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The term psychokinesis (from the Greek ψυχή, "psyche", meaning mind, soul, heart, or breath; and κίνησις, "kinesis", meaning motion; literally "movement from the mind"),[1][2] also known as telekinesis[3] (Greek τῆλε + κίνησις, literally "distant-movement"), sometimes abbreviated PK and TK respectively, denotes the purported ability of the mind to influence matter, time, space, or energy by means outside the currently known laws of physics. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A physical law or scientific law is a Scientific generalization based on empirical Observations of physical behavior (i [4] It has been called the most powerful of psychic powers, essentially the power of a god. [5] Examples of psychokinesis could include distorting or moving an object,[6] or influencing the output of a random number generator. A random number generator (often abbreviated as RNG is a computational or physical device designed to generate a sequence of Numbers or symbols that lack any [4][7][8] The study of phenomena said to be psychokinetic is an aspect of parapsychology. Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Some paranormal researchers believe that psychokinesis exists and deserves further study, pointing to experimental results such as those done using random number generators. [9][10] Skeptics contend that psychokinesis does not really exist, and that claims that it does are based on publication bias, fraud, delusion, statistical manipulation of scientific data, or other naturally explainable phenomena. Publication bias arises from the tendency for Researchers and editors to handle experimental results that are positive (they found something differently from results that are [11] Psychokinesis is popular in some entertainment movies and television programs featuring paranormal, fantasy, religious, and horror themes; written fiction; and computer games.

Contents

Terminology

Early history

Spirit photography hoaxer Édouard Isidore Buguet (1840-1901) of France demonstrates telekinesis in this 1875 photograph titled Fluidic Effect.
Spirit photography hoaxer Édouard Isidore Buguet[12] (1840-1901) of France demonstrates telekinesis in this 1875 photograph titled Fluidic Effect.

The term "Telekinesis" was coined in 1890 by Russian psychical researcher Alexander N. Aksakof. [13][14] The term "Psychokinesis" was coined in 1914[15] by American author-publisher Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic Relations[16][17] and adopted by his friend, American parapsychologist J. B. Rhine in 1934 in connection with experiments to determine if a person could influence the outcome of falling dice. Joseph Banks Rhine ( September 29, 1895 &ndash February 20, 1980) (usually known as J [18][19] Both terms have been described by other names, such as "remote influencing", "distant influencing"[20] "remote mental influence", "distant mental influence",[21] "directed conscious intention", " anomalous perturbation",[22] and "mind over matter. "[23] Originally telekinesis was coined to refer to the movement of objects thought to be caused by ghosts of deceased persons, mischievous spirits, angels, demons, or other supernatural forces. A ghost is said to be the apparition of a Deceased person frequently similar in appearance to that person and usually encountered in places she or he frequented The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events [23] Later when speculation increased that humans might be the source of the witnessed phenomena (that which was not caused by fraudulent mediums)[24] and could possibly cause movement without any connection to a spiritualistic setting, such as in a darkened séance room, psychokinesis was added to the lexicon, this distinction has been made to differentiate between the earlier use of the term telekinesis. Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 A séance (ˈsay-ons is an attempt to communicate with spirits The word " séance " comes from the French word for "seat" "session" [23] Eventually, psychokinesis was the preferred term by the parapsychological community (and still is) and it was suggested that telekinesis become obsolete. [18] Popular culture, however, such as movies, television, and literature, over the years preferred telekinesis to describe the paranormal movement of objects likely due to the word's resemblance to other terms, such as telepathy, teleportation, telephone and television.

Modern usage

As research entered the modern era, it became clear that many different, but related, abilities could be attributed to the wider description of psychokinesis and telekinesis is now regarded as one of the specialties of PK. In the 2004 U. S. Air Force-sponsored research report Teleportation Physics Study, the physicist-author Eric Davis, PhD, described the classification of PK and TK by writing that "telekinesis is a form of PK. "[25] Psychokinesis, then, is the general term that can be used to describe a variety of complex mental force phenomena (including object movement) and telekinesis is used to refer only to the movement of objects, however tiny (a grain of salt or air molecules to create wind)[26] or large (an automobile, building, or bridge). Hypothetically, a person could have very profound telekinetic ability, but not be able to produce any of the additional effects found in psychokinesis, such as softening the metal of a spoon to allow its bending with minimal physical force. Conversely, someone who has succeeded in psychokinetically softening metal once or a number of times may exhibit no telekinetic ability to move objects.

Measurement and observation

A spontaneous PK case featured on the cover of the French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse in 1911.
A spontaneous PK case featured on the cover of the French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse in 1911.

