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Public broadcasting is a form of public service broadcasting (PSB) intended to serve the diverse needs of the viewing or listening public. In exception to the United States, it has traditionally been the dominant form of broadcasting in much of the world. For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit

It is a system in which radio, television, and potentially other electronic media outlets receive some or all of their funding from the public. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Public is of or pertaining to the people relating to or affecting a nation state or community opposed to private; as the public treasury a road or lake The broadcasters' funds can come directly from individuals through voluntary donations, license fees, or indirectly as state subsidies (which may be funded through a specific taxes, such as a television licence). A donation is a gift given typically to a cause or/and for charitable purposes Television licences around the world The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago notes that two-thirds of the countries in Europe and half A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector Television licences around the world The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago notes that two-thirds of the countries in Europe and half Many public broadcasters supplement this with contributions from corporations, in return for underwriting spots. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business An underwriting spot is an announcement made on Public broadcasting outlets especially in the United States in exchange for funding While these announcements resemble traditional advertisements on commercial broadcasting stations, there are usually limitations, such as a prohibition of making product claims, stating prices, or providing an incentive to buy. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand

Commercial broadcasting now occurs in many countries around the world, and the number of countries with only public broadcasting has declined substantially. The mass media marketplace is tremendously competitive, and as such, it can be difficult for a public service broadcaster to survive amongst commercial interests. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" This may become even more of an issue with the increased number of channels that digital broadcasting provides. }}

Contents

Defining public broadcasting

There is no standard definition of what public broadcasting is exactly, although a number of official bodies have attempted to pick out the key characteristics. Public service broadcasters generally transmit programming that aims to improve society by informing viewers. In contrast, the aim of commercial outlets is to provide popular shows that attract an audience—therefore leading to higher prices when advertising is sold. For this reason, the ideals of public broadcasting are often hard to reconcile with commercial goals.

The Broadcasting Research Unit lists the following as major goals or characteristics of a public broadcaster:

  1. Geographic universality — The stations' broadcasts are available nationwide, with no exception. This criterion is failed by Five in the UK, which a substantial minority of the population cannot receive. Generally, the "nationwide" criterion is satisfied by either having member stations across the country (as is the case with PBS in the United States) or, as is the case with most other public broadcasters around the world, the broadcaster owning sufficient transmitters to broadcast nationwide. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
  2. Catering for all interests and tastes — as exemplified by the BBC's range of minority channels (BBC Two, BBC Radio 3, etc. ).
  3. Catering for minorities — much as above, but with racial and linguistic minorities. (for example S4C in Wales, BBC Asian Network, Radio-Canada, Australia's SBS). S4C (Sianel Pedwar Cymru meaning Channel Four Wales) is a television channel in Wales The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS is one of two government-funded Australian Public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the
  4. Concern for national identity and community — this essentially means that the stations should in the most part commission programmes from within the country, which may be more expensive than importing shows from abroad.
  5. Detachment from vested interests and government — in other words, programming should be impartial, and the stations should not be subject to control by advertisers or government. Even when a station is removed from corporate and government interests, critics argue that it may nonetheless have a bias towards the values of certain groups (e. g. , the middle class, leftist politics, etc. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. ).
  6. One broadcasting system to be directly funded by the corpus of users — For example, the licence fee in the case of the BBC, or member stations asking for donations in the case of the US's PBS/NPR. Television licences around the world The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago notes that two-thirds of the countries in Europe and half The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the
  7. Competition in good programming rather than numbers — quality is the prime concern with a true public service broadcaster. Of course, in practice, ratings wars are rarely concerned with quality, although that may depend on how you define the word "quality".
  8. Guidelines to liberate programme makers and not restrict them — in the UK, guidelines, and not laws, govern what a programme maker can and cannot do, although these guidelines can be backed up by hefty penalties.

Some of these definition points may not be acceptable everywhere. For example in the United States public broadcasting may see part of its mission to bring in foreign shows, e. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the g. shows from the CBC/Radio-Canada or the BBC, since such shows are not commonly aired by American commercial broadcasters.

An alternative model for implementing public service media exists, known as Citizen Media. The term citizen media refers to forms of content produced by private citizens who are otherwise not professional Journalists Citizen journalism, As it relates to broadcasting, this generally means a radio or television outlet which has some sort of public access, that is, most or much of the programming is created by members of the public which receives the programming. Public-access television in the United States is a form of Citizen media, similar to Canada's community channels Australia's community television This can be in the form of community radio, campus radio, and public access television, although the latter is not a form of over-the-air broadcasting, as it is only available on cable television systems. Community radio is a type of Radio service that caters to the interests of a certain area broadcasting material that is popular to a local audience but is overlooked by more Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of Radio station that is run by the students of a college Public-access television in the United States is a form of Citizen media, similar to Canada's community channels Australia's community television

