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Psychodynamics, is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation and the functional. [1]

The original concept of "psychodynamics" was developed by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded [2] Freud suggested that psychological processes are flows of psychological energy in a complex brain, establishing "psychodynamics" on the basis of psychological energy, which he referred to as libido. The use of the word "energy" in psychological studies is comparatively new although it was in use in psychological thought long before the modern physical concept of Energy was The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain Libido in its common usage means Sexual desire however more technical definitions such as those found in the work of Carl Jung, are more general referring to libido

Contents

Overview

In general, psychodynamics, also known as dynamic psychology, is the study of the interrelationship of various parts of the mind, personality, or psyche as they relate to mental, emotional, or motivational forces especially at the unconscious level. MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In Psychoanalysis, the psyche (ˈsaɪki refers to the forces in an individual that influence thought, Behavior and Personality. Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior especially Human behavior as studied in Philosophy, Conflict, Economics [3][4][5] The mental forces involved in psychodynamics are often divided into two parts:[6] (a) interaction of emotional forces: the interaction of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and mental states, especially on a subconscious level; (b) inner forces affecting behavior: the study of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and states of mind;.

Freud proposed that psychological energy was constant (hence, emotional changes consisted only in displacements) and that it tended to rest (point attractor) through discharge (catharsis). The use of the word "energy" in psychological studies is comparatively new although it was in use in psychological thought long before the modern physical concept of Energy was An attractor is a set to which a Dynamical system evolves after a long enough time Catharsis ( Κάθαρσις) is a Greek word meaning "purification" "cleansing" or "clarification [7]

In mate selection psychology, psychodynamics is defined as the study of the forces, motives, and energy generated by the deepest of human needs. In Biology, mating is the pairing of opposite- Sex or hermaphroditic Organisms for copulation and in Social animals also to raise their [8]

Ernst von Brücke, early developer of psychodynamics.
Ernst von Brücke, early developer of psychodynamics. Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke (b Ernst Wilhelm Brücke on 6 July 1819 in Berlin, Germany; d

In general, psychodynamics studies the transformations and exchanges of "psychic energy" within the personality. The use of the word "energy" in psychological studies is comparatively new although it was in use in psychological thought long before the modern physical concept of Energy was [4] A focus in psychodynamics is the connection between the energetics of emotional states in the id, ego, and superego as they relate to early childhood developments and processes. Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of At the heart of psychological processes, according to Freud, is the ego, which he envisions as battling with three forces: the id, the super-ego, and the outside world. Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of [3] Hence, the basic psychodynamic model focuses on the dynamic interactions between the id, ego, and superego. [9] Psychodynamics, subsequently, attempts to explain or interpret behavior or mental states in terms of innate emotional forces or processes. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours

History

Psychodynamics was initially developed by Ernst von Brücke, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Melanie Klein. Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke (b Ernst Wilhelm Brücke on 6 July 1819 in Berlin, Germany; d Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Alfred Adler ( February 7 1870 &ndash May 28 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and founder of Melanie Klein ( March 30 1882 – September 22 1960) was an Austrian born [5][4]

By the mid 1940s and into the 1950s, the general application of the "psychodynamic theory" had been well established. In his 1988 book Introduction to Psychodynamics - a New Synthesis, psychologist Mardi J. Horowitz states that his own interest and fascination with psychodynamics began during the 1950s, when he heard Ralph Greenson, a popular local psychoanalyst who spoke to the public on topics such as “People who Hate”, speak on the radio at UCLA. The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United In his radio discussion, according to Horowitz, he “vividly described neurotic behavior and unconscious mental processes and linked psychodynamics theory directly to everyday life. ”[10]

In the 1950s, American psychiatrist Eric Berne built on Freud's psychodynamic model, particularly that of the "ego states", to develop a psychology of human interactions called transactional analysis. Eric Berne ( May 10 1910 &ndash July 15 1970) was a Canadian-born psychiatrist best known as the creator of Transactional analysis Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of Transactional analysis, commonly known as TA to its adherents is an integrative approach to the theory of Psychology and Psychotherapy. [11] Transactional analysis, according to physician James R. Allen, is a "cognitive behavioral approach to treatment and that it is a very effective way of dealing with internal models of self and others as well as other psychodynamic issues. "[11] The theory was popularized in the 1964 book Games People Play, a book that sold five-million copies, giving way to such catch phrases as “Boy, has he got your number” and others. Games People Play (subtitle The Psychology of Human Relationships) is a famous 1964 book by psychiatrist Eric Berne.

