Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit High-rise Apartment building. Cwmbran (Cwmbrân is a New town in Wales within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire, and within the modern County borough of South Wales (De Cymru is an area of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south and Mid Wales and West Wales Housing tenure refers to the financial arrangements under which someone has the right to live in a House or Apartment. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Social housing is an umbrella term referring to rental housing which may be owned and managed by the state, by not-for-profit organizations, or by a combination of the two, usually with the aim of providing affordable housing. An umbrella term is a word that provides a Superset or grouping of related concepts also called a Hypernym. Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed " affordable " to a group of people within a specified
Although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the details, terminology, definitions of poverty and other criteria for allocation vary. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and
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Public housing by country
Australia
Public housing in Australia is usually provided by departments of state and territory governments, with funding provided by both state and federal governments. Public housing in Australia is usually provided by departments of state and territory governments For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Commonwealth of Australia is made up of 8 states and territories controlled under a federal system of government There are over 300,000 public housing dwellings in Australia, consisting of low-density housing on master-planned estates located in suburban areas, and also inner-city high-rise apartments in Melbourne and Sydney. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4
Canada and United States
In the United States and Canada, projects are usually a block of purpose-built government subsidized housing operated by a government agency, often simply referred to as projects with easier-to-manage town houses. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Numerous federal, state and local enactments have greatly diminished criminal activity inside projects and altered who is entitled to live in them. Canada, especially Toronto, still maintains primarily large high-rise clustered developments in working class neighborhoods, a system that has fallen into disfavor in both the UK and US, with the exception of New York City. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario The City of New York In Toronto, large projects house largely immigrants and refugees, and lower-income Canadians.
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, government involvement in housing for the poor was chiefly in the introduction of buildings standards. Most housing communities were developed from the 1930s onward and initial public housing was largely slum regeneration, with no nationwide expansion of public housing. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security This helped ease the concerns of a health-conscious public by eliminating or altering neighborhoods commonly considered dangerous, and reflected progressive-era sanitation initiatives. However, the advent of make-shift tent communities during the Great Depression caused concern in the Administration. Public housing in its earliest decades was usually much more working-class and middle-class and white than it was by the 1960s. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Many Americans associate large, multi-story towers with public housing, but early projects were actually low-rise, though Le Corbusier superblocks caught on before World War II. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss
Public housing was only built with the blessing of the local government, and projects were almost never built on suburban greenfields (with the exception of Toronto), but through regeneration of older neighborhoods. The destruction of tenements and eviction of their low-income residents consistently created problems in nearby neighborhoods with "soft" real estate markets. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Houses, apartments or other residential units are usually subsidized on a rent-geared-to-income (RGI) basis. In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector Some communities have now embraced a mixed income, with both assisted and market rents, when allocating homes as they become available.
Public housing in the US has been overhauled in recent years after criticism that neglect and concentrated poverty have contributed to increased crime. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment HUD's 1993 HOPE VI program addresses these issues by funding renewal of public housing to decrease its density and allow for tenants with mixed income levels. Projects continue to have a reputation for violence, drug use, and prostitution, especially in New Orleans and New York City (which houses 408,000 registered residents) leading to the passage of a 1996 federal "one strike you're out" law, enabling the eviction of tenants convicted of crimes, especially drug-related, or merely as a result of being tried for some crimes. Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The City of New York One strike you're out is a colloquial term for a policy adhered to by Public housing officials in the United States which requires tenants living in housing projects Other attempts to solve these problems include the 1978 Section 8 Housing Program, which encourages the private sector to construct affordable homes, and subsidises public housing. This article covers the HUD subsidized housing program For other meanings of the term Section 8 see Section 8. This assistance can be "project based," subsidising properties, or "tenant based," which provides tenants with a voucher, accepted by some landlords. A voucher is a bond which is worth a certain monetary value and which may only be spent for specific reasons or on specific goods
In Canada, following the decentralisation of public housing to local municipalities, Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC) was created in the Province of Ontario in 2002 to provide group services for social housing providers (public housing, non-profit housing and co-operative housing). The Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC was created in the Province of Ontario in 2002 to provide group services for social housing providers ( Public housing Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Non-profit housing is owned and managed by private non-profit groups such as churches ethnocultural communities or by governments A housing cooperative is a legal entity—usually a Corporation —that owns Real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings It is a non-profit corporation which provides Ontario housing providers and service managers with bulk purchasing, insurance, investment and information services that add significant value to their operations.