Advantages and disadvantages

Public broadcasters may receive all or a substantial part of their funding from government sources, either from the general tax revenues or from licence fees. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising as a source of revenue to the same degree as commercial broadcasters; this allows public broadcasters to air programs that are less saleable to the mass market, such as public affairs shows, radio and television documentaries, and educational programs. The mass market is a general business term describing the largest group of consumers for a specified industry product Public affairs, a broadcasting industry term refers to programming which focuses on matters of Politics and Public policy. A radio documentary or feature is a Radio documentary programme devoted to covering a particular topic in some depth usually with a mixture of commentary and sound Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality An educational program is a program written by the ministry of Education which determines the learning progress of each subject in all the stages of formal education That public broadcasters do not chase ratings in the same way as commercial broadcasters can lead to the criticism that they are unresponsive to what their viewers want, but also to the positive claim that they can explore issues in greater depth and with more complexity than is possible in commercial media, and that they can present cultural fare that has social value but would not be supported by markets.

Additionally, public broadcasting facilitates the implementation of cultural policy (an industrial policy and investment policy for culture). Operational Definition Cultural Policy is the area of Public policy -making that governs activities related to The arts and Culture. An industrial policy is any government regulation or law that encourages the ongoing operation of or investment in a particular industry An investment policy is any government regulation or law that encourages or discourages foreign investment in the local economy e Some examples include:

Critics of public broadcasting systems argue that this implementation of cultural policy imposes the values of the public broadcaster on the populace. However, it can also be argued that commercial broadcasting has a bias for certain values or cultural forms, such as pop culture, militarism, culture bias, and consumerism. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Cultural bias is when someone is biased due to his or her culture Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption.

Public broadcasting, and also some pirate broadcasting, provides a counterweight to the commercial media. Pirate broadcasting is unlicensed Broadcasting of Radio and Television. Advocates of deliberative democracy argue that public broadcasting helps to maintain modern democracies, since public broadcasters can engage in journalism for its own sake. Deliberative democracy also sometimes called discursive democracy, is a term used by some political theorists to refer to any system of political decisions based In wealthier countries public broadcasters tend to not be beholden to political parties or the government of the day. This is especially true where the broadcaster is funded by licensing fees and so, theoretically, not dependent on the government for any of its funding.

Economics of public broadcasting

An economic rationale for public broadcasting is that it exists to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing markets. Public broadcasting can supply those topics which have social benefit that would otherwise not be broadcast due to believed unprofitability. Society is willing to pay for such programming, but markets fail to provide it. Typically, such underprovision exists when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers[1]. This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising, which helps explain their tendency to have public broadcasting[2]. However, concern exists that public broadcasting can crowd out potential private broadcasting. One study compared classical and jazz music programming provided by private radio to that provided by public radio. It found that in large markets, public broadcasting appears to displace private entry [3]. Additionally, publicly funded broadcasting does not necessarily mean that the optimal level will be produced. A government failure can arise in which the cost of public funding exceeds its benefits[4]

One particular feature of public broadcasting in the United States, consumer funding, generates a unique economic dilemma. The free rider problem arises because individual certain consumers are who derive value from the programming do not donate and allow consumers to shoulder a larger portion of the funding. Consumers who value public broadcasting the most and those will the largest incomes tend to donate more than they would if all consumers donated their “fair” share. An expected result is that public broadcasting services which rely on consumer donations underprovide their services. Since consumer contributions are purely voluntary for National Public Radio, Public Broadcasting Service, and others these networks face the problem.

Economic Innovation

Public broadcasting has been a pioneer in introduced many new categories of programming. The market place was not willing to introduce new types of programming due to the cost of taking risks in these areas. Commercial media uses programs that are typically well tested and proven by consumers. When looking at the programs that came out of PBS, it is evident that categories such as cooking, science, home improvement, business, history and children shows all started at PBS many years and decades before the cable networks launched. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the The figure below illustrates this point by showing the launch dates of many popular PBS shows in these categories and the cable networks that formed later based on these categories. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the

Image:PBSnewProgramming.jpg

PBS invested in these untested categories because the organization believed consumers could benefit from these programs. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the PBS believed there were missing markets (show categories) that consumers would value and enrich their daily lives (giving higher utility). The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the A missing market is a situation in Microeconomics where a competitive Market allowing the exchange of a Commodity would be Pareto-efficient The commercial media industry was not willing to invest in unproven shows and without an organization such as PBS these categories might not exist in the market place. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Public broadcasting has helped to introduce quality categories into the market place to benefit consumers. Without such an organization to test new quality programming, consumers would fail to receive the benefits. Consumers would have less choices and innovation would occur significantly slower.

Implementation of public broadcasting around the world

The model, established in the 1920s, of the British Broadcasting Corporation – an organization widely trusted, even by citizens of the Axis Powers during World War II – was widely emulated throughout Europe, the British Empire, and later the Commonwealth. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The public broadcasters in a number of countries are basically an application of the model used in Britain.

Modern public broadcasting is often a mixed commercial model. For example, the CBC has always relied on a subsidy from general revenues of the government, in addition to advertising revenue, to support its television service. This means they must compete with commercial broadcasting. Some argue that this dilutes their mandate as truly public broadcasters, who have no commercial bias to distort their presentation.

The rest of this section looks at some specific implementations of public broadcasting around the world.

Asia

Pakistan

In Pakistan, the public broadcaster is the state owned PBC which is short for "Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation". It consists of PTV (Pakistan Television) and Radio Pakistan. In the past PBC was funded publicly through money obtained from television, radio and VCR licensing. Pakistan entered into Television Broadcasting age with a small pilot TV Station established at Lahore from where transmission was first beamed in Black & White with effect from 26 November 1964. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Television centres were established in Dhaka, Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. PTV has various channels trasmitting throughout the world including PTV National, PTV World, PTV 2, PTV Global, PTV Bolan etc. Radio Pakistan has stations covering all the major cities, it covers 80% of the country serving 95. 5 Million listeners. It has world service in 07 languages daily.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) is the sole public service broadcaster. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Radio Television Hong Kong ( RTHK) ( is a Public broadcasting organisation in Hong Kong that is operated as an independent department in the government Although a government department under administrative hierarchy, it enjoys editorial independence, and its director is promoted from within the department. Editorial independence is the freedom of editors to make decisions without interference from the owners of a publication It operates seven radio channels, and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide time slot for RTHK television programmes.

Japan

In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the national NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) , sometimes informally referred to as Radio Tokyo by English speakers. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. or Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan 's Public broadcaster. The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the British Broadcasting Company, the precursor to the British Broadcasting Corporation created in 1927. The British Broadcasting Company Ltd was a British commercial company formed on 18 October 1922 by British and American electrical companies doing business in the United Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" by every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (NHK General and NHK Educational) and three satellite only services (NHK BS-1, BS-2 and the hi-definition NHK Hi-Vision services). This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the BBC World Service. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first high definition television technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the public broadcaster is the state owned RTM which is short for "Radio Televisyen Malaysia" (Malaysian Radio and Television). For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Radio Televisyen Malaysia or RTM is a Malaysian government-owned public broadcaster which owns and operates a number of radio and Television stations RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from television licensing, however it is currently state subsidised as television licences have been abolished. Television licences around the world The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago notes that two-thirds of the countries in Europe and half

At present, RTM operates 8 national, 16 state and 7 district radio stations as well as 2 national terrestrial television channels called RTM1 and RTM2. RTM is also currently doing tests on a new digital television channel called RTMi. Tests involving 2000 residential homes in the Klang Valley began in September 2006 and is expected to be completed by March 2007. Klang Valley (Lembah Klang is an area in Malaysia comprising Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs and adjoining cities and towns in the state of Selangor

Europe

In most countries in Europe, state broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public money, either through a licence fee or directly from the government.

Germany

Following World War II, when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the Nazis to create a powerful means of propaganda, the Allies insisted on a de-centralized, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within ARD, a second national television service (ZDF) was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks (Deutschlandradio) emerged from the remains of Cold War propaganda stations in 1994. ARD ( Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland &ndash "Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ("Second German Television" ZDF, is a public service German Television channel based in Mainz. Deutschlandradio is a national German public radio broadcaster Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the All services are mainly financed through license fees paid by everybody who keeps a radio or TV set "ready for use", and are governed by councils of representatives of the "societally relevant groups". A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Public TV and radio stations spend about 60 % of the ~10 Bil.  € spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year.

Netherlands

Main article: Public-service broadcasting in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands a different system is used to most other countries. Public-service broadcasting in the Netherlands is provided jointly by a number of broadcasting organizations under the tutelage of NPO ( Netherlands Public Broadcasting, Dutch Nederlandse The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels. The time and money is allocated in proportion to their membership numbers. The system is intended to reflect the diversity of all the groups composing the nation.

United Kingdom

Main article: Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In the United Kingdom the term " Public service broadcasting " (PSB refers to broadcasting intended for the public benefit rather than for purely commercial The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In addition to the British Broadcasting Corporation, established in 1922, there is also Channel 4, a state-owned commercial public service broadcaster, and S4C, a Welsh language broadcaster in Wales. Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began S4C (Sianel Pedwar Cymru meaning Channel Four Wales) is a television channel in Wales Furthermore, the two commercial analogue broadcasters ITV and Five also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast. Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent

Scandinavia

National public broadcasters in the Scandinavian countries were modelled after the BBC and established only a few years later: NRK (Norway) in 1924, Danmarks Radio (Denmark) and Sveriges Radio (Sweden) in 1925, and YLE (Finland) in 1926. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation ( Norwegian: Norsk rikskringkasting AS) which is usually known as the NRK, is the Norwegian DR (formerly Danmarks Radio) is Denmark 's national Broadcasting corporation Sveriges Radio AB (SR &ndash Sweden's Radio Ltd &ndash is Sweden 's national publicly funded radio broadcaster YLE (Full name Finnish: Yleisradio Oy, Swedish: Rundradion Ab) is Finland 's national broadcasting company founded All four are funded by television fees on a level comparable to the BBC, some US$ 110 per capita annually (2005).