Parapsychology researchers describe two basic types of measurable and observable psychokinetic and telekinetic effects in experimental laboratory research and in case reports occurring outside of the laboratory. Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method A laboratory (informally lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific Research, Experiments and [27][23][21] Micro-PK (also micro-TK) is a very small effect, such as the manipulation of molecules, atoms,[21] subatomic particles,[21] etc. , that can only be observed with scientific equipment. The words are abbreviations for micro-psychokinesis, micropsychokinesis[26] and micro-telekinesis, microtelekinesis. Macro-PK (also macro-TK) is a large-scale effect that can be seen with the unaided eye. The adjective phrases "microscopic-scale," "macroscopic- scale," "small-scale," and "large-scale" may also be used; for example, "a small-scale PK effect. "

Spontaneous effects

Spontaneous movements of objects and other unexplained effects have been reported, and many parapsychologists believe there are possibly forms of psychokinesis/telekinesis. [23][18] Parapsychologist William G. Roll coined the term "recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis" (RSPK) in 1958. William G Roll (born July 3, 1926) is a noted psychologist and parapsychologist on the faculty of the Psychology Department of the University of West Georgia [28][29] The sudden movement of objects without deliberate intention in the presence or vicinity of one or more witnesses is thought by some to be related to as-yet-unknown PK/TK processes of the subconscious mind. [26] Researchers use the term "PK agent," especially in spontaneous cases, to describe someone who is suspected of being the source of the PK action. [26][30] Outbreaks of spontaneous movements or other effects, such as in a private home, and especially those involving violent or physiological effects, such as objects hitting people or scratches or other marks on the body, are sometimes investigated as poltergeist cases. (from German poltern, meaning to rumble or make noise and Geist, meaning " Ghost ", " Spirit " [31]

Umbrella term

Psychokinesis is the umbrella term under which are various related speciality abilities. An umbrella term is a word that provides a Superset or grouping of related concepts also called a Hypernym. Such abilities include:

  • Speed up or slow down the naturally occurring vibrations of atoms in matter to alter temperature,[32] possibly to the point of ignition if combustible (also known as pyrokinesis and cryokinesis respectively). The Atoms and Ions which are bonded with each other with considerable interatomic forces are not motionless The term pyrokinesis is derived from the Greek words πυρ ( pûr, meaning "fire lightning" and κίνησις ( kínesis [33]
  • Aerokinesis, the telekinetic subspecialty of being able to control the movement of air molecules specifically. [33]
  • Self levitation (including flying). Levitation (from Latin levitas "lightness" is the process by which an object is suspended against Gravity, in a stable position [34]

Notable claimants of psychokinetic or telekinetic ability

See Also

Belief in telekinesis

Belief in psychokinesis varies greatly among individuals and cultures. In September 2006, a survey about belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and mail-in questionnaire polled Americans on their belief in telekinesis. Polymerase (DNA directed lambda, also known as POLL, is a human Gene. Of these participants, 28% of male participants and 31% of female participants selected "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement "It is possible to influence the world through the mind alone". There were 1,721 participants, and the poll had a margin of error of plus or minus 4%. [48]

In April 2008, British psychologist and skeptic Richard Wiseman published the results of an online survey he conducted, "Magicians and the Paranormal: A Survey," in which 400 magicians worldwide participated. Richard Wiseman (born 1966 is Professor of the Public Understanding of Psychology at the University of Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. For the question Do you believe that psychokinesis exists (i. e. , that some people can, by paranormal means, apply a noticeable force to an object or alter its physical characteristics)?, the results were as follows: No 83. 5%, Yes 9%, Uncertain 7. 5%. [49]

Skepticism and controversy

The topic of psychokinesis is regarded as pseudoscience by many mainstream scientists. In the book Parapsychology: The Controversial Science (1991), British parapsychologist Richard S. Broughton, Ph. D, wrote of the differences of opinion among top scientists encountered by Robert G. Jahn, director of the (now-closed) PEAR laboratory, regarding the psychokinesis research that the lab was engaged in at the time. Professor Robert G Jahn is Dean Emeritus of the School of Engineering and Applied Science of Princeton University. The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research ( PEAR) program was established at Princeton University in 1979 by Robert G Jahn is quoted as saying that six Nobel laureates commented on the lab's work and that two firmly rejected the whole topic, two encouraged his team to push on, and two were unwilling to commit either way, thus indicating that negative and positive scientific opinion on the subject, even at the highest level, is not absolute. [21] Supporters of research in the field point out that many things in science were once thought impossible and ridiculed, only later to be proven true. [21] Henry Margenau, David Bohm, and O. Henry Margenau ( 1901 - February 8, 1997) was a German - US Physicist, and Philosopher of science. David Joseph Bohm ( December 20 1917, Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania – October 27 1992, London) was an American  Costa de Beauregard have publicly stated that they believe that nothing in quantum physics forbids the existence of psi phenomena. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons [21] Nobel laureate Brian Josephson has stated that the results of experiments in quantum physics that he has seen have produced more compelling evidence for the hypothetical existence of psi effects than the results of experiments done in the lab so far by parapsychologists. Brian David Josephson (born 4 January, 1940; Cardiff, Wales) is a Welsh physicist, professor and became a Nobel Prize [21][50]

Anecdotal evidence

On the problem of eyewitness testimony of alleged psychokinetic events, anecdotes (that is, stories by eyewitnesses outside of controlled laboratory conditions) are considered by scientists and skeptics alike to be insufficient evidence to firmly establish the scientific validity of psychokinesis. The expression anecdotal evidence has two quite distinct meanings [21]

