- For the astronomer, see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus", see Ptolemy (disambiguation). Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The name Ptolemy or Ptolemaeus comes from the Greek Ptolemaios, which means warlike
| Ptolemy I Soter Founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom |
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 Bust of Ptolemy Soter in the British Museum in London
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| Born | 367 BC Macedon |
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| Died | 283 BC Alexandria, Egypt |
| Spouse | Thaïs Artakama Euryrdice Berenice |
| Children | Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy Keraunos Meleager Arsinoe Lysandra Ptolemais |
| Parents | Lagus and Arsinoe of Macedonia |
Ptolemy I Soter (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaios Soter, i. The Ptolemaic Kingdom in and around Egypt began following Alexander the Great 's conquest in 332 BC and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events By Place Roman Empire Great Conspiracy: A general assault of Saxons, Irish, and Attacotti, combined Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Events By place Roman Empire Carus conquers Ctesiphon, capital of the Persian kingdom. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Artakama, daughter of Artabazus a grandson of king Artaxerxes II satrap of Daskyleion under Artaxerxes III and Darius III satrap of Bactria under Alexander Eurydice (in Greek Eυρυδικη) was daughter of Antipater and wife of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus. Berenice I, daughter of Magas was first the wife of Philip an obscure Macedonian nobleman with whom she gave birth to the future Magas of Cyrene. Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos, 309 BC&ndash246 BC was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BC to 246 BC Ptolemy Keraunos ( Greek Πτολεμαίος Κεραυνός - 279 BC was the King of Macedon from 281 BC to 279 BC Meleager of Macedon ( Greek Μελέαγρος) was the brother of Ptolemy Ceraunus and son of Ptolemy I Soter. Arsinoe II (Greek Αρσινόη (316 BC-July 270 BC queen of Thrace and Macedonia and later co-ruler of Egypt with her brother and husband Ptolemy II Lysandra (in Greek Λυσανδρα; lived 3rd century BC) was daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater see Laukaz for the rune Lagus ( Greek Λαγός; lived 4th century BC) from Eordaea was the father Arsinoe (in Greek Aρσινόη lived 4th century BC) was the mother of Ptolemy I Soter ( 323 &ndash 283 BC) king of Egypt Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly e. Ptolemy the Savior, 367 BC—283 BC) was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great who became ruler of Egypt (323 BC—283 BC) and founder of both the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Events By place Greece The Theban general Epaminondas, again invades the Peloponnesus, but this time achieves little Events By place Greece Following Demetrius Poliorcetes ' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Events By place Macedonian Empire 10 June — In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies ten days after being taken ill Events By place Greece Following Demetrius Poliorcetes ' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus The Ptolemaic Kingdom in and around Egypt began following Alexander the Great 's conquest in 332 BC and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family In 305/4 BC he took the title of king.
He was the son of Arsinoe of Macedonia. Arsinoe (in Greek Aρσινόη lived 4th century BC) was the mother of Ptolemy I Soter ( 323 &ndash 283 BC) king of Egypt His father is unknown. He was described in ancient times as the son of Lagus, a Macedonian nobleman, but there are also suggestions that he was illegitimate, and even that he was the son of Philip II of Macedon (which would make him the half-brother of Alexander the Great if true). see Laukaz for the rune Lagus ( Greek Λαγός; lived 4th century BC) from Eordaea was the father Philip II of Macedon, ( Greek: Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών &mdash φίλος = friend + ίππος = Horse Ptolemy was one of Alexander the Great's most trusted generals, and among the seven somatophylakes, or bodyguards, attached to his person. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Somatophylakes (singular somatophylax) in its literal English translation from Ancient Greek, means "bodyguards" He was a few years older than Alexander, and his intimate friend since childhood. He may even have been in the group of noble teenagers tutored by Aristotle. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He was with Alexander from his first campaigns, and played a principal part in the later campaigns in Afghanistan and India. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country At the Susa marriage festival in 324, Alexander had him marry the Persian princess Artakama. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) Events By place Macedonian Empire On returning to Susa, Persia, Alexander the Great punishes those who he considers Artakama, daughter of Artabazus a grandson of king Artaxerxes II satrap of Daskyleion under Artaxerxes III and Darius III satrap of Bactria under Alexander Ptolemy also had a consort in Thaïs, the famous Athenian hetaera and one of Alexander's companions in his conquest of the ancient world. For the elite Ancient Macedonian cavalry ( hetairoi, "companions" see Companion cavalry.