North America

Canada

In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (the CBC), which operates two television networks (CBC Television and SRC), four radio networks (CBC Radio One, CBC Radio Two, La Première Chaîne and Espace musique) and two 24-hour news channels (CBC Newsworld and RDI) in both of Canada's official languages. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page CBC Television is a Canadian English language Television network. Télévision de Radio-Canada is a Canadian French language Television network. CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information Radio network of the publicly-owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. CBC Radio 2 is a Canadian FM radio network operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Première Chaîne is a Canadian French language radio network the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / Société Espace musique is the French-language music radio service of Canada 's national public broadcaster the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC Newsworld is a Canadian English language Cable television specialty news channel owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Réseau de l'information (RDI is a Canadian French language Cable television News channel operated by CBC/Radio-Canada CBC's television operations are funded in part by advertisements, in addition to tax dollars from the federal government (Newsworld and RDI are funded entirely by commercials). CBC's radio operations are commercial-free. In recent years, the CBC was frequently battered by budget cuts and labour disputes.

In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. These include the English-language TVOntario and the French-language TFO in Ontario, Télé-Québec in Quebec, SCN in Saskatchewan, public radio station CKUA in Alberta, and Knowledge Network in British Columbia. TVOntario, often referred to only as TVO, ( Call signs CICA, CICE, CICO) is a publicly-funded educational English language TFO is a Canadian French language educational Public television network in the province of Ontario. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Télé-Québec is equivalent to Ontario 's TVOntario and TFO, British Columbia 's Knowledge and Saskatchewan 's SCN, Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Saskatchewan Communications Network or SCN is a Canadian English language public Educational Cable television Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Some of the provincial broadcasters operate through conventional transmitters, while others are cable-only channels.

Alberta also has a semi-public television network, Access, which is licensed to provide some public service programming but is owned and operated by a commercial broadcaster. The network, formerly a public broadcaster operated by the provincial government, was sold to CHUM Limited in 1995. CHUM Limited was a media company based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from 1945-2007 CJRT-FM in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising. CJRT-FM is a Canadian Public radio station which broadcasts at 91 Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario One television station, CFTU in Montreal, operates as an educational station owned by the Université de Montréal. CFTU is a Canadian French language Educational Television station in the Province of Quebec, owned by a private consortium Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Some other universities have dedicated cable channels to broadcast educational programming, but no other university in Canada operates a conventional broadcast television station.

Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local community channel in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel.

Canada also has a large number of campus radio and community radio stations. Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of Radio station that is run by the students of a college Community radio is a type of Radio service that caters to the interests of a certain area broadcasting material that is popular to a local audience but is overlooked by more

United States

The Gregory Hall on the campus of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign hosted an important meeting of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters in the 1940s that spawned both PBS and NPR.
The Gregory Hall on the campus of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign hosted an important meeting of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters in the 1940s that spawned both PBS and NPR. This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of The National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB was founded as the Association of College University Broadcasting Stations (ACUBS on November 12 1925 The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the

Public broadcasting in the United States is as old as broadcasting itself. Most early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities, and were often run as part of the schools' cooperative extension services. The Cooperative Extension Service, also known as the Extension Service of the USDA, is a non-formal educational program implemented Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate; some accepted advertising. Networks such as Iowa, South Dakota, and Wisconsin Public Radio began in this way. Iowa Public Radio is a Radio network in the US state of Iowa that combines the operations of current Public Radio stations run by Iowa South Dakota Public Broadcasting, or SDPB for short is a network of PBS television and NPR radio stations serving the state of South Dakota. Wisconsin Public Radio is a network of 27 radio stations in the state of Wisconsin.

The concept of a "non-commercial, educational" station per se does not show up in U. S. law until the 1940s, when the FM band was moved to its present location; the part of the band between 88. In most of the world the FM broadcast band, used for Broadcasting FM Radio stations goes from 87 1 and 91. 9 MHz is reserved for such stations, though they are not limited to those frequencies. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. For example, WBAA-West Lafayette, Ind. WBAA is the callsign for two Radio stations owned by Purdue University in West Lafayette Indiana --an AM station at 920 kHz and an FM has its FM frequency at 101. 3 MHz. Educational television, the forerunner of modern U. S. public television, evolved in big cities in the 1950s; in rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e. g. , the University of Missouri's KOMU-TV, an NBC affiliate). The University of Missouri (also known as the University of Missouri–Columbia, Mizzou, or MU) is a public land-grant and research KOMU-TV (Channel 8 is the NBC affiliate serving the cities of Columbia and Jefferson City Missouri along with several surrounding counties in central The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's

In the United States, public broadcasting is decentralized and is not government operated, but does receive some government support. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The majority of funding comes from community support to hundreds of public radio and public television stations, each of which is an individual entity licensed to one of several different non-profit organizations, municipal or state governments, or universities. Sources of funding also include on-air fund drives (see below) and - on public radio stations - the sale of underwriting "spots" (typically 15-30 seconds) to sponsors. Public radio and television organizations often produce their own programs, but purchase or receive most of their programming from national producers and program distributors such as National Public Radio (NPR), Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), Public Radio International (PRI), American Public Television (APT), and American Public Media. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Public Radio International ( PRI) is a Minneapolis -based American Public radio organization with locations in Boston, New York American Public Television ( APT) is the largest of the Television syndication distributors of programming for public television stations in the United States American Public Media is the second largest producer of public radio programs after National Public Radio. U. S. Federal government support for public radio and television is filtered through a separate organization, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB is a private non-profit corporation created by an act of the United States Congress and partially funded by the United States

Television

In the United States the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (formerly National Educational Television) television network operates on a largely viewer-supported basis (see telethon), with commercial sponsors of specific programs. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the National Educational Television was an educational Television network in the USA from 1952 to 1970 A telethon is a Fundraising event broadcast on Television that lasts many hours or even days the purpose of which is to raise Money for a charitable political Over time, sponsorship announcements ("underwriting") have slowly transformed into something resembling regular TV advertisements, though they are usually shorter and have a more muted tone than what normally appears on commercial and cable TV, and many organizations still only receive a short thanks for their contributions. Underwriting may only issue declarative statements (including slogans) and may not include "calls to action". Most communities also have public access services on local cable television stations, which are sometimes supported in part through donations. Public-access television in the United States is a form of Citizen media, similar to Canada's community channels Australia's community television

US public broadcasting for television has, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from conservative politicians and think-tanks, which allege that its programming has a leftist bias. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined In contrast to European public broadcasting systems, which tend to dominate their national marketplaces, US public broadcasting is, and has always been, a niche service that provides programming not found elsewhere on the system, such as cultural programs, documentaries, and public affairs shows.

Radio

A public radio network, National Public Radio (NPR), was created in 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 which established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ( set up Public broadcasting in the United States, establishing the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and eventually The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB is a private non-profit corporation created by an act of the United States Congress and partially funded by the United States This network (generally exclusive of Pacifica) is colloquially though inaccurately referred to as Public Radio. Independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; Public Radio International (PRI); American Public Media (APM); The Public Radio Exchange (PRX); and Pacifica, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System (PRSS). Public Radio International ( PRI) is a Minneapolis -based American Public radio organization with locations in Boston, New York American Public Media is the second largest producer of public radio programs after National Public Radio. The Public Radio Exchange ( PRX) is a nonprofit web-based platform for digital distribution review and licensing of radio programs Around these distributed programs, stations fill varying amounts of local programming.

Public radio stations in the U. S. tend to broadcast a mixture of news and talk radio programming along with some music. Some of the larger operations split off these formats into separate stations or networks. Public music stations are probably best known for playing classical music, although other formats have been used, including the time-honored "eclectic" music format that is rather freeform in nature (common among college radio stations; jazz is another public radio programming staple. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Freeform, or freeform radio, is a Radio station programming format in which the Disc jockey is given total control over Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of Radio station that is run by the students of a college Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Also, XM Satellite Radio provides a station of public radio programs licensed from all three content providers.

Local stations derive most of the funding for their operations through regular pledge drives and corporate sponsorship (euphemistically termed "underwriting" on-air). A pledge drive is an extended period of Fundraising activities generally used by Public broadcasting stations to increase contributions The local stations then contract with program distributors and also provide some programming themselves. NPR produces some of its own programming such as Morning Edition; Weekend Edition; and All Things Considered. Morning Edition is an American Radio news program produced and distributed by National Public Radio (NPR Weekend Edition is the name given to a set of American Radio News magazines produced and distributed by National Public Radio (NPR All Things Considered (ATC is a news radio program in the United States broadcast on the National Public Radio network PBS, by contrast, does not create its own content. NPR also receives some direct funding from private donors, foundations, and from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB is a private non-profit corporation created by an act of the United States Congress and partially funded by the United States Some other public networks, such as Pacifica, are almost entirely member-funded and do not receive significant sponsorship from corporations or governmental sources.