France
France has a long tradition of state intervention in the housing market. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. After WWII, population increased at a rate previously unknown, the rural exodus increased, while war damage had reduced the number of houses in many cities. Rental prices dramatically rose, and the government made a law in 1949 to block them, effectively ending the economic benefits of housing investment; Additionally, construction was strictly regulated which made building very difficult without political support.
The government launched a huge construction plan, including the creation ex nihilo of new towns ("villes nouvelles") and new suburbs with HLM (Habitation à Loyer Modéré, "housing at moderated rents"). HLM ( fr '''h'''abitation à '''l'''oyer '''m'''odéré) French for "housing at moderated rents" or "rent-controlled housing" is a form of The state had the money, the legal means to acquire the land and could provide some advantages to the companies that built its huge housing complexes of hundreds of apartments. Quality was also effectively regulated, resulting in decent or even top quality housing for the standard of the time (this was in the 50s and 60s). Political forces used the HLM weapon effectively, for the family that was given the opportunity to have an HLM could but be thankful to its local mayor; besides, a "communist" mayor was always happy to have as much HLM as possible, for their tenants were poorer and more likely to vote for him, while its "gaullist" neighbour was as much happy to see them leave, resulting in local "Yalta" making them both happy and friendly.
HLM construction was (as far as we know, nothing proves that it is still the case) also a major -- and illegal! -- source of political financing: building companies had to pay back the political party of the mayor that launched an HLM program. This resulted in corruption and some scandals ; the last and most important one was about Paris' HLM, it implied all major parties that all had a share of the corruption money[1], and it resulted in an important reform of political financing (the HLM system itself escaped reform).
France still retains this system, a recent law making it an obligation for every town to have at least 20% HLM. Nowadays HLM represents roughly half of the rental market.
While they succeeded in giving lower-income families a place to live, this system also led to the creation of suburban ghettoes. There, deprived strata of the population, mostly of immigrant origin and suffering massive under-employment, were left to simmer away from the gentrified urban centres, sometimes becoming rife with social tensions and violence. Tackling this problem at its roots is all but simple, with a lack of success despite many plans, so that a blind "law-and-order" attitude is now common in French internal politics, with few effective results and violent symptoms.
Germany
Between 1925 and 1930 Germany was the site of innovative and extensive municipal public housing projects, mostly in Berlin, Cologne and Frankfurt am Main. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. These Siedlungen (settlements), were made necessary by the dreadful living conditions of pre-war urban tenements. The right to a healthy dwelling was written into the 1919 Weimar Constitution, but few dwellings were built until economic stability in 1925. For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich.
These settlements were low-rise, no more than 5 stories, and in suburban settings. Residents were provided access to light, air, and sun. The size, shape, orientation and architectural style of Germany's public housing were informed by the recent experience of the Vienese and the Dutch, the anti-urban Garden City Movement in Britain, by new industrialized mass-production and pre-fabrication building techniques, by the novel use of steel and glass, and by the progressive-liberal policies of the Social Democrats. The garden city movement is an approach to Urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom
Architect Martin Wagner (with Bruno Taut) was responsible for the thousands of dwellings built in and around Berlin, including the Horseshoe Siedlung (named for its shape), and Uncle Tom's Cabin Siedlung (named for a local restaurant). Bruno Julius Florian Taut ( 4 May 1880, Königsberg, Germany &ndash 24 December 1938, Istanbul) was a prolific German But Wagner was second to the city planner Ernst May in Frankfurt. Ernst May ( 27 July 1886, Frankfurt am Main &mdash 11 September 1970, Hamburg) was a German architect and May was responsible for the construction of 23 separate settlements, 15,000 total units, in five years. He ran his own sizable research facility to investigate, for instance, air-flow in various floorplan configurations, construction techniques, etc. The Austrian architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky applied the principles of Taylorism to the kitchen workspace and developed the Frankfurt kitchen while working for Ernst May. Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky ( January 23, 1897 &ndash January 18, 2000) was the first female Austrian Architect and The Frankfurt kitchen was a milestone in domestic Architecture, considered the fore-runner of modern Fitted kitchens for it realised for the first time a Kitchen