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Successor of Alexander
When Alexander died in 323 BC, Ptolemy is said to have instigated the resettlement of the empire made at Babylon. Events By place Macedonian Empire 10 June — In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies ten days after being taken ill Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Through the Partition of Babylon, he was now appointed satrap of Egypt, under the nominal kings Philip Arrhidaeus and the infant Alexander IV; the former satrap, the Greek Cleomenes, stayed on as his deputy. The Partition of Babylon designates the attribution of the territories by Alexander the Great between his generals soon after his death in 323 BCE. See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Philip III Arrhidaeus ( Greek:; ca 359 BC &ndash December 25, 317 BC king of Macedon from June 10 323 BC until his death was a son of King Philip Alexander IV Aegus (in Greek, Ἀλέξανδρος Aἰγός &mdash 323&ndash309 BC was the son of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon Cleomenes (in Greek, Kλεoμενης; died 322 BC a Greek of Naucratis in Egypt, was appointed by Alexander III Ptolemy quickly moved, without authorization, to subjugate Cyrenaica.
By custom, kings in Macedonia asserted their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. Probably because he wanted to pre-empt Perdiccas, the imperial regent, from staking his claim in this way, Ptolemy took great pains in getting his hands on the body of Alexander the Great, placing it temporarily in Memphis. Perdiccas ( Greek: Περδίκας, Perdikas; died 321 BC or 320 BC was one of Alexander the Great 's generals Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and Ptolemy then openly joined the coalition against Perdiccas. Perdiccas appears to have suspected Ptolemy of aiming for the throne himself, and maybe decided that Ptolemy was his most dangerous rival. Ptolemy executed Cleomenes for spying on behalf of Perdiccas — this removed the chief check on his authority, and allowed Ptolemy to obtain the huge sum that Cleomenes had accumulated. [1]
Obv: Ptolemy in profile at the beginning of his reign.
Rev: Alexander triumphantly riding a chariot drawn by elephants
In 321, Perdiccas invaded Egypt. Events By place Macedonian Empire Antipater appoints Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor and sends Ptolemy decided to defend the Nile, and Perdiccas's attempt to force it ended in fiasco, with the loss of 2000 men. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River This was a fatal blow to Perdiccas' reputation, and he was murdered in his tent by two of his subordinates. Ptolemy immediately crossed the Nile, to provide supplies to what had the day before been an enemy army. Ptolemy was offered the regency in place of Perdiccas; but he declined[2]. Ptolemy was consistent in his policy of securing a power base, while never succumbing to the temptation of risking all to succeed Alexander. [3]
In the long wars that followed between the different Diadochi, Ptolemy's first goal was to hold Egypt securely, and his second was to secure control in the outlying areas: Cyrenaica and Cyprus, as well as Syria, including the province of Judea. The Diadochi (plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, "successors" were the rival successors Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Coele-Syria, meaning 'hollow' Syria was the region of southern Syria disputed between the Seleucid dynasty and the Ptolemaic dynasty. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised His first occupation of Syria was in 318, and he established at the same time a protectorate over the petty kings of Cyprus. Events By place Macedonian Empire Antigonus resolves to become lord of all Asia and in conjunction with Cassander and Ptolemy When Antigonus One-Eye, master of Asia in 315, showed dangerous ambitions, Ptolemy joined the coalition against him, and on the outbreak of war, evacuated Syria. Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed" (382 BC - 301 BC son of Philip from Elimeia, was a Macedonian nobleman general and Satrap Events By place Macedonian Empire Antigonus claims authority over most of Asia seizes the treasury at Susa and enters Babylon In Cyprus, he fought the partisans of Antigonus, and re-conquered the island (313). Events By place Egypt Ptolemy, whose Egyptian kingdom includes Cyprus, puts down a revolt there A revolt in Cyrene was crushed the same year.