Oceania

Australia

In Australia, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is funded entirely through an Australian Government grant-in-aid, which has made it vulnerable to cuts in government spending. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. This article describes the federal government of Australia See Australian governments for other jurisdictions The multicultural Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), another public broadcaster, now accepts limited sponsorship and advertising. The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS is one of two government-funded Australian Public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the Imparja is an Aboriginal community broadcaster in Australia that receives funding from the Federal Government. Imparja Television (referred to on-air and in print as Nine Imparja since 2008 is an Australian television network servicing remote eastern and central Most of its programs are bought from Australia's commercial broadcasters, and it only airs a small amount of local content.

In addition, there is a large Australian Community Broadcasting sector, funded in part by Federal grants via the Community Broadcasting Foundation, but largely sustained via subscriptions, donations and business sponsorship. As of June 2005, there were 442 fully-licensed community radio stations (including remote Indigenous services) and a number of community television stations (most operating as Channel 31 despite being unrelated across different states). Channel 31 refers to several television stations Channel 31 (Australia They are organised similarly to PBS and NPR stations in the US, and take on the role that public access stations have in the US. Public-access television in the United States is a form of Citizen media, similar to Canada's community channels Australia's community television

New Zealand

In New Zealand, the former public broadcaster BCNZ (formerly NZBC) was broken up into separate state-owned corporations, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) and Radio New Zealand (RNZ). New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Television New Zealand (TVNZ is a state-owned television broadcasting corporation in New Zealand. Radio New Zealand Limited (Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa is New Zealand 's public service Radio broadcaster. While RNZ remains commercial-free, about 90% of funding for TVNZ comes from selling advertising during programmes on their two stations. TVNZ continues to be a public broadcaster; however like CBC Television in Canada it is essentially a fully commercial network in continuous ratings battles with other stations.

Programmes offered on TVNZ include popular shows like Desperate Housewives, ER, Lost, Cold Case, and Dancing with the Stars. Desperate Housewives is an American Television Dramedy series created by Marc Cherry, who also serves as Show runner, and produced ER is an Emmy Award -winning American Medical drama series created by Novelist Michael Crichton and airing on Lost is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American serial drama television series. Cold Case is an American Police procedural Television series revolving around a fictionalized Philadelphia Police Department division Dancing with the Stars is the name of a group of international Television series based on the format of the British series Strictly TVNZ operates two stations: TVONE and TV2 and hold majority ratings in the country. Because of its high ratings some of the most expensive advertising slots in the country are charged.

The Government owns a network of reserved channels for non-commercial regional access broadcasting, and some of them have been awarded to local community trusts to provide public service and access television. Examples are Triangle TV in Auckland and Wellington; and Channel 7 in Taranaki. Triangle Television is a television station in Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand.

Latin America

Despite a moderate state presence in television media since the 1970s, Latin America has never had a strong history of European style public service radio or television. The closest model to the British BBC is that of Chile's Televisión Nacional, an open channel which serves the entire country (including Easter Island and Antarctica bases). Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the National Television of Chile (TVN ( Televisión Nacional de Chile) is Chile 's state-owned television station Televisión Nacional, popularly known as channel 7 because of its Santiago frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by the Chilean Senate. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns.

In most Latin American countries, the private sector has taken the leading role in the development of television networks. In opposition, state broadcasters tend to be either very weak and under-funded (as the Argentinian Canal 7, formerly known as ATC), or to be clearly under the control of the party in power (like Cuban Cubavisión and Venezuelan VTV). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Terraza-canal-7-eJPG|thumb|left|Transmitters at the station]]Dejamelo-Pensar-5 The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Cubavision International (Cubavisión Internacional is an internationally-broadcast Spanish language channel run by Cuba 's national broadcaster Cuban Television. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Starting from these singularities, commercial broadcasting quickly and effectively conquered its audiences, leaving public and state broadcasting a token role. In some countries, such as Ecuador, where broadcasting was originally legally defined as a commercial venture, a public broadcaster was never born. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics.

Recently, under the initiative of the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chávez, and with the support of the governments of Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba, the public news channel Telesur was created with the declared intent of giving Latin America a continent-wide news channel that can present world news with a Latin American vision and perspective. Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la La Nueva Televisora del Sur ( Spanish for "The New Television Station of the South" named teleSUR, is a pan- Latin American terrestrial There is an ongoing debate on whether Telesur will be able become a neutral and fair news channel able to counter the huge influence of American networks like CNN, or whether it will end up as a propaganda tool of the Venezuelan government, which owns a 51 percent share of said channel. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner [1]