Beyond technical research May also published two magazines and embarked on a significant public-relations project, with films and classes and public exhibitions, to make Neues Bauen acceptable to the public. The New Objectivity (a translation of the German Neue Sachlichkeit, sometimes also translated as New Sobriety is a name often given to the Modern architecture that emerged in In the late 1920s the principles of equal access to "Licht, Luft und Sonne" and the social effects of a guaranteed ""Existenzminimum" became a matter of lively popular debate all over Germany. One indirect result of this publicity was the American housing movement: a young Catherine Bauer attended one of May's conferences in 1930, and wrote her seminal "Modern Housing" based on research done in Frankfurt and with Dutch architect JJP Oud. Catherine Krause Bauer Wurster ( May 11, 1905 in Elizabeth, New Jersey &ndash 1964 was a leading member of a small group of idealists Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, commonly called JJP Oud ( 9 February 1890 - 5 April 1963) was a Dutch Architect
Increasing pressure from the rising Nazis brought this era to an end in 1933. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A majority of the German public housing experts had Social Democrat or Communist sympathies and were forced out of the country.
Israel
During the 2005 pullout of Israeli citizens from Gaza, the Israeli government constructed many temporary homes in small neighborhoods close to the border to be used for those displaced by the event. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the government provides public housing through flats which are rented at a lower price than the markets, and through the Home Ownership Scheme, which are sold at a lower price. A public housing estate ( is a Housing estate in Hong Kong mainly built by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and the Hong Kong Housing Society Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Home Ownership Scheme ( Chinese 居者有其屋計劃 HOS for short is a Housing programme carried out by Hong Kong Housing Authority in Hong Kong These are built and administered by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and the Hong Kong Housing Society. The Hong Kong Housing Authority ( HA;) is the main provider of Public housing in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Housing Society ( or Housing Society (房屋協會 房協 for short is the second largest Public housing provider in Hong Kong (the first Nearly half of Hong Kong population live in public housing.
Former Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, most of the houses built after World War Two were big, usually 5-10 stories high, with small cheap apartments. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In these boroughs the goal was saving space and creating as many apartments as possible. A good example is Lasnamäe in Tallinn, when the high immigration of Russians made it necessary for a new district. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names The new borough was meant to be built for 160-180,000 people. But as the Soviet Union collapsed before Lasnamäe was finished, only 650 apartment houses were built. Today, Lasnamäe is the biggest borough in Tallinn, with 25% of the city's population living there. If it were its own city, it would have the second biggest population in Estonia, after Tallinn. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region As the place was built for Russian immigrants, even today three quarters of the population of Lasnamäe speak Russian as their native language. Lasnamäe is also one of the poorest borough and has also a very high crime rate. Lasnamäe is just one of the thousands of other public housing projects all over the ex-Soviet Union countries.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the rent for the cheaper rental homes is kept low. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Such dwellings are known as sociale huurwoningen. As such, non-profit (but non-governmental) housing societies (toegelaten instellingen) are the only ones venturing into that market segment, although the sub-contracted corporations are run purely for profit. Although the Dutch socialistic mentality remains prevalent, as do high taxes, the vast majority of the low-rent apartments (formerly state-owned) in the Netherlands are owned by such agencies.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, public housing, known as state housing, was introduced in 1937 for citizens unable to afford private rents. State housing is the system of Public housing offered to citizens in New Zealand unable to afford private rents State housing was introduced by the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island
Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, public housing and halting sites (sites used by semi-nomadic Traveller communities) have been built by Local Authorities and are known as Local Authority Accommodation. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Local Authority Accommodation has been provided in Ireland by the various County Councils and City Corporations along with Urban District Councils Dublin Corporation and the former Dublin County Council provided the lion's share of Irish Local Authority Housing, with County Longford having the largest ratio of Local Authority to private housing in the state. Dublin Corporation (Bardas Bhaile Átha Cliath known by generations of Dubliners simply as The Corpo, is the former name given to the city government and its administrative Dublin County Council ( DCC) was a Local authority for the Administrative county of County Dublin in the Republic of Ireland. County Longford (Contae an Longfoirt is a county situated in the Irish Midlands, in northwest Leinster.