Illusion of Control

In psychology there is a well-established phenomenon called the illusion of control, in which people think they have a degree of control of something when it makes no difference what they do. Illusion of control is the tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes that they demonstrably have no influence over Such an illusory correlation between a person's intention and a physical effect could give a false impression of psychokinesis. Illusory correlation is the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists Two examples of this in relation to psychokinesis are when a person claims to use PK to affect the outcome of a roll of dice, which could be merely a one in 11 chance event, and when a claim is made to be able to control the appearance or disappearance of clouds. See also Observer-expectancy effect. The observer-expectancy effect (also called the experimenter-expectancy effect, observer effect, or experimenter effect) is a form of reactivity

Magic and special effects

Magicians, sleight-of-hand-artists, etc. , have successfully simulated some of the specialized abilities of PK (object movement, spoon bending, levitation, teleportation), but not all of the feats of claimed spontaneous and intentional psychokinesis have been reproduced under the same observed conditions as the original. Spoon bending is the apparent deformation of objects especially metal Cutlery, either without physical force or with less force than normally necessary [21][51] According to Robert Todd, author of The Skeptic's Dictionary , there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals to simulate psychokinetic powers. [52] These can be purchased on the Internet from magic supply companies. Amateur-made videos alleging to show feats of psychokinesis, particularly spoon bending and the telekinetic movement of objects, can be found on video-sharing websites such as YouTube. Critics point out that it is now easier than ever for the average person to fake psychokinetic events and that without more concrete proof, the topic, apart from its enjoyment in fiction, will continue to remain controversial. [33]

Statements by skeptics

The more vocal members of the skeptical community assert that because some PK effects can be reproduced or simulated by trickery or special effects, that is a more reasonable explanation than to accept that the laws of physics should be rewritten. Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical A physical law or scientific law is a Scientific generalization based on empirical Observations of physical behavior (i [21] To support their side of the argument, skeptics may invoke the principles of parsimony, Occam's razor, the lack of replicable experimental evidence for psychokinesis, and the saying "extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof" to support their position. Parsimony is a 'less is better' concept of frugality economy stinginess or caution in arriving at a hypothesis or course of action Occam's razor (sometimes spelled Ockham's razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English Logician and Franciscan Friar, Marcello Truzzi ( September 6, 1935 — February 2, 2003) was a Professor of Sociology at Eastern Michigan University

Michael Shermer

Michael Shermer, the executive director of the Skeptics Society and founding publisher/editor-in-chief of Skeptic magazine, who also writes a monthly column for Scientific American magazine, stated in 1997 and again in 2002 in his book Why People Believe Weird Things his position that people who claim to have witnessed psychic phenomena, which includes psychokinesis, "have committed an error in thinking " and are "misinformed" about what they claim they personally experienced or observed. Michael Brand Shermer (born September 8, 1954 in Glendale California) is an American science writer historian of science founder of The Skeptics The Skeptics Society is a Nonprofit, member-supported organization devoted to promoting Scientific skepticism and resisting the spread of Pseudoscience Why People Believe Weird Things Pseudoscience Superstition and Other Confusions of Our Time is a book by Michael Shermer. Shermer has a Ph. D in the history of science and masters and B. A. degrees in psychology. He is one of the world's leading skeptics of the paranormal.

So we are left with the legacy of two types of thinking errors: Type 1 Error: believing a falsehood and Type 2 Error: rejecting a truth . . . . Believers in UFOs, alien abductions, ESP, and psychic phenomena have committed a Type 1 Error in thinking: they are believing a falsehood. . . . It' s not that these folks are ignorant or uninformed; they are intelligent but misinformed. Their thinking has gone wrong.

— Michael Shermer, Why People Believe Weird Things, 1997, 2002, Introduction

James Randi

James Randi is an author, magician, and long-time lecturer of paranormal skepticism. James Randi (born August 7 1928 (stage name The Amazing Randi) is a stage magician and scientific skeptic best known as a challenger of Paranormal In 1999, he founded the James Randi Educational Foundation which he continues to direct. The James Randi Educational Foundation ( JREF) is a Fort Lauderdale Florida Non-profit organization founded in 1996 by magician and He has stated that psychic feats, such as the alleged softening of metal described in "spoon bending," in his view, have contributed only to society's understanding of fraud. Randi's formal education consists of completion of elementary school in Canada, several years of high school (did not graduate) and at age 67, an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from the University of Indianapolis. The degree of Doctor of Humane Letters ( Latin: Litterarum humanarum doctor; D [53] He described himself as a "child prodigy" with an IQ of 168 (Stanford-Binet scale) in a 2001 Skeptic magazine interview conducted by Michael Shermer[54] and again in his Swift JREF column on January 25, 2008[55]; however, this claim has never been independently verified.

More importantly, I think, we should ask why not one of the " discoveries" of parapsychology — the reality of mental spoon-bending, survival -after-death, ESP, etc. , has made one iota of change in our lives, in science , in philosophy, or in any disciplines — except for the field of fraud and swindle, of course.