In 312, Ptolemy and Seleucus, the fugitive satrap of Babylonia, both invaded Syria, and defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes ("sieger of cities"), the son of Antigonus, in the Battle of Gaza. The Diadochi (plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, "successors" were the rival successors Cassander ( Greek: Κάσσανδρος, Kassandros; ca 350 - 297 BC King of Macedon (305 - 297 BC was a son of Antipater Lysimachus ( Greek: Λυσίμαχος Lysimachos; 360 BCE - 281 BCE was a Macedonian officer and diadochus (i Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City Events By place Seleucid Empire Ptolemy and Seleucus, the Satrap of Babylonia, invade the satrapy of Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i Demetrius I (337-283 BC Greek: Δημήτριος) called Poliorcetes (Greek Πολιορκητής) ("The Besieger" son of The Battle of Gaza was a battle of the Third war of the Diadochi between Ptolemy (satrap of Egypt) and Demetrius (son of Antigonus Again he occupied Syria, and again—after only a few months, when Demetrius had won a battle over his general, and Antigonus entered Syria in force—he evacuated it. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية In 311, a peace was concluded between the combatants. Events By place Seleucid Empire Seleucus reestablishes himself as Satrap of Babylonia and asserts control over Soon after this, the surviving 13-year-old king, Alexander IV, was murdered in Macedonia, leaving the satrap of Egypt absolutely his own master. The peace did not last long, and in 309 Ptolemy personally commanded a fleet that detached the coastal towns of Lycia and Caria from Antigonus, then crossed into Greece, where he took possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara (308 BC). Events By place Asia Minor Ptolemy personally commands a fleet that captures the coastal regions of Lycia and Caria Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. For the modern municipality see Sikyona. Sicyon (Σικυών was an ancient Greek city situated in the northern Peloponnesus Megara ( Greek:, "Big Houses" is an ancient city (pop Events By place Greece Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth In 306, a great fleet under Demetrius attacked Cyprus, and Ptolemy's brother Menelaus was defeated and captured in another decisive Battle of Salamis. Events By place Cyprus Menelaus brother of Egypt's ruler Ptolemy I Soter, is defeated and captured by Demetrius Poliorcetes Menelaus (in Greek Mενελαoς /me'nelaos/ lived 4th century BC) was son of Lagus and brother of Ptolemy I Soter, king of The naval Battle of Salamis took place in 306 BC near Salamis Cyprus between the fleets of Ptolemy I of Egypt and Demetrius, two of the Ptolemy's complete loss of Cyprus followed.
The satraps Antigonus and Demetrius now each assumed the title of king; Ptolemy, as well as Cassander, Lysimachus and Seleucus I Nicator, responded by doing the same. Cassander ( Greek: Κάσσανδρος, Kassandros; ca 350 - 297 BC King of Macedon (305 - 297 BC was a son of Antipater Lysimachus ( Greek: Λυσίμαχος Lysimachos; 360 BCE - 281 BCE was a Macedonian officer and diadochus (i Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i In the winter of 306 BC, Antigonus tried to follow up his victory in Cyprus by invading Egypt; but Ptolemy was strongest there, and successfully held the frontier against him. Ptolemy led no further overseas expeditions against Antigonus. However, he did send great assistance to Rhodes when it was besieged by Demetrius (305/304). Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Events By place Seleucid Empire Seleucus establishes Seleucia on the Tigris River as his capital Events By place Greece The siege of Rhodes ends after a year as Demetrius Poliorcetes meets with obstinate resistance from the Pausanius reports that the grateful Rhodians bestowed the name Soter ("saviour") upon him as a result of lifting the siege. This account is generally accepted by modern scholars, although the earliest datable mention of it is from coins issued by Ptolemy II in 263 BC. Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos, 309 BC&ndash246 BC was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BC to 246 BC
When the coalition against Antigonus was renewed in 302, Ptolemy joined it, and invaded Syria a third time, while Antigonus was engaged with Lysimachus in Asia Minor. Events By place Asia Minor Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor On hearing a report that Antigonus had won a decisive victory there, he once again evacuated Syria. But when the news came that Antigonus had been defeated and slain by Lysimachus and Seleucus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301, he occupied Syria a fourth time. The Battle of Ipsus was fought between some of the Diadochi (the successors of Alexander the Great) in 301 BC near the village of that name in Events By Place Asia Minor In The Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, the armies of Antigonus, the ruler of Syria
The other members of the coalition had assigned all Syria to Seleucus, after what they regarded as Ptolemy's desertion, and for the next hundred years, the question of the ownership of southern Syria (ie, Judea) produced recurring warfare between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties. Henceforth, Ptolemy seems to have mingled as little as possible in the rivalries between Asia Minor and Greece; he lost what he held in Greece, but reconquered Cyprus in 295/294. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Events By place Roman Republic The Battle of Sentinum west of Anconum ends in defeat for a formidable coalition of Samnites, Events By place Greece Archidamus IV, king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas I and grandson of Archidamus III Cyrene, after a series of rebellions, was finally subjugated about 300 and placed under his stepson Magas. Events By place Egypt Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus Magas of Cyrene (r 276 - 250 BCE was a Greek king of Cyrene (today's Libya)
