The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father, Lagus) was a Hellenistic Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. The History of Ancient Egypt spans the period from the early predynastic settlements of the northern Nile Valley to the Roman conquest in 30 The Predynastic Period of Egypt (prior to 3100 BC is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy beginning with King The Protodynastic Period of Egypt (generally dated 3200 BC - 3000 BC) refers to the period of time at the very end of the Predynastic Period. The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt c The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BCE when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement The First Intermediate Period is the name conventionally given by Egyptologists to that period in Ancient Egyptian history between the end of the Old The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of Ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and The Third Intermediate Period refers to the time in Ancient Egypt from the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BC to the foundation of the The Late Period of Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period from the 26th Saite Dynasty into Persian The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. The Diadochi (plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, "successors" were the rival successors Cassander ( Greek: Κάσσανδρος, Kassandros; ca 350 - 297 BC King of Macedon (305 - 297 BC was a son of Antipater Lysimachus ( Greek: Λυσίμαχος Lysimachos; 360 BCE - 281 BCE was a Macedonian officer and diadochus (i Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City see Laukaz for the rune Lagus ( Greek Λαγός; lived 4th century BC) from Eordaea was the father This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Ptolemaic Kingdom in and around Egypt began following Alexander the Great 's conquest in 332 BC and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. Somatophylakes (singular somatophylax) in its literal English translation from Ancient Greek, means "bodyguards" Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Events By place Macedonian Empire 10 June — In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies ten days after being taken ill In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour). Events By place Seleucid Empire Seleucus establishes Seleucia on the Tigris River as his capital The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Year 30 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.
All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.
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Ptolemaic rulers and consorts
The dates in brackets are regnal dates for the kings. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters. Several queens exercised regal authority, but the most famous and successful was Cleopatra VII (51 BC-30 BC), with her two brothers and her son as successive nominal co-rulers. Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt Year 51 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus Year 30 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely used by modern scholars. Dates are years of reign.
- Ptolemy I Soter (305 BC-282 BC) married first (probably) Thais, secondly Artakama, thirdly Eurydice and finally Berenice I
- Ptolemy II Philadelphus (284 BC-246 BC) married Arsinoe I, then Arsinoe II Philadelphus; ruled jointly with Ptolemy the Son (267 BC-259 BC)
- Ptolemy III Euergetes (246 BC-222 BC) married Berenice II
- Ptolemy IV Philopator (222 BC-204 BC) married Arsinoe III
- Ptolemy V Epiphanes (204 BC-180 BC) married Cleopatra I
- Ptolemy VI Philometor (180 BC-164 BC, 163 BC-145 BC) married Cleopatra II, briefly ruled jointly with Ptolemy Eupator in 152 BC
- Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (never reigned)
- Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (Physcon) (170 BC-163 BC, 145 BC-116 BC) married Cleopatra II then Cleopatra III; temporarily expelled from Alexandria by Cleopatra II between 131 BC and 127 BC, reconciled with her in 124 BC. For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. Events By place Seleucid Empire Seleucus establishes Seleucia on the Tigris River as his capital Events By place Asia Minor The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Artakama, daughter of Artabazus a grandson of king Artaxerxes II satrap of Daskyleion under Artaxerxes III and Darius III satrap of Bactria under Alexander Eurydice (in Greek Eυρυδικη) was daughter of Antipater and wife of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus. Berenice I, daughter of Magas was first the wife of Philip an obscure Macedonian nobleman with whom she gave birth to the future Magas of Cyrene. Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos, 309 BC&ndash246 BC was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BC to 246 BC Events By place Roman Republic The Gallic tribe called the Senones, who has settled on the Adriatic coast north of Events By place Egypt Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son Ptolemy III. Arsinoe I ( 305 / 295 -? was queen of Egypt 284 / 1 -ca 274 BC and first wife of Ptolemy II of Egypt. Arsinoe II (Greek Αρσινόη (316 BC-July 270 BC queen of Thrace and Macedonia and later co-ruler of Egypt with her brother and husband Ptolemy II Events By place Greece Macedonia s King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition Events By place Seleucid Empire Finding a willing ally in Antigonus II Gonatas, the king of Macedonia who has had to deal with Ptolemy III Euergetes, ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs, reigned 246 BC&ndash222 BC was the third ruler Events By place Egypt Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son Ptolemy III. Events By place Roman Republic Mediolanum (modern Milan) stronghold of the Gallic tribe of the Insubres Berenice II (267 or 266 BC - 221 BC was the daughter of Magas of Cyrene and Queen Apama and the wife of Ptolemy III Euergetes I, the third ruler Ptolemy IV Philopator ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr, reigned 221-205 BC son of Ptolemy III and Berenice II of Egypt was Events By place Roman Republic Mediolanum (modern Milan) stronghold of the Gallic tribe of the Insubres Events By place Carthage Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general Arsinoe III ( 246 BC or 245 BC - 204 BC was Queen of Egypt (220 - 204 BC Ptolemy V Epiphanes ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs, reigned 204 – 181 BCE) son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe Events By place Carthage Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general Events By place Greece After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius including accusing him of coveting the succession to Cleopatra I Syra (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Σύρα) c 204&ndash176 BC was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt, the daughter of Antiochus Ptolemy VI Philometor ( Greek: grc Πτολεμαῖος Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaĩos Philomḗtōr, ca Events By place Greece After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius including accusing him of coveting the succession to Cleopatra II (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα &mdash c 185&ndash116 BC was a queen (and briefly sole ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Ptolemy Eupator was for a short time in 152 BC joint ruler with his father Ptolemy VI Philometor. Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator ( Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaĩos Néos Philopátōr) was an Egyptian king of the Ptolemaic Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II ( Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs) (c Events By place Greece In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Cleopatra II (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα &mdash c 185&ndash116 BC was a queen (and briefly sole ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Cleopatra III ( Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, 161&ndash101 BC was queen of Egypt 142&ndash101 BC Cleopatra II (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα &mdash c 185&ndash116 BC was a queen (and briefly sole ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy
- Cleopatra II Philometora Soteira (131 BC-127 BC), in opposition to Ptolemy VIII
- Cleopatra III Philometor Soteira Dikaiosyne Nikephoros (Kokke) (116 BC-101 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy IX (116 BC-107 BC) and Ptolemy X (107 BC-101 BC)
- Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros) (116 BC-107 BC, 88 BC-81 BC as Soter II) married Cleopatra IV then Cleopatra Selene; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III in his first reign
- Ptolemy X Alexander I (107 BC-88 BC) married Cleopatra Selene then Berenice III; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III till 101 BC
- Berenice III Philopator (81 BC-80 BC)
- Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) married and ruled jointly with Berenice III before murdering her; ruled alone for 19 days after that. Cleopatra II (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα &mdash c 185&ndash116 BC was a queen (and briefly sole ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II ( Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs) (c Cleopatra III ( Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, 161&ndash101 BC was queen of Egypt 142&ndash101 BC Ptolemy IX Soter II or Lathyros (" Chickpea " ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ Λάθυρος, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr Ptolemy X Alexander I ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was King of Egypt from 110 BC to Ptolemy IX Soter II or Lathyros (" Chickpea " ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ Λάθυρος, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr Year 88 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome The Social War ends with the defeat of the Italian Year 81 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Sulla is appointed dictator Cleopatra IV was the daughter of Ptolemy VIII Physcon and Cleopatra III (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα which means "she who has a glorious father" Cleopatra Selene I (Greek η Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη) was the daughter of Ptolemy VIII Physcon and his sister Cleopatra III of Egypt. Cleopatra III ( Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, 161&ndash101 BC was queen of Egypt 142&ndash101 BC Ptolemy X Alexander I ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was King of Egypt from 110 BC to Year 88 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome The Social War ends with the defeat of the Italian Cleopatra Selene I (Greek η Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη) was the daughter of Ptolemy VIII Physcon and his sister Cleopatra III of Egypt. Berenice III (120&ndash80 BC Greek: Βερενίκη) sometimes called Cleopatra Berenice, ruled as queen of Egypt from 81 to 80 BC and possibly Cleopatra III ( Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, 161&ndash101 BC was queen of Egypt 142&ndash101 BC Berenice III (120&ndash80 BC Greek: Βερενίκη) sometimes called Cleopatra Berenice, ruled as queen of Egypt from 81 to 80 BC and possibly Year 81 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Sulla is appointed dictator Year 80 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Battle of the Baetis River — Democratic rebel Ptolemy XI Alexander II (grc Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled Egypt for a Year 80 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Battle of the Baetis River — Democratic rebel Berenice III (120&ndash80 BC Greek: Βερενίκη) sometimes called Cleopatra Berenice, ruled as queen of Egypt from 81 to 80 BC and possibly
- Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) (80 BC-58 BC, 55 BC-51 BC) married Cleopatra V Tryphaena
- Cleopatra V Tryphaena (58 BC-57 BC) ruled jointly with Berenice IV Epiphaneia (58 BC-55 BC)
- Cleopatra VII Thea Neotera (51 BC-30 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy XIII (51 BC-47 BC), Ptolemy XIV (47 BC-44 BC) and Ptolemy XV Caesarion (44 BC-30 BC). Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Theos Philadelphos ( Ptolemaĩos Néos Diónusos Theós Philopátōr Theós Philádelphos) New Dionysus, God Beloved Year 80 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Battle of the Baetis River — Democratic rebel Year 58 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus Year 55 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Licinius Crassus and Year 51 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus Cleopatra V Tryphaena of Egypt ( Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, born c Cleopatra V Tryphaena of Egypt ( Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, born c Year 58 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus Year 57 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther Berenice IV ( Greek: Βερενίκη) born in Alexandria, Egypt in 77 BC, died in Alexandria 55 BC, was the daughter of Ptolemy Year 58 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus Year 55 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Licinius Crassus and Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt Year 51 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus Year 30 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaĩos Theós Philopátōr, lived 62 BC/61 BC– Year 51 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus Year 47 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Quintus Fufius Calenus, Ptolemy XIV ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος, Ptolemaĩos, who lived 60 BC/59 BC–44 BC and reigned 47 BC–44 BC was a son of Ptolemy XII of Year 47 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Quintus Fufius Calenus, Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion (little Caesar Greek: Πτολεμαῖος ΙΕʹ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ Καῖσαρ Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 30 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.
- Arsinoe IV (48 BC-47 BC) in opposition to Cleopatra VII
Simplified Ptolemaic family tree
Many of the relationships shown in this tree are controversial. Arsinoe IV (ca 68/67 – 41 BC was the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes sister of Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII, and one of the last rulers Year 48 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Gaius Julius Caesar, Year 47 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Quintus Fufius Calenus, Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt The issues are fully discussed in the external links.
Other members of the Ptolemaic dynasty
- Ptolemy Keraunos (died 279 BC) - eldest son of Ptolemy I Soter. Ptolemy Keraunos ( Greek Πτολεμαίος Κεραυνός - 279 BC was the King of Macedon from 281 BC to 279 BC Eventually became king of Macedon.
- Ptolemy Apion (died 96 BC) - son of Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Ptolemy Apion or simply known as Apion (Greek Πτολεμαίος ο Απίων, between 150 BC & 145 BC - 96 BC was the last Greek Cyrenaean King and was Made king of Cyrenaica. Bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome.
- Ptolemy Philadelphus (born 36 BC) - son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Ptolemy Philadelphus (ο Πτολεμαίος Φιλάδελφος August/September 36 BC - 29 BC was a Ptolemaic Prince and was the youngest child of Greek Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark
- Ptolemy of Mauretania (died AD 40) - son of Juba II of Mauretania and Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony. Ptolemy of Mauretania or Ptolemy of Morocco (Ptolemy or Ptolemaios Greek ο Πτολεμαίος, Latin PTOLEMAEVS, 1 BC – AD 40 was a prince and Year 40 was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Juba II ( Iuba in Latin Ιóβας (Ιóβα or Ιουβας in Greek) or Juba II of Numidia (reigned 25 BC - 23 AD was a king Cleopatra Selene II ( Greek: η Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη, 25 December 40 BC - 6 AD) also known as Cleopatra VIII of Egypt Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark King of Mauretania. In Antiquity Mauretania was originally an independent Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa (named after the
See also
External links
- Ptolemaic Dynasty
- Livius, Ptolemies by Jona Lendering
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