— James Randi , Swift JREF online newsletter, November 21, 2003

Carl Sagan

The late Carl Sagan, who had a Ph. Carl Edward Sagan ( November 9 1934 &ndash December 20 1996) was an American Astronomer, astrochemist, author D in astronomy and astrophysics and Masters and B. A. degrees in physics, offered this advice to scientists and the public at large about psychokinesis research in his 1995 book The Demon-Haunted World:

Typical offerings of pseudoscience and superstition—this is merely a representative, not a comprehensive, list— are. The Demon-Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark is a book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan and his wife Ann Druyan, which was first published . . extrasensory perception (ESP), such as telepathy, precognition, telekinesis, and "remote viewing" of distant places;. . . It is barely possible that a few of these paranormal claims might one day be verified by solid scientific data.   But it would be foolish to accept them without adequate evidence.  In the spirit of garage dragons, it is much better, for those claims not already disproved or adequately explained, to contain our impatience, to nurture a tolerance for ambiguity, and to await—or, much better, to seek— supporting or disconfirming evidence.

— Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World , 1995, pages 221, 224

Prize money for proof of psychokinesis

Internationally, there are individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics' organizations who offer cash prize money to anyone—or anyone who meets a criterion of eligibility, such as a certain level of fame—who can successfully demonstrate the existence of an extraordinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis, which is currently regarded by mainstream science as being paranormal in origin, according to an agreed-upon experiment. This is a list of people and organizations that promote or practice Scientific skepticism. Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation These prizes have remained uncollected by people claiming to possess paranormal abilities. In 1922 Scientific American offered two US $2500 offers (1 for the first authentic spirit photograph made under test conditions and (2 for the first psychic to produce . The James Randi Educational Foundation offers 1,000,000 US dollars to anyone who can produce a PK event - or any other paranormal occurrence - under previously controlled, mutually agreed upon circumstances. The money is kept in an escrow account with Goldman-Sachs in New York.

Notable witnesses to PK events

Psychokinetic events have been witnessed by  psychologists in the United States at the Ph. D, Masters, and B. A. degree levels,[56][57][58] and in the U. S. and elsewhere in the world by  professionals with medical degrees,[59][58] physicists,[60]  electrical engineers,[57] military personnel,[61][62] police officers,[63][64]  and other professionals and ordinary citizens. Robert M. Schoch, Ph. Robert M Schoch is As of 2008 a Tenured (tenured 1990 associate professor of Natural Science at the College of General Studies a 2 year non-degree granting unit D, a Yale-educated geologist, geophysicist, author, and professor at Boston University has written "I do believe that some PK is real" referring to the evidence for micro-PK obtained by the Princeton PEAR laboratory experiments and similar studies and some reports of macro-RSPK observed in poltergeist cases. He once witnessed a book "jumping off a shelf" while in a room where a female PK agent was also present. [65]

Michael Crichton

Best-selling author Michael Crichton (The Andromeda Strain, Jurassic Park, etc. John Michael Crichton, ˈkraɪtən, (born October 23 1942 is an American author Film producer, Film director, Medical doctor, and Television producer The Andromeda Strain (1969 by Michael Crichton, is a Techno-thriller Novel documenting the efforts of a team of scientists investigating Jurassic Park is a Science fiction Novel that was written by Michael Crichton and published in 1990. ), who graduated from Harvard College and received his medical degree from Harvard Medical School,[59] and is a past recipient of the Association of American Medical Writers Award,[59] described his successful experience with psychokinesis at a "spoon bending party" in his 1988 book Travels:[59]

I looked down. My spoon had begun to bend. I hadn't even realized. The metal was completely pliable, like soft plastic. It wasn't particularly hot, either, just slightly warm. I easily bend the bowl of the spoon in half, using only my fingertips. This didn't require any pressure at all, just guiding with my fingertips. I put the bent spoon aside and tried a fork. After a few moments of rubbing, the fork twisted like a pretzel. It was easy. I bent several more spoons and forks. . . . I had bent a spoon, and I knew it wasn't a trick. I looked around the room and saw little children, eight or nine years old, bending large metal bars. They weren't trying to trick anybody.

— Michael Crichton, Travels , 1988, pages 319-320

Dean Radin

Parapsychologist and author Dean Radin has reported that he, too, was able to bend the bowl of a spoon over with unexplained ease of force with witnesses present at an informal PK experiment gathering. Dean Radin (born February 29, 1952) is a researcher and author in the field of Parapsychology. Radin has a Ph. D in psychology from the University of Illinois, a Masters degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois, and a B. A. degree in electrical engineering, magna cum laude, from the University of Massachusetts. [57] He described his experience in his 2006 book Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality and online (with photos):[57]

I was much more skeptical about such claims until one day I personally folded the bowl of a large, heavy soup spoon in half with a gentle touch, and with half a dozen witnesses present. I later tested to see if I could do this again with a similar spoon using ordinary force. I couldn't budge the bowl without the assistance of two pairs of pliers and some serious leverage. So I have good reason to doubt the usual skeptical assertion that all cases of metal-bending are conjuring tricks or due to unconscious use of force.