List of public broadcasters

North America

Canada

United States

Latin America


Asia

Oceania

Europe

References

  1. ^ Anderson & Coate. TV Cultura ( Portuguese: Culture TV is Brazilian Television network seeded in São Paulo and a part of Fundação Padre Anchieta São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld TV Brasil is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television channel in Brazil launched on December 2, 2007 at noon Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld China Central Television or Chinese Central Television, commonly abbreviated as CCTV ( is the major television broadcaster in Mainland China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Prasar Bharati ( Hindi: प्रसार भारती literally Broadcasting Corporation of India) is India 's largest public broadcaster India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Israel Broadcasting Authority (often referred to as the IBA; רָשׁוּת השׁידוּר Rashùt Ha-Shidúr) is Israel 's state broadcasting For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Korean Broadcasting System ( KBS) is South Korea's premier public broadcaster and the biggest one of three major Korean television networks. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː or Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan 's Public broadcaster. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Prasar Bharati ( Hindi: प्रसार भारती literally Broadcasting Corporation of India) is India 's largest public broadcaster India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation (PTS) is the first independent Public broadcasting institution in Taiwan, which broadcasts the Public Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Radio Television Hong Kong ( RTHK) ( is a Public broadcasting organisation in Hong Kong that is operated as an independent department in the government Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Radio Televisyen Malaysia or RTM is a Malaysian government-owned public broadcaster which owns and operates a number of radio and Television stations Vietnam Television, or VTV, is the national Television broadcaster for Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Thai Public Broadcasting Service (TPBS or Thai PBS is a Public television station in Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Imparja Television (referred to on-air and in print as Nine Imparja since 2008 is an Australian television network servicing remote eastern and central For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Radio New Zealand Limited (Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa is New Zealand 's public service Radio broadcaster. The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS is one of two government-funded Australian Public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. ARD ( Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland &ndash "Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk German Broadcasting ( MDR) is the public broadcaster for the German Länder (States of Thuringia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, officially " Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln " translated "Western German Broadcasting Cologne" is a German Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR (North German Broadcasting is a public radio and television broadcaster, based in Hamburg. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting is the organization responsible for public radio and television in the German federal Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Bayerischer Rundfunk Broadcasting (BR is the Public broadcasting authority for the German Freistaat (Free State of Bavaria, with its main offices located Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. The Südwestrundfunk (SWR "Southwest Broadcasting" is a Public broadcasting company for the southwest of Germany specifically the states of Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Saarländischer Rundfunk (Saarland Broadcasting - SR is a public radio and television broadcaster for the German Bundesland (State of Saarland, with its headquarters Saarbrücken (ˈzaːɐ̯ˈbrʏkn in German; Sarrebruck is the capital of the state of Saarland in Germany. Karte Mitgliedsrundfunkstationen des ARDsvg|right|thumb|Map of the nine regional broadcasting members of Germany's ARD radio/TV network Radio Bremen (RB Germany 's smallest public radio and television broadcaster, is the legally mandated broadcaster for the city-state of Bremen (which includes Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Arte (Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne is a Franco-German TV network. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Bulgarian National Television (Българска национална телевизия or BNT (БНТ is the public broadcaster of Bulgaria. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Belgischer Rundfunk ( BRF) ( Belgian Broadcasting) is the public-service broadcasting organization serving the German-speaking Community of Belgium The German-speaking Community of Belgium (Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens DGB) is one of the three federal communities in Belgium. BVN which is the abbreviation of Het beste van Vlaanderen en Nederland (The best Flanders and the Netherlands have to offer is a satellite and cable Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Česká televize ʧɛskaː tɛlɛvɪzɛ ( Czech television) is the public Television broadcaster in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located DR (formerly Danmarks Radio) is Denmark 's national Broadcasting corporation The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Duna TV or Duna Televízió is one of two state-owned Public television companies in Hungary. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση—Hellenic Radio Television is the Greek state-owned public radio and television Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Eesti Televisioon ( ETV) is the national public Television station of Estonia. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region France Télévisions (fʁɑ̃s televiʒjɔ̃ is the French public national television broadcaster The Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC is Gibraltar 's public service broadcaster. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Croatian Radiotelevision (Hrvatska radiotelevizija HRT is a Croatian Public broadcasting company Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Lithuanian National Radio and Television ( Lithuanian:) is the national Public broadcasting company of Lithuania. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Latvijas Televīzija Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Magyar Televízió (or Hungarian Television) is a Hungarian national public service television company which operates two channels called M1 Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Macedonian Radio Television ( Macedonian: Македонска Радио Телевизија Latinic: Makedonska Radio Televizija) (or MRT) The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation ( Norwegian: Norsk rikskringkasting AS) which is usually known as the NRK, is the Norwegian Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna ( PR SA, "Polish Radio" is Poland 's public Radio network Broadcasting Corporation. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Public Broadcasting Services Limited (PBS is Malta 's Public broadcasting company responsible for the TVM television channel and the Radio Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Public-service broadcasting in the Netherlands is provided jointly by a number of broadcasting organizations under the tutelage of NPO ( Netherlands Public Broadcasting, Dutch Nederlandse The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands BNN or Bart's Neverending Network (formerly Barts News Network, as a pun on CNN) is a Dutch Public broadcasting association The Evangelische Omroep ( EO, English: Evangelical Broadcast) is one of the public broadcast associations in the Netherlands. This article deals with KRO the Dutch broadcaster For the Marvel Comics character see Kro (comics. LLiNK is a Dutch public broadcasting association which produces radio and television programmes for the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system NCRV (Nederlandse Christelijke Radio Vereniging (English Dutch Christian Radio Association is a public radio and television broadcaster in the Netherlands, mostly TROS (originally an acronym for Televisie Radio Omroep Stichting) is a Dutch television and radio organisation part of the Netherlands Public Broadcasting. The Omroepvereniging VARA (VARA Broadcasting Association is a Public broadcasting organization in the Netherlands, founded in 1925 as the Vereeniging The VPRO (originally an acronym for Vrijzinnig Protestantse Radio Omroep, or "Liberal Protestant Radio Broadcasting Company" was established in the Netherlands Rádio e Televisão de Portugal SA, commonly known as RTP and Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( Portuguese for "Radio and Television of Portugal" Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Radio France is the French radio broadcaster. Mission Radio France's two principal missions are To create and expand the programming Rai - Radiotelevisione Italiana, known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane, is the Italian public service broadcaster, and is considered Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Rundfunkanstalt Südtirol ( Italian: Radiotelevisione Azienda Speciale, Ladin: Radiotelevijion- Azienda per Südtirol) is a Public broadcasting Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest RTBF or Radio télévision belge de la communauté française is the national broadcasting organisation of the government of the French-speaking southern Wallonia, or Wallonie, (Wallonie Wallonien Wallonië Waloneye is the Meridional part of Belgium belonging to the Romance linguistic field The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Radio Television of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Радио Телевизија Црне Горе, Radio Televizija Crne Gore - hence the acronym RTCG Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Radio Television of Serbia (Радио-телевизија Србије (PTC or sr Radio-televizija Srbije) is the public broadcaster in Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH translated in English as Albanian Radio and Television (ART is the public broadcaster in Albania, founded in 1938 and This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Radiotelevizija Slovenija or RTV Slovenija (Radio-Television Slovenia or more commonly en ''RTV Slovenia'' is the national Public broadcasting Organization Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española SA (Spanish Radio and Television Corporation or Corporación Radiotelevisión Española ( RTVE) is the state-owned Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV ( ˈricɪsˌutvar̥pɪð) &ndash The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service &ndash is Iceland 's national public-service broadcasting Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( S4C (Sianel Pedwar Cymru meaning Channel Four Wales) is a television channel in Wales The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sjónvarp Føroya (SvF means Television of the Faroe Islands. The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse SRG SSR idée suisse is the Swiss Public broadcasting organisation founded in 1931. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Slovak Television (STV Slovenská televízia in Slovak) is a state-owned Public television network in Slovakia. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Sveriges Radio AB (SR &ndash Sweden's Radio Ltd &ndash is Sweden 's national publicly funded radio broadcaster "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Sveriges Television AB ( SVT,) is a national Television broadcaster based in Sweden, funded by an obligatory fee payable by all Television -owners "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Sveriges Utbildningsradio (UR — the Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company — is a public-service corporation dedicated to serving the needs of the Swedish general "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. TG4 ( Spoken as TG Ceathair or TG a Ceathair; tiː dʒiː kʲahəɾʲ is a Television channel in Ireland, aimed Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Telewizja Polska Spółka Akcyjna ( TVP SA, often abbreviated to only TVP, Polish Television) is Poland 's Public broadcasting Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Televiziunea Română (pronunciation "télévizju': nèa ro: mīnə" more commonly referred to as TVR' (pronunciation "té'vé'ré" Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation also known as TRT, ( Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu) was founded in 1964, it is the national Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (Flemish Radio and Television Network or VRT, is a publicly-funded broadcaster of Radio and Television Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those YLE (Full name Finnish: Yleisradio Oy, Swedish: Rundradion Ab) is Finland 's national broadcasting company founded Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ("Second German Television" ZDF, is a public service German Television channel based in Mainz. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Market Provision of Public Goods: The Case of Broadcasting. National Bureau of Economic Research. Junary 2000. http://www.nber.org/papers/w7513.pdf
  2. ^ Anderson & Coate. Market Provision of Broadcasting: A Welfare Analsys. Review of Economic Studies. October 2005. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/0034-6527.00357
  3. ^ Berry & Waldfogel. Public radio in the United States: does it correct market failure or cannibalize commercial stations? Journal of Public Economics. February 1999. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V76-3VM0P4Y-2&_user=99318&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000007678&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=99318&md5=60e2570a7bf90273ba06284ab7756fb5#
  4. ^ Brown. Economics, Public Service Broadcasting, and Social Values. The Journal of Media Economics. http://www.leaonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1207/s15327736me0901_2

See also

External links

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