Freudian psychodynamics

According to American psychologist Calvin S. Hall, from his 1954 Primer in Freudian Psychology:

“Freud greatly admired Brücke and quickly became indoctrinated by this new dynamic physiology. Thanks to Freud’s singular genius, he was to discover some twenty years later that the laws of dynamics could be applied to man’s personality as well as to his body. The laws of thermodynamics, in principle describe the specifics for the transport of Heat and work in Thermodynamic processes. When he made his discovery Freud proceeded to create a dynamic psychology. A dynamic psychology is one that studies the transformations and exchanges of energy within the personality. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός This was Freud’s greatest achievement, and one of the greatest achievements in modern science, It is certainly a crucial event in the history of psychology. The History of Psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back to the Middle Ages. ”

At the heart of psychological processes, according to Freud, is the ego, which he sees battling with three forces: the id, the super-ego, and the outside world. Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of [3] Hence, the basic psychodynamic model focuses on the dynamic interactions between the id, ego, and superego. [9] Psychodynamics, subsequently, attempts to explain or interpret behavior or mental states in terms of innate emotional forces or processes. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours In his writings about the "engines of human behavior", Freud used the German word Trieb, a word that can be translated into English as either instinct or drive. An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input [12]

Front row: Sigmund Freud, Stanley Hall, C.G. Jung; Back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi, at: Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Front row: Sigmund Freud, Stanley Hall, C.G. Jung; Back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi, at: Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Abraham Arden Brill (1874–1948 was an American Psychiatrist. Alfred Ernest Jones ( January 1, 1879 – February 11, 1958) Welsh Neurologist, Psychoanalyst and Sigmund Sándor Ferenczi ( July 7, 1873 – May 22, 1933) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst. Clark University is a private University and Liberal arts college in Worcester Massachusetts.

In the 1930s, Freud's daughter Anna Freud began to apply Freud's psychodynamic theories of the "ego" to the study of parent-child attachment and especially deprivation and in doing so developed ego psychology. Anna Freud ( December 3, 1895 – October 9, 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud Ego psychology is a school of Psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud 's structural -- id-ego-superego -- model of the mind

Jungian psychodynamics

At the turn of the 20th century, during these decisive years, a young Swiss psychiatrist named Carl Jung had been following Freud’s writings and had sent him copies of his articles and his first book, the 1907 Psychology of Dementia Praecox, in which he upheld the Freudian psychodynamic viewpoint, although with some reservations. That year, Freud invited Jung to visit him in Vienna. The two men, it is said, were greatly attracted to each other, and they talked continuously for thirteen hours. This led to a professional relationship in which they corresponded on a weekly basis, for a period of six years. [13]

Carl Jung's major contributions to psychology are:

  1. There is a core tendency toward wholeness and balance within oneself. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and
  2. The core characteristics of the self are the ego, the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious, and archetypes. [14]

Positive psychology

Main article: Flow (psychology)

In positive psychology, the psychodynamic conception of flow is defined as a conscious state of mind in harmonious order. Flow is the mental state of operation in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing by a feeling of energized focus full involvement and success in the process of the Positive psychology is a recent branch of Psychology that "studies the strengths and Virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Flow is the mental state of operation in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing by a feeling of energized focus full involvement and success in the process of the In simple terms, it is a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience itself is so enjoyable that people will do it even at great costs, for the sake of doing it. [15] In other words, in positive psychology, flow is a state of mental activity or operation in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing, characterized by energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity.