— Dean Radin,  Entangled Minds, page 331

Psychokinesis in religion, mythology, and popular culture

Psychokinesis depicted in religious artwork: The Resurrection of Lazarus, painting by Leon Bonnat, France, 1857.
Psychokinesis depicted in religious artwork: The Resurrection of Lazarus, painting by Leon Bonnat, France, 1857. Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat ( 20 June 1833 &ndash September 8, 1922) was a French painter. [66]
Religion and mythology

There are written accounts and oral legends of events fitting the description of psychokinesis dating back to early history, most notably in the stories found in various religions and mythology. In the Bible, for example, Jesus is described as miraculously walking on water, transmuting water into wine, healing the sick, and reversing physical disability or even death by an act of touch or willing it to be so. [67]

Mythological beings, such as witches, have been accused of levitating people, animals, and objects. [68]

The court wizard and prophet Merlin in the King Arthur legend, is said to have used his power to transport Stonehenge across the sea to England from Ireland. The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network ( MERLIN) is an Interferometer array of Radio telescopes spread across England and the King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders Stonehenge is a Prehistoric Monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury [69]

Popular culture
See also Superpower (ability) and Fictional characters with telekinesis

Psychokinesis has a well-established existence in movies, television, computer games, literature, and other forms of popular culture. Superpowers (also super powers or simply powers) is another term for Superhuman abilities that is any abilities that a human does not possess in real This is a list of Fictional characters with the capability for telekinesis. In the 1976 film Carrie, based on the Stephen King novel of the same name, Sissy Spacek portrayed a troubled high school student with telekinetic powers. Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist, Mary Elizabeth "Sissy" Spacek (born December 25, 1949) is an Academy Award &ndashwinning American Actress and singer She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, the first psychokinetic character in a film ever to be so recognized (Ellen Burstyn was the second, in 1980's Resurrection). Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to Ellen Burstyn (born December 7, 1932) is an American Academy Award -winning actress Numerous characters have the ability to control the movement of objects using the "the Force" in the Star Wars canon. The Force is one of the main concepts in the fictional Star Wars universe, created by George Lucas. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded In the 1988 anime movie Akira (film), a few of the main characters use telekinesis throughout the film. (anime in Japanese, is a 1988 Japanese animated Film co-written and directed by Katsuhiro Otomo based on his manga of the same name

The comic book character Jean Grey of the X-Men exhibits powerful telekinetic ability. Jean Grey-Summers ( née Jean Grey is a Fictional Comic book superheroine appearing in books published by Marvel Comics. The X-Men is a team of fictional Superhero characters in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Also from the TV show Heroes, the serial killer Sylar frequently exhibits telekinetic ability. Heroes is an American Science fiction television drama series created by Tim Kring, which premiered on NBC on September Gabriel Gray, more commonly known by his assumed name of Sylar, is a Fictional character and one of the main Antagonists on the NBC It is also commonly used as a power in a large number of videogames and role playing games. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters.