Singapore
In Singapore, public housing is managed by the Housing and Development Board. Singapore The Housing and Development Board ( Abbreviation: HDB; Simplified Chinese: 建屋发展局 Malay: Lembaga Pembangunan dan Perumahan
Most of the residential housing developments in Singapore are publicly governed and developed. Most of the residents in public housing are owners rather than tenants (as it originally was in the 60s).
Since most of Singaporeans reside in public housing, public housing in Singapore as such is not generally considered as a sign of poverty or lower standards of living as compared to public housing in other countries (Australia, England etc) where land constraint is a non-issue and property pricing is significantly cheaper in terms of cost per square metre. Property prices for the smallest public housing can often be higher than privately owned and developed standalone properties (Townhouse, apartment unit etc. ) in other countries after currency correlation.
Spain
The aversive mentality of the Spaniards to rental houses and government spending cuts in the 80's have dropped "viviendas de protección pública" to minimum. They were common in the Francisco Franco (1936-75) era. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Now that lack of housing is a social problem, especially with the high rise of house prices, many sectors are currently asking for more public houses to rent.
Sweden
The Million Programme (Miljonprogrammet) is the familiar term for an ambitious housing programme implemented in Sweden between 1965 and 1974 with the aim of building one million new dwellings in 10 years; in the beginning strongly influenced by the "Garden City" developments in England during the 40's - 50's, but towards the end the developments were mostly built as single family homes along curving streets and cul-de-sacs and/or as immense tower blocks, similar to many residential districts built in Eastern Europe. The Million Programme ( Miljonprogrammet) is the common name for an ambitious housing programme implemented in Sweden between 1965 and 1974 The Million Programme ( Miljonprogrammet) is the common name for an ambitious housing programme implemented in Sweden between 1965 and 1974 Most were built detached from pre-existing neighbourhoods, often some distance from the existing urban areas and connected via mass transit to the older developments and city centre.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom public housing is often referred to by the British public as "council housing" and "council estate", based on the historical role of district and borough councils in running public housing. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The council house is a form of public or social housing in the United Kingdom. Local semi-independent non-profit housing associations have begun to operate some of the older council housing estates in the United Kingdom. Housing associations in the United Kingdom are independent not-for-profit bodies that provide low-cost "social housing" for people in housing Despite being non-profit based, they charge generally higher rents than council properties. More recently the government refers to both as 'Social Housing', and Housing Associations are now referred to as 'Registered Social Landlords' (RSLs). Additionally local planning departments may require private-sector developers to offer "affordable housing" as a condition of planning permission. See Development Control for an overall explanation of how control under the Town and Country Planning legislation is operated in the United Kingdom This accounts for another £700m of Government funding each year for tenants in part of the United Kingdom.
Governments since the early 1990s have also encouraged "mixed tenure" in regeneration areas and on "new-build" housing estates, offering a range of ownership and rental options, with a view to engineering social harmony through including "social housing" and "affordable housing" options. Housing tenure refers to the financial arrangements under which someone has the right to live in a House or Apartment. Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed " affordable " to a group of people within a specified A recent research report[2] has argued that the evidence base for tenure mixing remains thin.
See also
- Affordable housing
- HUD USER
- Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse
- Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)
- Subsidized housing
External links
- The Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)
- HUD USER
- Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse
- Website of a radical South African shack dwellers' movement campaigning for public housing
References
- ^ in 2008, the legal procedure is still not over, even though justice looks on facts between 1987 and 1993 ; all political heads escaped condemnations
- ^ [1] Paper by Dr. Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed " affordable " to a group of people within a specified In 1978 the US Department of Housing and Urban Development 's (HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R established HUD USER an information source for housing and community The Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse (RBC collects processes assembles and disseminates information on existing barriers that inhibit the production and conservation of Affordable The Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC was created in the Province of Ontario in 2002 to provide group services for social housing providers ( Public housing Subsidised housing (aka social housing) is government supported accommodation for people with low to moderate incomes Rebecca Tunstall on tenure mixing
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