The concept of flow in relation to mental contentment was developed by American psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi who, beginning in the 1970s, interviewed and studied hundreds of successful people, such as musicians, athletes, artists, chess masters, and surgeons. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi (ˈmihaːj tʃiːkˈsɛntmihaːji (born September 29, 1934, in Fiume, Italy - now Croatia is a Hungarian Psychology In his studies, he made people wear “flow timers” in which at various randomized times during their workday a timer would go off and they document their flow state on paper. Among his many books on this subject, the pinnacle publication was the 1990 book Flow – the Psychology of Optimal Experience, which introduced the world to the psychological concept of flow and optimal experience. In this book, he states that “our perceptions about our lives are the outcome of many forces that shape our experience, each having an impact on whether we feel good or bad. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. ”[16]

Current

Presently, psychodynamics is an evolving multi-disciplinary field which analyzes and studies human thought process, response patterns, and influences. Research in this field provides insights into a number of areas, including:[17]

  1. Understanding and anticipating the range of specific conscious and unconscious responses to specific sensory inputs, as images, colors, textures, sounds, etc.
  2. Utilizing the communicative nature of movement and primal physiological gestures to affect and study specific mind-body states.
  3. Examining the capacity for the mind and senses to directly affect physiological response and biological change.

See also

References

  1. ^ What is psychodynamics? - WebMD, Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 28th Edition, Copyright© 2006_Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This page describes the general psychological term For the Star Trek Voyager episode of the same name see Cathexis (Voyager episode. Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of In Sigmund Freud 's Psychoanalytic theory, reaction formation is a Defense mechanism in which Anxiety -producing or unacceptable Emotions Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory within Psychoanalytic psychology.
  2. ^ Bowlby, John (1999). Attachment and Loss: Vol I, 2nd Ed. . Basic Books, 13-23. ISBN 0-465-00543-8.  
  3. ^ a b c Freud, Sigmund (1923). The Ego and the Id. W. W. Norton & Company, (4-5). ISBN 0-393-0042-3.  
  4. ^ a b c Hall, Calvin, S. (1954). A Primer in Freudian Psychology. Meridian Book. ISBN 0452011833.  
  5. ^ a b Psychodynamics (1874) - (1) the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states; (2) explanation ! or interpretation, as of behavior or mental states, in terms of mental or emotional forces or processes; (3) motivational forces acting especially at the unconscious level. Source: Merriam-Webster, 2000, CD-ROM, version 2. Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books 5
  6. ^ Psychodynamics – Microsoft Encarta
  7. ^ Robertson, Robin; Combs, Allan (1995). Chaos theory in Psychology and Life Sciences. LEA, Inc. , (83). ISBN 0805817379.  
  8. ^ Klimek, David (1979). Beneath Mate Selection and Marriage - the Unconscious Motives in Human Pairing. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 3. ISBN 0-442-23074-5.  
  9. ^ a b Ahles, Scott, R. (2004). Our Inner World: A Guide to Psychodynamics and Psychotherapy. John Hopkins University Press, (1-2). ISBN 0801878365.  
  10. ^ Horowitz, Mardi, J. (1988). Introduction to Psychodynamics - a New Synthesis. Basic Books, 3. ISBN 0-465-03561-2.  
  11. ^ a b Berne, Eric (1964). Games People Play – The Basic Hand Book of Transactional Analysis. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-41003-3.  
  12. ^ Walsh, Anthony (1991). The Science of Love - Understanding Love and its Effects on Mind and Body. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87957-648-9.  
  13. ^ Hall, Calvin S. ; Nordby, Vernon J. (1999). A Primer of Jungian Psychology. New York: Meridian. ISBN 0-452-01186-8.  
  14. ^ niu.edu Outline of the Major Points in Carl Jung's Contributions to Psychology
  15. ^ Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. (pgs. 4,6). New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-092043-2
  16. ^ Marsh, Ann. (2005). “The Art of Work” Fast Company, Issue 97, August, pg. 76.
  17. ^ Psychodynamics - an Introduction
  18. ^ Psychodynamic psychotherapy - guidetopsychology. com
  19. ^ Horowitz, Mardi, J. (2001). Cognitive Psychodynamics – from Conflict to Character. Wiley. ISBN 0471117722.  

Further reading

External links

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