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| Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer |
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Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Franklin Sumner Earle (1856&ndash1929 was an American Mycologist. Rolf Singer ( June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994) was a German -born Mycologist and one of the most important taxonomists The hymenium is the tissue layer on the Hymenophore of a Fungal Fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which The pileus is the technical name for what is commonly known as the cap of a Fungal Fruiting body. The pileus is the technical name for what is commonly known as the cap of a Fungal Fruiting body. The hymenium is the tissue layer on the Hymenophore of a Fungal Fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which The hymenium is the tissue layer on the Hymenophore of a Fungal Fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which In Mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a Mushroom. The spore print of a Mushroom is an important diagnostic character in most handbooks for identifying mushrooms Psilocybin (IPA /saɪləˈsaɪbɪn/ (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic Indole of the Tryptamine family found in Psilocybin Psilocin (4-HO-DMT sometimes also (misspelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic ( hallucinogenic) Mushroom Psilocybe cubensis belongs to the Strophariaceae family of fungi and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis. The Strophariaceae is a Family of Fungi in the order Agaricales. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The mushroom's cap is reddish-cinnamon brown to golden brown in color with white to yellowish stipe and will turn bluish/greenish when bruised. [1]
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Overview
Psilocybe cubensis is a coprophilic fungus (one that prefers to grow on dung or manured soils) that often colonizes the dung of large herbivores, most notably cows and other grazing mammals. Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family It prefers humid grasslands and has been found in tropical and subtropical environments. In the US, it is sometimes found growing wild in the South, generally below the 35th parallel in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. [2] It is found in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadalupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Fiji. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Trinidad ( Spanish: " Trinity " is the largest and most populous of the two major islands and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य [2]
This species was first described as Stropharia cubensis by F. S. Earle in Cuba in 1904 (hence the specific name). The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The name Psilocybe is derived from the Greek roots psilos (ψιλος) and kubê (κυβη) and translates as "bald head". It was later identified independently as Naematoloma caerulescens in Tonkin in 1907 by N. Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Patouillard and as Stropharia cyanescens by W. A. Murrill in 1941 in Florida. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the These synonyms were later assigned to the species Psilocybe cubensis.
Entheogenic use
Its major psychoactive compounds are:
- Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
- Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
- Baeocystin (4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine)
- Norbaeocystin (4-phosphoryloxytryptamine)
Individual brain chemistry and psychological predisposition play a significant role in determining appropriate doses. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Psilocybin (IPA /saɪləˈsaɪbɪn/ (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic Indole of the Tryptamine family found in Psilocybin Psilocin (4-HO-DMT sometimes also (misspelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic ( hallucinogenic) Mushroom Baeocystin is a Mushroom Alkaloid and analog of the Psychedelic hallucinogenic drug Psilocybin, a Tryptamine Norbaeocystin is a Mushroom Alkaloid and analog of the Psychedelic hallucinogenic drug Psilocybin. For a modest psychedelic effect, a minimum of one gram of dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is ingested orally. 0. 25 - 1 gram is usually sufficient to produce a mild effect, 1 - 2. 5 grams usually provides a moderate effect. 2. 5 grams and higher usually produces strong effects. [3] For most people, 3. 5 dried grams (1/8 oz) would be considered a high dose and may produce an intense experience. For many individuals doses above 3 grams may be overwhelming. For a few rare people, doses as small as 0. 25 grams can produce full-blown effects normally associated with very high doses. For most people, however, that dose level would result in virtually no effects. Due to factors such as age and storage method, the psilocybin content of a given sample of mushrooms will vary. Therefore, some users prefer to use a formula or dosage calculator [4] to tailor the dosage to the level they wish to experience.
