Citizendia
Your Ad Here

PubMed is provided by the United States National Library of Medicine.
PubMed is provided by the United States National Library of Medicine. The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM) operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest Medical library.

PubMed is a free search engine for accessing the MEDLINE database of citations and abstracts of biomedical research articles. MEDLINE ( Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online is a literature database of life sciences and biomedical information A bibliographic or library database is a Database of bibliographic records The core subject is medicine, and PubMed covers fields related to medicine, such as nursing and other allied health disciplines. Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Allied health professions are clinical Healthcare professions distinct from Medicine and Nursing. It also provides very full coverage of the related biomedical sciences, such as biochemistry and cell biology. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as See also List of basic cell biology topics. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the It is offered by the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health as part of the Entrez information retrieval system. The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM) operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest Medical library. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful Federated search engine or Web portal that allows users to search many discrete Health sciences Information retrieval ( IR) is the science of searching for documents for Information within documents and for metadata about documents as well as that As with other indexes, the inclusion of an article or journal in PubMed is not endorsement. In 2007 MEDLINE contained over 17,000,000 records from more than 5,000 journals published in the United States and more than 80 other countries primarily from 1950 onwards. In addition to MEDLINE, PubMed also offers access to

Many PubMed citations contain links to full text articles which are freely available, often in the PubMed Central digital library. PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text Scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences A digital library is a Library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print Microform, or other media and accessible by computers In late 2007, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2007 (H. R. 2764) was signed into law and included a provision requiring the NIH to modify its policies and require inclusion into PubMed Central complete electronic copies of their peer-reviewed research and findings from its funded research. This is the first time the US government has required an Agency to provide open access to research and is an evolution from the 2005 policy, in which the NIH asked researchers to voluntarily add their research to PubMed Central. Open access ( OA) is free immediate permanent full-text Online access for any user web-wide to digital scientific and scholarly material primarily [1] With an effective date of April 7, 2008, the Department of Health and Human Services has given notice: "The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law. The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS) is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for "

PubMed is one of a number of search engines through which it is possible to search the MEDLINE database; the National Library of Medicine also leases the MEDLINE information to a number of private vendors such as Ovid and SilverPlatter--as well as many other vendors. Ovid Technologies Inc (or just Ovid for short part of the Wolters Kluwer group of companies provides access to online Bibliographic databases SilverPlatter Information Inc was one of the first companies to produce commercial CD-ROMs PubMed has been available free on the Internet since the mid-1990s.

Information about the journals indexed in PubMed is found in its Journals Database, searchable by subject or journal title, Title Abbreviation, the NLM ID (NLM's unique journal identifier), the ISO abbreviation, and both the print and electronic International Standard Serial Numbers (pISSN and eISSN). An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. The database includes all journals in all Entrez databases. PubMed has over 14 million citations. [2]

Contents

Searching PubMed

For comprehensive, optimal searching in PubMed, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of its core component, MEDLINE, and especially of the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) controlled vocabulary used to index MEDLINE articles.

Telegram-Style Search

However, simple telegram-style search formulations can also be used; they produce very acceptable results[3]. PubMed automatically links textwords to relevant MeSH terms. Aspects of the question can then be added successively, in a Google-like fashion, until a number of ‘hits’ judged manageable is achieved. No knowledge of actual MeSH terms, Boolean operators, English or American spelling, ‘nesting’, or record-fields is required. PubMed’s intelligent search algorithm does (or implies) this in the background. Examples of such telegram-style questions and results they produce on PubMed:


Telegram-style question in PubMed search window: radial head fractures randomized

Result: 9 records found, one[4] judged highly relevant


Telegram-style question in PubMed search window: glasziou fractures bmj 2007

Result: 1 record (the target) found[5]


Telegram-style question in PubMed search window: vitreous body time death review

Result: 7 records found, several relevant, e. g. [6]

Searching with Tags and Booleans

Tags

(For a complete list of tags, see Search Field Descriptions and Tags)

Search-field tags can be used for searching PubMed, some of the most common being:

Booleans

There are three Boolean operators: AND (intersection); OR (union); NOT (exclusion). In Mathematics, the intersection of two sets A and B is the set that contains all elements of A that also belong to B (or equivalently In Set theory, the term Union (denoted as ∪ refers to a set operation used in the convergence of set elements to form a resultant set containing the elements of both sets NOT should be used with care as it may generate 'false-negative' results.

When no operator is used in a search formulation AND is assumed.

For example:

pnas [ta] drexler ke [au] 1981 [dp]

will yield a single reference, and is the equivalent of

pnas [ta] AND drexler ke [au] AND 1981 [dp]

whereas

pnas [ta] OR drexler ke [au] OR 1981 [dp]

will yield hundreds of thousands of articles, including all article published in 1981, all articles in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) and all articles by K. E.  Drexler.

All Boolean operators are processed in a left-to-right sequence. The order in which PubMed processes a search statement can be changed by enclosing individual concepts in parentheses. The terms inside the parentheses are processed first as a unit and then incorporated into the overall strategy.

For example:

g1p3 AND (response element OR promoter)

is processed by ORing the search (response element OR promoter) first and then ANDing the resulting set of documents with g1p3.

Citation Indexing in PubMed

Although PubMed is very popular and ostensibly has access to the largest literature database in its field, PubMed searches do not include citation data for the journal articles. Commercial search engines such as Scopus, and Web of Science do provide this service, but they are not free. Scopus is an abstract and citation database and web-based research tool provided by Elsevier in cooperation with a number of university research libraries Web of Science is an Online academic database provided by Thomson Scientific. Citation data is provided by the free service Google Scholar, but it has limited search capabilities and incomplete coverage, both with respect to publishers and to years. Google Scholar ( GS) is a freely-accessible Web search engine that indexes the full text of Scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats So, some effort has been made to supplement PubMed with citation index data via a Greasemonkey script, but it relies on the incomplete data in Google Scholar. Greasemonkey is a Mozilla Firefox extension that allows users to install scripts that make on-the-fly changes to most HTML-based

Alternative interfaces

See also

References

  1. ^ Public access to NIH research made law, science codex, Posted On: December 26, 2007 - 9:50pm
  2. ^ Literature Databases, PubMed (accessed 2007-05-03). A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed
  3. ^ Clarke J, Wentz R. Pragmatic approach is effective in evidence based health care. BMJ. 2000 Sep 2;321(7260):566-7
  4. ^ Liow RY et al. Early mobilisation for minimally displaced radial head fractures is desirable. A prospective randomised study of two protocols. Injury. 2002 Nov;33(9):801-6
  5. ^ Glasziou P. Do all fractures need full immobilisation? BMJ. 2007;335(7620):612-3
  6. ^ Madea B, Rödig A. Time of death dependent criteria in vitreous humor: accuracy of estimating the time since death. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;164(2-3):87-92.

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic