Pskov Republic (Псковская республика in Russian) was a Russian medieval state between the second half of the 13th century and early 16th century. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
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Origin
After the disintegration of Kievan Rus in the 12th century, the city of Pskov with its surrounding territories along the Velikaya River, Chudskoye Lake, Pskovskoye Lake, and Narva River became a part of the Novgorod Republic. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan Pskov (Псков ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ Pleskov) in Latvian Pleskava, in Estonian Pihkva, is an ancient city located in For the Velikaya river in Far East Siberia see Velikaya River (Chukotka. Lake Peipus (Peipsi-Pihkva järv Чудско-Псковское озеро (Chud Lake Peipussee is a large fresh water lake on the border between Estonia and Russia Lake Peipus (Peipsi-Pihkva järv Чудско-Псковское озеро (Chud Lake Peipussee is a large fresh water lake on the border between Estonia and Russia The Narva or Narova is a River which drains the Lake Peipus, flowing on the Border of Estonia and Russia. The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a It kept its special autonomous rights, including the right for independent construction of suburbs (Izborsk is the most ancient among them). Izborsk (Избо́рск Irboska is a village in Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia. Due to Pskov's leading role in the struggle against the Livonian Order, its influence spread significantly. The Livonian Order was autonomous Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1418&ndash1561 The long reign of Daumantas (1266-99) and especially his victory in the Battle of Rakovor (1268) ushered in the period of Pskov's actual independence. Daumantas, later Dovmont ( Russian: Довмонт Ruthenian: Dowmont, Belarusian: Daǔmont) Christian name Timothy This article is about a 1268 battle See also Battle of Rakvere (1603. The Novgorod boyars formally recognized Pskov's independence in the Treaty of Bolotovo (1348), relinquising their right to appoint the posadniks of Pskov. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. The Treaty of Bolotovo (Болотовский договор was concluded in 1348 between the nortwestern Russian cities of Novgorod the Great and Pskov Posadnik ( Посадник) was the mayor in some East Slavic cities or towns The city of Pskov remained dependent on Novgorod only in ecclesiastical matters until 1589, when a separate bishopric of Pskov was created and the archbishops of Novgorod dropped Pskov from their title and were created "Archbishops of Novgorod the Great and Velikie Luki". Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the
Internal organization
The Pskov Republic had well-developed farming, fishing, blacksmithing, jeweler’s art, and construction industry. Veche ( Russian: вече Polish: wiec Ukrainian: віче was a Popular assembly in Medieval Slavic countries Pskov (Псков ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ Pleskov) in Latvian Pleskava, in Estonian Pihkva, is an ancient city located in Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (Виктор Михайлович Васнецов ( Lop'jal, May 15 ( N Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i Exchange of commodities within the republic itself and its trade with Novgorod and other Russian cities, the Baltic region, and Western European cities made Pskov one of the biggest handicraft and trade centers of Rus. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Baltic Seven Islandsgif|right|thumb|330px|A contemporary transnational Euroregion encompasses the islands of the Baltic countries Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Handicraft, also known as craftwork or simply Craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools As opposed to Novgorod Republic, Pskov never had big feudal landowners, whose estates were smaller and even more scattered than of those in Novgorod. Landholder or landowner is a holder of the Estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or simply put an owner of land For other uses see Estate. An estate comprises the houses and outbuildings and supporting farmland and woods that surround the gardens and grounds The estates of Pskovian monasteries and churches were much smaller, as well. The social relations that had taken shape in the Pskov Republic were reflected in the Legal Code of Pskov. The Pskov Judicial Charter (Псковская судная грамота was the Legal code of the Pskov Republic. Peculiarities of the economy, centuries-old ties with Novgorod, frontier status, and military threats led to the development of the veche system in the Pskov Republic. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature Veche ( Russian: вече Polish: wiec Ukrainian: віче was a Popular assembly in Medieval Slavic countries The knyazs played a subordinate role. Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a Nobility rank The veche elected posadniks and sotskiys (сотский - initially, an official who represented a hundred households) and regulated the relations between feudals, posad people, izborniks (изборник - elected officials), and smerds (peasants). Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed A posad (посад was a settlement, often surrounded by Bulwarks and a Moat, by a town or a Kremlin, but outside the town/kremlin or Smerds (sing smerd; in Russian: pl смерды sing смерд) were Feudal -dependent Peasants in Russia and some other The boyar council had a special influence on the decisions of the veche, which gathered at the Trinity Cathedral. The latter also held the archives of the veche and important private papers and state documents. An archive refers to a collection of historical records and also refers to the location in which these records are kept The elective offices became a privilege of several noble families. During the most dramatic moments in the history of Pskov, however, the so called "molodshiye" posad people (молодшие посадские люди, or low-ranking posad officials) played an important and, at times, decisive role in the veche. The struggle between the boyars and smerds, "molodshiye" and "bolshiye" posad people (high-ranking posad officials) was reflected in the heresy of the Strigolniki in the 14th century and veche debates of the 1470s-1490s, which often ended with bloody clashes. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief The Strigolniki (singular Strigólnik &ndash Стригольник in Russian) were followers of the first Russian heretical Sect
The end of the republic
The strengthening of ties with Moscow, caused by economic development and foreign policy objectives, Pskov’s participation in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, and successful joint struggle against the Teutonic Knights and Lithuanian feudals offered conditions for elimination of the independence of the Pskov Republic. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P The Battle of Kulikovo (Куликовская битва битва на Куликовском поле was fought by the Tartaro - Mongols (the Golden Horde The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Some of the Pskovian boyars and merchants tried to oppose the unification with Moscow, but the citizens didn’t support them.
In 1510, Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III arrived in Pskov and pronounced it his votchina, thus, putting an end to the Pskov Republic. The Title Grand Prince or Great Prince (Magnus Princeps Russian and Ukrainian: Великий князь Velikiy knyaz; Вялíкий Vasili III Ivanovich (Василий III Иванович, also Basil) ( March 25[[ 479]] – December 3[[ 533]] Moscow was the Grand Prince of Moscow Votchina (во́тчина or otchina (о́тчина - from word Father) was an East Slavic land estate that could be inherited The veche was dissolved and some 300 families of rich Pskovians were sent away from the city. Their estates were distributed among the Muscovite service class people. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Service class people ( Служилые люди in Russian) - persons bound by obligations of service especially Military service, to the Muscovite From that time on, the city of Pskov and the lands around it continued to develop as a part the centralized Russian state, preserving some of its economic and cultural traditions.
The downfall of Pskov is recounted in the Muscovite Story of the Taking of Pskov (1510), which was lauded by D.S. Mirsky as "one of the most beautiful short stories of Old Russia. DS Mirsky is the English pen-name of Dmitry Petrovich Svyatopolk-Mirsky (Дми́трий Петро́вич Святопо́лк-Ми́рский (&ndash June 6 The history of the Muscovites' leisurely perseverance is told with admirable simplicity and art. An atmosphere of descending gloom pervades the whole narrative: all is useless, and whatever the Pskovites can do, the Muscovite cat will take its time and eat the mouse when and how it pleases". [1].
Inline references
- ^ D.S. Mirsky. DS Mirsky is the English pen-name of Dmitry Petrovich Svyatopolk-Mirsky (Дми́трий Петро́вич Святопо́лк-Ми́рский (&ndash June 6 A History of Russian Literature. Northwestern University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8101-1679-0. Page 23.
Literature
- The Chronicles of Pskov, vol. 1-2. Moscow-Leningrad, 1941-55.
- Масленникова Н. Н. "Присоединения Пскова к Русскому централизованному государству". Leningrad, 1955.
- Валеров А. В. "Новгород и Псков: Очерки политической истории Северо-Западной Руси XI-XIV вв. Moscow: Aleteia, 2004. ISBN 5-89329-668-0.
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