James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher., a word puzzle in which proper punctuation must be added to give the sentence meaning
Further reading
- Allen, Robert (2002-07-25). Hebrew punctuation is similar to that of English and other Western languages Japanese punctuation (約物 yakumono) includes various written marks (besides characters and numbers which differ from those found in European languages Obelism is the practice of annotating Manuscripts with marks set in the margins Scribal abbreviations ( sigla; singular sigil or more rarely siglum) were Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Tironian notes ( la notae Tironianae) is a system of Shorthand said to have been invented by Cicero 's scribe Marcus Tullius Tiro. In Computing, in addition to encoding characters for the various Writing systems used throughout the World Unicode also devotes several blocks of characters " James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher " is an English sentence demonstrating lexical ambiguity. Robert Allen is a British Lexicographer who has written edited and published a wide range of books about the English language. Punctuation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860439-4.
- Amis, Kingsley (1998-03-02). Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE ( April 16, 1922 &ndash October 22, 1995) was an English Novelist, The King's English: A Guide to Modern Usage. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638746-2.
- Fowler, Henry Watson; Francis George Fowler [1906] (June 2002). Henry Watson Fowler ( 10 March 1858 – 26 December 1933) was an English schoolmaster Lexicographer and commentator Francis George Fowler (1871–1918 familiarly known as FG Fowler, was an English writer on English language grammar and usage The King's English. The King's English is a book on English usage and grammar It was written by the Fowler brothers Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860507-2.
- Gowers, Ernest (1948). Sir Ernest Arthur Gowers GCB GBE ( 2 June[[ 880]]– 16 April 1966) was a British Civil servant, now best known for work on Plain Words: a guide to the use of English. Plain Words is a Style guide for British English written in 1948 by Sir Ernest Gowers, originally aimed at Civil servants London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
- Parkes, Malcolm Beckwith (1993). Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07941-8.
External links
- Larry Trask: Guide to Punctuation A helpful online resource
- Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalization – a comprehensive online guide by NASA
- Unicode reference tables:
- Ethiopic Script
| The ISO basic Latin alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | |
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history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters |
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