In 285, Ptolemy made his son by Berenice - Ptolemy II Philadelphus his co-regent. Events By place Egypt June 26 - Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter abdicates Berenice I, daughter of Magas was first the wife of Philip an obscure Macedonian nobleman with whom she gave birth to the future Magas of Cyrene. Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos, 309 BC&ndash246 BC was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BC to 246 BC His eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Ceraunus, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated, fled to the court of Lysimachus. Ptolemy Keraunos ( Greek Πτολεμαίος Κεραυνός - 279 BC was the King of Macedon from 281 BC to 279 BC Ptolemy I Soter died in 283 at the age of 84. Events By place Greece Following Demetrius Poliorcetes ' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus Shrewd and cautious, he had a compact and well-ordered realm to show at the end of forty years of war. His reputation for bonhomie and liberality attached the floating soldier-class of Macedonians and Greeks to his service, and was not insignificant; nor did he wholly neglect conciliation of the natives. He was a ready patron of letters, founding the Great Library of Alexandria. The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world He himself wrote a history of Alexander's campaigns that has not survived. This used to be considered an objective work, distinguished by its straightforward honesty and sobriety. However, Ptolemy may have exaggerated his own role, and had propagandist aims in writing his History. Although now lost, it was a principal source for the surviving account by Arrian of Nicomedia. For others with this name see Arrianus (disambiguation. Lucius Flavius Arrianus 'Xenophon' (ca
Trivia
Ptolemy personally sponsored the great mathematician Euclid, but found Euclid's seminal work, the Elements, too difficult to study, so he asked if there were an easier way to master it. Euclid ( Greek:.) fl 300 BC also known as Euclid of Alexandria, is often referred to as the Father of Geometry Euclid's Elements ( Greek:) is a mathematical and geometric Treatise consisting of 13 books written by the Greek Euclid famously quipped: "Sire, there is no Royal Road to Geometry". The Persian Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius I of Achaemenid Empire in the 5th Century BC Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position
See also
Fiction Portrayals
- Ptolemy was played by Vergilio Teixeira in the film Alexander the Great (1956) and by Robert Earley, Elliot Cowan, and Anthony Hopkins in the Oliver Stone film Alexander (2004). The Ptolemaic Kingdom in and around Egypt began following Alexander the Great 's conquest in 332 BC and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra Alexander the Great is a 1956 America Sword and sandal Epic film written directed and produced by Robert Rossen with Elliot Cowan (born October 1976 is a British actor Best known for his appearance in Ultimate Force as Corporal Jem Poynton and in the 2004 film Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins, CBE (born 31 December 1937 is a Welsh Film, stage and Television Actor. William Oliver Stone (born 15 September) is an American Film director and Screenwriter. Alexander is a 2004 Epic film, based on the life of Alexander the Great.
- L. Sprague de Camp's novel The Bronze God of Rhodes features Ptolemy as a minor character. Lyon Sprague de Camp, ( November 27 1907 – November 6 2000) was an American science fiction and fantasy author The Bronze God of Rhodes is an Historical novel by L Sprague de Camp, first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1960, and He also appears in Harry Turtledove's novel The Gryphon's Skull. Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14 1949) is an American historian and novelist who has written Historical fiction, Fantasy, and The Gryphon's Skull is a Historical fiction novel written by H
- Duncan Sprott's novel The Ptolemies features Ptolemy as a central character and founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
- Ptolemy appears as a character in Mary Renault's novels Fire From Heaven, The Persian Boy, and Funeral Games. Mary Renault (pronounced Ren-olt ( 4 September 1905 – 13 December 1983) born Mary Challans, was an English Writer Fire From Heaven is a 1969 Historical novel by Mary Renault about the childhood and youth of Alexander the Great. The Persian Boy is a 1972 Historical novel written by Mary Renault and narrated by Bagoas, a young Persian from an aristocratic family Funeral Games is a 1981 historical novel by Mary Renault, dealing with the death of Alexander the Great He also appears in her non-fictional The Nature of Alexander. The Nature of Alexander (1975 is the only nonfiction work by celebrated novelist Mary Renault (1905-1983
Notes
Bibliography
- Walter M. Ellis: Ptolemy of Egypt, London 1993.
- Christian A. Caroli: Ptolemaios I. Soter - Herrscher zweier Kulturen, Konstanz 2007.
External links
- Ptolemy Soter I at LacusCurtius — (Chapter II of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)
- Ptolemy I (at Egyptian Royal Genealogy, with genealogical table)
- Livius, Ptolemy I Soter by Jona Lendering
- Ptolemy I Soter entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
- A genealogical tree of Ptolemy, though not necessarily reliable
- Ptolemy I Soter’s self-promotion in his history of Alexander the Great
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Ptolemy I Soter
Born: 367 BC Died: 283 BC |
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| Preceded by Alexander IV Aegus |
Pharaoh of Egypt 305–283 BC |
Succeeded by Ptolemy II Philadelphus |
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family Alexander IV Aegus (in Greek, Ἀλέξανδρος Aἰγός &mdash 323&ndash309 BC was the son of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon This article contains a list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos, 309 BC&ndash246 BC was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BC to 246 BC The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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