Effects usually start after approximately 20-60 minutes (depending on method of ingestion and stomach contents) and may last from four to five hours, depending on dosage. Hallucinatory effects often occur, including walls that seem to breathe, a vivid enhancement of colors and the animation of organic shapes. At higher doses, experiences tend to be less social and more entheogenic, often intense and spiritual in nature. An entheogen, in the strictest sense is a Psychoactive substance used in a religious or shamanic (or entheogenic) context
It's nearly impossible to overdose on psilocybin mushrooms since one would have to consume several dozen pounds of fresh mushrooms . [5] Nevertheless, the effects of very high doses can be overwhelming. Depending on the particular strain, growth method, and age at harvest, Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms can come in rather different sizes. It is recommended that one weigh the actual mushrooms, as opposed to simply counting them. People taking MAOIs need to be careful, as psilocybin and psilocin are metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs) are a class of powerful antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. A MAOI reduces the body's ability to handle the mushrooms (roughly doubling their potency), and can lead to an unpleasant, prolonged, or dangerously strong experience.
Legality
Although it is illegal in many countries to possess psilocybin-containing mushrooms or mycelium (which can contain psychoactive substances at certain stages), it is legal in several places to own and sell spores. Mycelium (plural mycelia) is the vegetative part of a Fungus, consisting of a mass of branching thread-like Hyphae The mass of hyphae is sometimes called In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions In the United States only the psychoactive compounds (see above) are scheduled under federal law. The spores do not contain either (but possession is prohibited by state law in Idaho, Georgia and California). The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. [6]
Cultivation
Personal-scale cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms ranges from the relatively simple and small-scale PF Tek and other "cake" methods, that produce a limited amount of mushrooms, to advanced techniques utilizing methods of professional mushroom cultivators, such as Paul Stamets. PF Tek is the method of mushroom cultivation pioneered by Robert McPherson aka Psylocybe Fanaticus Paul Stamets (born July 17, 1955) is an American mycologist, Author, and advocate of Bioremediation. These advanced methods require a greater investment of time, money, and knowledge, but reward the diligent cultivator with far larger and much more consistent harvests. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding A number of books and online guides have been written that discuss the various techniques. The Shroomery and Mycotopia are two of the largest and most notable internet communities dedicated to sharing this type of information. A virtual community, e-community or online community is a group of people that primarily interact via communication media such as Newsletters Extreme caution is suggested if one is seeking to find psilocybin mushrooms in the wild; there are many mushrooms that look similar to Psilocybe cubensis that are actually poisonous. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by
Notes
- ^ Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Ten Speed Press, pg. 108. ISBN 0-89815-839-7.
- ^ a b A Worldwide Geographic Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi
- ^ Erowid (2006). Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Dosage (shtml). Erowid. Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"
- ^ Shroomery - Magic Mushroom Dosage Calculator
- ^ Shroomery (2006). How many dried mushrooms would I have to eat to die from an overdose of psilocybin?. Mind Media. Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"
- ^ Erowid (2006). Legality of Psilocybin Mushroom Spores (shtml). Erowid. Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"
Further reading
- Nicholas, L. G. ; Ogame, Kerry (2006). Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook: Easy Indoor and Outdoor Cultivation. Quick American Archives. ISBN 0-932551-71-8.
- Oss, O. T. ; O. N. Oeric (1976). Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Quick American Publishing Company. ISBN 0-932551-06-8.
- Stamets, Paul; Chilton, J. S. (1983). Mushroom Cultivator, The. Olympia: Agarikon Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
- Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
External links
- The Shroomery Detailed information about Psilocybe mushrooms including identification, cultivation and spores, psychedelic images, trip reports, a dosage calculator and an active community.
- Mycotopia Web forums dedicated to information/cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis Mushrooms.
- The Ones That Stain Blue Studies in ethnomycology including the contributions of Maria Sabina, Dr. Albert Hofmann and Dr. Gaston Guzman.
- Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault
- PF TEK Psilocybe cubensis growing techniques.
- Psilocybin Awareness A molecular neurobiology student manuscript from the University of California at Berkeley
- Psilocybe cubensis microscopy composite
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