See also

References

  1. ^ (2001) Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Psi is a term from Parapsychology derived from the Greek, ψ psi twenty-third letter of the Greek alphabet; from the Greek ψυχή The Count of St Germain ( fl 1710–1784 has been variously described as a Courtier, Adventurer, Charlatan, Inventor, Ectenic force is said to be a form of spiritual energy emitted by a medium, that allows them to manipulate objects without apparent physical contact The term energy has been widely adopted into the fields of spirituality complementary medicine etc Faith healing is the attempt to use Religious or spiritual means such as Prayer, mental practices spiritual insights or other techniques to prevent The Global Consciousness Project, (GCP also called the EGG Project, is a long-running science experiment maintained by an international collaboration of about 100 research This is In Anthropology, Psychology, and Cognitive science, magical thinking is nonscientific causal reasoning that often includes such ideas as the ability of A materialization is the creation or appearance of Matter from unknown sources better known to English speakers as thoughtography or projected thermography or nengraphy, is the ability to psychically "burn" images Precognition (from the Latin præ- “prior to” + cognitio “a getting to know” denotes a form of Extrasensory perception where in a person is said to perceive A Psi wheel is Pyramid -shaped Top -like device consisting of a small piece of Paper or foil balanced on the tip of a pointed object Psionics is the study and/or practice of using the mind to induce paranormal phenomena Psychic surgery is a procedure typically involving the apparent creation of an Incision using only the bare hands the apparent removal of Pathological matter In Metaphysics and Esoteric cosmology, a plane, other than the Physical plane, is conceived as a subtle state of Consciousness that transcends Tina Resch (born October 23, 1969) achieved some fame during what the media called the Columbus Poltergeist case Jack Sarfatti (born September 14, 1939) is an American theoretical physicist and the author of a number of popular works on Quantum physics The Silva Method is the name given to a Self help program developed by José Silva, which claims to increase an individual's IQ and sense of personal wellbeing by Tay al-Ard ( Arabic: طيّ الأرض - literally "folding up of the earth" is the name for thaumaturgical Teleportation in the mystical Telepathy ( Greek τηλε tele meaning "distant" and πάθεια patheia meaning "to be affected by" describes the purported transfer Therapeutic touch (TT, also called Non-Contact Therapeutic Touch (NCTT or Distance Healing, is an energy therapy claimed to promote healing and reduce Boston, Massachusetts USA: Random House Reference, p. 1560. ISBN 0-375-42599-3.  “psycho-, a combining form representing psyche in compound words. Psych is an American Comedy-drama Television series created by Steve Franks and broadcast on USA Network. . . . (Gk, comb. form of psyche breath, spirit, soul, mind; akin to psycheim to blow). ” 
  2. ^ (1994) The New Oxford American Dictionary. New York City: Oxford University Press, p. 1367. ISBN 0-19-517077-6.  “psycho. comb. form relating to the mind or psychology: . . . from Greek psukhe breath, soul, mind. ” 
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  8. ^ Parapsychological Association FAQ. Parapsychological Association (1995). Retrieved on 2007-07-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  9. ^ http://parapsych.org/faq_file3.html#20 FAQ on the Parapsychological Association's website, Retrieved October 5, 2007
  10. ^ Parapsychological Association FAQs - discussion of random number generator experiments.. Retrieved on August 13, 2007.
  11. ^ Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). psychokinesis (PK). Skepdic. com. The Skeptics Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
  12. ^ Hajela, Deepti (October 3, 2005). New exhibit looks at occult photography (html). Associated Press story. Retrieved on January 19, 2008.
  13. ^ Myers, Frederic William Henry (December 1890). Proceedings. London, England: the journal of the Society for Psychical Research.  “For the alleged movements without contact. . . M. A. Aksakof's new word 'telekinetic' seems to me the best attainable. ”  Note: this quote as a cited reference can also be found in the multivolume "The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition", 1989, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, ISBN 0-19-861229-X. "
  14. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on January 20, 2007.  “Telekinesis. 1890, said to have been coined by Alexander N. Aksakof (1832-1903) Imperial Councilor to the Czar. . . Translates Ger. 'Fernwirkung. '”
  15. ^ (2005) Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, p. 1004. ISBN 0-87779-809-5.  “Psychokinesis (1914). . . . ” 
  16. ^ Parapsychology Foundation "Basic terms in Parapsychology". Retrieved on December 22, 2006.
  17. ^ Holt, Henry [1914]. Henry Holt may refer to Henry Holt (North Dakota politician (d On the Cosmic Relations (PDF), Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  
  18. ^ a b c Spence, Lewis (1920). Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Kessinger Publishing (reprint publisher), pp. 752-753, 879, 912, 933. ISBN 0-7661-2817-2.  
  19. ^ Parapsychological Association - Glossary: PK/Psychokinesis. Retrieved on July 19, 2006.
  20. ^ , Overview of Current Parapsychology Research in the Former Soviet Union, Introduction (PDF). Subtle Energies Volume 3, Number 3 1 (1992). Retrieved on July 3, 2007.  “AMP research programs in the Soviet Union have primarily focused on experimental studies in 'distant influence' on animate an inanimate systems; i. e. , psychokinesis (PK) and bio-PK. ”
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Broughton, Richard S. (1991). Parapsychology: The Controversial Science. New York: Ballantine Books, pp. 35, 75-79, 149, 161-162, 329-330. ISBN 0-345-35638-1.  
  22. ^ Overview of Current Parapsychology Research in the Former Soviet Union, Abstract (PDF). Subtle Energies Volume 3, Number 3 1 (1992). Retrieved on July 3, 2007.  “The authors primarily discuss experiments in anomalous perturbation (often referred to as psychokinesis—PK and bio- which have been the main focus of AMP research programs in the Soviet Union. ”
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Berger, Arthur S. ; Berger, Joyce (1991). The Encyclopedia of Parapsychological and Psychical Research. New York: Paragon House, pp. 326, 341, 430. ISBN 1-55778-043-9.  
  24. ^ [1970] (1995) Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 2442. ISBN 1-85435-731-X.  “Spiritualism aroused violent antagonism and criticism concentrating particularly on the physical phenomena occurring at seances, which opponents claimed were faked. ” 
  25. ^ Davis, Eric; physicist, Ph. D, U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory, 2004. Teleportation Physics Study. Retrieved on July 19, 2006.  “Telekinesis is a form of PK, which describes the movement of stationary objects without the use of any known physical force. ”
  26. ^ a b c d e Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (1991). Encyclopedia of the Strange, Mystical & Unexplained. New York: Gramercy Books, pp. 454, 456, 478, 609. ISBN 0-517-16278-4.  
  27. ^ Library.ThinkQuest.org - Glossary: Macro PK and Micro PK. Retrieved on October 14, 2006.
  28. ^ Roll, William G. ; Pratt, J. G. (1958). The Seaford Disturbances. Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 2,, pp. 79-124.  
  29. ^ Parapsychological Association - Glossary: "RSPK". Retrieved on January 5, 2007.
  30. ^ Pratt, J. G. ; Stevenson, Ian (Vol. 70, January 1976). An Instance of Possible Metal-Bending Indirectly Related to Uri Geller. The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research.  “As far as I can say, no one in the apartment that night would take credit for being the responsible PK agent. ” 
  31. ^ (1990) Mysteries of the Unexplained. Readers Digest Association, p. 181. ISBN 0-89577-146-2.  “Attempting to understand the forces at work, researchers in parapsychology have hypothesized that the poltergeist's feats in moving objects (which are seen to fly in violation of the laws of gravity, gliding, rising, and turning corners) are examples of psychokinesis, or PK—the ability to influence inanimate objects by mind power. ” 
  32. ^ Kakalios, James (2005). The Physics of Superheores. New York: Gotham Books/Penguin Group, Inc. , p. 133. ISBN 1-592-40146-5.  “Knowing that all matter is composed of atoms, we now recognize that when an object is "hot," the kinetic energy of the constituent atoms is large, while when an object is 'cold,' the kinetic energy of the atoms is lower. The kinetic energy of an object is the extra Energy which it possesses due to its motion ” 
  33. ^ a b c Genzmer, Herbert; Hellenbrand, Ulrich (2007). "Psychokinesis", Mysteries of the World: Unexplained Wonders and Mysterious Phenomena. Bath, United Kingdom: Parragon Books Ltd, p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4054-9022-1.  
  34. ^ a b c d e f g (1988) Mind Over Matter (volume of Mysteries of the Unknown encyclopedia series). New York: Time-Life Books, pp. 7-8, 27, 82, 85. ISBN 0-8094-6336-9.  
  35. ^ (2001) Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. New York: Random House Reference. ISBN 0-375-42599-3.  “Psychokinesis. . . deform inanimate objects, as metal spoons” 
  36. ^ Hathaway, Michael R. (2003). "Glossary", The Everything Psychic Book. Avon, Massachusetts, USA: Adams Media / F+W Publications Company, pp. 139, 271. ISBN 1-58062-969-5.  “Psychokinesis. The ability to levitate, move objects, heal, and manipulate psychic energy. . . Psychokinesis is the ability to. . . create healing. ” 
  37. ^ (2004) Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, p. 1284. ISBN 0-87779-809-5.  “Teleportation. The act or process of moving an object or person by psychokinesis. ” 
  38. ^ Colman, Andrew M. (2001). Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, p. 599. ISBN 0-19-866211-4.  “Psychokinesis. The movement or change of physical objects by mental processes” 
  39. ^ (1995) Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 2354. ISBN 1-85435-731-X.  “Shape-shifting. The idea that it is possible, in certain circumstances, for men to change their natural bodily form. . . Sorcerers also, and some great heroes, were believed to have the same power, by virtue of magical knowledge or some innate quality; and so, though more rarely, were a few otherwise ordinary people who acquired the gift through possession of a charm or the performance of a ritual act. ” 
  40. ^ Mass Media Funk. The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved on February 27, 2007.  “Those who practice TT [Therapeutic Touch] believe they are able to move 'energy,' some sort of psychic force field or chi which they believe permeates the body and surrounding aura. ”
  41. ^ Bersani, F. ; Martelli, A. (1983). Psychoenergetics: The Journal of Psychophysical Systems. United Kingdom: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, pp. 99-128.  
  42. ^ McCoy, Edain (2006). Astral Projection for beginners. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewllyn Publications, p. 207. ISBN 1-56718-625-4.  “Creative visualization is the practice of mentally envisioning a desired outcome, infusing it with personal energy, and then releasing it to the cosmos so that it can grow to manifest in the physical. While all that sounds unduly complicated, what it boils down to is that it creates a thoughtform on the astral plane that, with proper effort, can be brought into the physical world. ” 
  43. ^ (1995) Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 2679. ISBN 1-85435-731-X.  “The evocation of a tulpa, an entity created entirely by an act of the imagination, was described by Alexandra David-Néel in her book Magic and Mystery in Tibet (1929). ” 
  44. ^ Muldoon, Sylvan (1947). Psychic Experiences of Famous People. Chicago: Aries Press, pp. 55-56.   See endorsement quote by Thurston at Eusapia Palladino article. Eusapia Palladino (alternate spelling Paladino; Minervino Murge, Bari Province, 1854 – 1918 was a famous Spiritualist medium Text of entire book also available at google. books. com
  45. ^ Green, Elmer; Alyce Green (1977). Beyond Biofeedback. Knoll Publishing Co, pp. 197-218. ISBN 0440005833.  
  46. ^ http://www.swamij.com/pdf/swami-rama-beyond-biofeedback.pdf (PDF) pp. 12-16. Retrieved on July 24, 2007. Elmer Green's description of Swami Rama's alleged psychokinetic demonstration (with illustrations).
  47. ^ http://www.geocities.com/swamiramabio/ResearchSwamiRama.htm. Retrieved on July 24, 2007. Photo of the uncovered balanced knitting needle device (a typical psi wheel) that Swami Rama allegedly influenced by telekinesis.
  48. ^ http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/33304.pdf Study conducted by the Gallup Organization between October 8, 2005 and December 12, 2005 on behalf of the Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, of Waco, Texas, in the United States.
  49. ^ Magicians and the Paranormal: A Survey. Retrieved on May 7, 2008. Published April 23, 2008.
  50. ^ Nobel laureate Brian Josephson (May 5, 1987). The Unexplained. London: BBC World Service radio program.   broadcast interview. }}
  51. ^ What Magicians Say About Uri Geller. Retrieved on May 19, 2007.
  52. ^ The Skeptic's Dictionary - SkepDic.com: psychokinesis (PK). Retrieved on September 28, 2007. Robert Todd Carroll: "The variety of magic tricks used to demonstrate psychokinetic powers is impressive. Scientists have been investigating PK since the mid-19th century but with little success at demonstrating that anyone can move even a feather without trickery involving something as simple and obvious as blowing on objects to move them. "
  53. ^ http://randi.org/jr/bio.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits From Randi's bio: "1995: A degree honoris causa, Doctor of Humane Letters, was awarded Mr. Randi from the University of Indianapolis. "
  54. ^ http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10428115_ITM. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits "Skeptic: But you didn't finish high school, did you? Randi: Correct, I didn 't. You had to finish all five years and, frankly, I was not in school most of the time because I was one of those child prodigies. I'm not boasting about it. It's a simple fact that I had those particular conditions of mind that allowed me to learn very quickly. My IQ, as tested by the Stanford-Binet, was 168. "
  55. ^ http://www.randi.org/joom/content/view/151/1/. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Swift January 25, 2008: ". . . I had an IQ of 168 / Stanford-Binet and was classified as 'Genius or Near-Genius. '"
  56. ^ Roll, William G. ; Storey, Valerie (2004). Unleashed — Of Poltergeists and Murder: The Curious Story of Tina Resch. New York: Paraview Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-8294-8.   William G. Roll, Ph. William G Roll (born July 3, 1926) is a noted psychologist and parapsychologist on the faculty of the Psychology Department of the University of West Georgia D in psychology from Lund University in Sweden; Jeannie Lagle, Masters degree in psychology. Both witnessed PK involving Tina Resch. Roll additionally witnessed PK in numerous other cases he investigated and wrote about. See his Wiki article for other case references or elswhere in this article's reference list under "Types of abilities - control of photons".
  57. ^ a b c d Official website of Dean Radin. Retrieved on June 9, 2007. see also [1]
  58. ^ a b Official website of Pamela Heath. Retrieved on June 9, 2007.
  59. ^ a b c d Official website of Michael Crichton. Retrieved on June 9, 2007. See also spoonbending.html.
  60. ^ Hasted, John B. (1981). The Metal Benders. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0597-0.  John B. Hasted (1921-2002), M. A. , Ph. D. Chairman and Professor, Department of Physics, Birkbeck College, University of London. In his book The Metal- Benders, he describes his research of PK claimants and PK events he personally witnessed.
  61. ^ Johnson, Ron (2004). The Men Who Stare at Goats. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 63, (Back cover). ISBN 0-7432-7060-6.  "In 1979, a secret unit was established by the most gifted minds within the U. S. . Army. Defying all known accepted military practice—and indeed, the laws of physics—they believed that a solidier could adopt a cloak of invisibility, pass cleanly through walls, and, perhaps most chillingly, kill goats just by staring at them. "; "Lenny from Special Forces disappeared into the room where the goat was. He came back and answered, with surprise and solemnity, "The goat is down. '"
  62. ^ Steinberg, Jeffey (August 26, 2005). Cheney's 'Spoon-Benders' Pushing Nuclear Armageddon. Executive Intelligence Review.  "In reality, Fort Bragg, by 1978, was already a hotbed of mind-war experimentation. Among the programs carried out at remote corners of the sprawling special operations base: the Goat Lab, where a team of New Age- trained Special Forces soldiers attempted to burst the hearts of goats, in an adjacent holding pen, through the power of psychic concentration. " Article available online at http://www.uri-geller.com/articles/2005/august/eir.htm.
  63. ^ 1970 Poltergeist in St. Catherines, Ontario. Retrieved on June 9, 2007. Handwritten official police reports of a 1970 spontaneous PK case witnessed by officers of the Niagara Regional Police in St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada.
  64. ^ Roll, William G. ; Storey, Valerie (2004). Unleashed — Of Poltergeists and Murder: The Curious Story of Tina Resch. New York: Paraview Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-8294-8.   Two police officers witnessed alleged PK activity in the Resch home in the 1984 Columbus poltergeist case.
  65. ^ Schoch, Robert M. (January/February 2008 issue). Psychokinesis: A Scientist Searches for the Reality Behind PK's Representations. Livingston, Montana USA: Atlantis Rising magazine, pp. 42-43, 70-71.  
  66. ^ Heath, Pamela Rae, M. D. , Psy. D. (2003). The PK Zone: A Cross-Cultural review of Psychokinesis. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, p. 3. ISBN 0-595-27658-X.  “Religion has seemed to provide fertile ground for both spontaneous and intentional PK. Every great religious tract of mankind includes stories of people with the ability to heal and to multiply food, such as the Bible says were performed by Jesus Christ. ” 
  67. ^ Brian, Denis (2000). The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries. New York: Basic Books, imprint of Perseus Books, p. 288. ISBN 9-780738-204475.  “. . . parapsychologists are studying some of the unusual events recorded in the Bible: changing water into wine could be called psychokinesis; . . . People have spoken of such things from early times and they seem to occur in every civilization. ” 
  68. ^ Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (1989). The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft. New York: Facts on File, p. 201. ISBN 0-8160-1793.  “In hauntings, witches, poltergeists, and fairies have been blamed for levitating people, animals, and objects. ” 
  69. ^ Newall, Venetia (1974). The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft & Magic. New York: The Dial Press, p. 121. ISBN 0-8037-2343-1.  “He performed many feats of magic, sailing through the ocean in a house of glass and transporting Stonehenge across the sea from Ireland. ” 

Further reading

Published Scientific Papers on PK / TK

Military Papers on PK / TK

External links

Dictionary

psychokinesis

-noun

  1. (parapsychology) The controlled movement of an inanimate object by the use of psychic powers. Abbreviated as PK.
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