| Pseudoplatystoma | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Pseudoplatystoma sp.
|
||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| Species | ||||||||||||||
|
P. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates The Actinopterygii (the plural form of Actinopterygius) comprise the class of the ray-finned fishes. Catfish ( order Siluriformes) are a very diverse group of bony Fish. Pimelodidae, commonly known as the long-whiskered catfish es is a family of Catfishes ( order Siluriformes corruscans |
||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | ||||||||||||||
|
Hemiplatystoma |
Pseudoplatystoma is a genus of several South American catfish species of family Pimelodidae. Valenciennes (Old Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae) is a Town and commune in northern France in the In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. Pieter Bleeker ( July 10 1819, Zaandam - January 24 1878, The Hague) was a Dutch Medical doctor A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Catfish ( order Siluriformes) are a very diverse group of bony Fish. In Biological classification, family ( Latin Pimelodidae, commonly known as the long-whiskered catfish es is a family of Catfishes ( order Siluriformes The three species are known by a number of different common names. For Wikipedia aspects see WikipediaNaming conventions (common names, WikipediaNaming conventions, and WikipediaStyle manual. They inhabit the major rivers of north-eastern Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and Brazil. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld They prefer the main channels and tend to stay at maximum depth. They have robust bodies, and are important food fish.
Contents |
Common names
In their native waters, these fish may be called Surubí in Spanish. P. corruscans may be called moleque or pintado. [1] They often are referred to in the vernacular as Bagre rayado or Pintadillo (tiger catfish or tiger–shovelnose). [2] P. corruscans, P. fasciatum, and P. tigrinum are also known as Spotted Sorubim, Barred Sorubim, and Tiger Sorubim, respectively. [3][4][5] This genus contains the fish commonly known as the tiger shovelnose catfish in the aquarium hobby, though the species in this genus are relatively easy to confuse.
Taxonomy
Pseudoplatystoma is a monophyletic assemblage of catfishes. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor [2]
P. fasciatum was the first species to be described, under the name Siluris fasciatus, by Carolus Linnaeus. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for [4] In 1829, P. corruscans was described under the name Platystoma corruscans, and over a decade later P. tigrinum was described as Platystoma tigrinum. [3] It was not until 1862 that Pseudoplatystoma was described and these species transferred to it, with P. fasciatum as type species. In Taxonomy, a type species is the species that originally defined a genus. [6]
Unrecognized species of Pseudoplatystoma have been included under the names P. fasciatum and P. tigrinum for decades. This genus traditionally contained only three species until 2007; there are currently eight species in this genus. P. punctifer, P. orinocoense, P. magdaleniatum, and P. reticulatum were formerly recognized as P. fasciatum, but are now recognized as distinct species. P. metaense is also now recognized as a distinct species from P. tigrinum. [2]
Two clades are recognized within the genus. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor One is the P. fasciatum clade which includes P. fasciatum, P. punctifer, P. orinocoense, P. magdaleniatum, P. reticulatum, and P. corruscans. Within this clade, P. fasciatum and P. punctifer are sister species, and P. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry orinocoense is sister to the clade formed by these two species. The other, the P. tigrinum clade, includes only P. tigrinum and P. metaense. They are differentiated by anatomical characters. [2]
The intergeneric relationships of this genus are well established. This genus forms a monophyletic group with Sorubim, Sorubimichthys, Hemisorubim, and Zungaro. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Sorubim is a small Genus of Pimelodid Catfish originating from tropical South America. The firewood catfish, Sorubimichthys planiceps, a Species of South American pimelodid Catfish, is the sole member of the genus The porthole shovelnose catfish or spotted shovelnose catfish, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, is the only Species in the Genus Hemisorubim Zungaro zungaro a South American Catfish ( order Siluriformes of the family Pimelodidae. Of these genera, Hemisorubim is most closely related to Pseudoplatystoma. [7]
Distribution and habitat
The distribution of Pseudoplatystoma species includes the great river basins of South America: the Amazon, Orinoco, Paraná, São Francisco, Magdalena, Rupununi, Essequibo, and Suriname River. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers ORiNOCO is the brand name that was used for a family of wireless networking solutions by Proxim (previously Lucent) This article is about the second-longest river in South America For the shorter river in Goiás, central Brazil see Paranã River The Paraná River For other uses see São Francisco (disambiguation The São Francisco River is a river in Brazil with a length of 3160 kilometres The Magdalena River (Spanish Río Magdalena) also called Yuma River (Spanish Río Yuma) is the principal River of Colombia, running The Rupununi River is a river in southern Guyana, originating in the Kanuku Mountains. The Essequibo River is the longest River in Guyana, and the largest river between the Orinoco and Amazon. The Suriname River is 480 km long and flows through the country of Suriname. They have not been reported from the Pacific basin. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions [2] P. fasciatum inhabits the Guyana region, including the Essequibo and Suriname rivers and their tributaries, in the countries of Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France P. tigrinum is found in the Amazon River in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the P. corruscans originates from the Paraná River and São Francisco River in the countries of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America P. orinocoense is named for and endemic to the Orinoco River of Venezuela. P. punctifer lives in the Amazon River in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. P. metaense is distributed in the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; it is named for the Meta River, the type locality, a tributary of the Orinoco River. The Meta River is formed in the Meta Department, Colombia by the confluence of the Humea Guatiquía and Guayuriba rivers In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen P. magdaleniatum is named for and endemic to the Magdalena River drainage, including the Cauca River of Colombia. The Cauca River is a River in Colombia that lies between the Occidental and Central Cordilleras Born in southwestern Colombia P. reticulatum inhabits the central Amazon and Paraná River in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. [2]
Pseudoplatystoma species live in a diverse range of habitats such as great rivers, lakes, side channels, floating meadows, and flooded forests. [2] P. fasciatum is found in river beds and sometimes in flooded forests. Though it is biologically similar to P. tigrinum, this fish seems to favor shadier streams. [4] P. tigrinum occurs in estuarine zones, mainly upstream of the first rapids up to the basin's headwaters. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open They live in the main bed of slow or fast zones, and the juveniles particularly live in flooded forests. [5]
Physical characteristics
Pseudoplatystoma species are all large, boldly striped or spotted catfishes. They are familiar due to their distinctively marked color patterns. They are also recognized due to a depressed head, an occipital process extending backward to contact the predorsal plate, and a very long fontanel. The occiput is the anatomical term for the posterior portion of the Head. In Anatomy, a process ( Latin: processus) is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body References in Pop Culture The dragon in John Gardner's 1971 novel Grendel makes reference to the fontanele as a mark of the universe's progress [2]
After gonadal maturation, females tend to grow faster than males. The gonad is the organ that makes Gametes The gonads in males are the Testes and the gonads in Females are the Ovaries. [1] They have a large, depressed head with an expandable mouth. The eyes and teeth are small. They have dorsal and pectoral fin spines; in P. fasciatum, there is also an additional, smaller, dorsal spinelet preceding the dorsal spine. [7] They exhibit typical barbels of catfish, the maxillary barbels sometimes being quite long, especially in juveniles. A barbel on a Fish is a slender whiskerlike tactile organ near the Mouth.
P. fasciatum has 10–11 dark vertical bars that are relatively wider than other species of the Amazon, and there are fewer white vertical bars than dark ones; the pectoral fins and pelvic fins are darker with few or no spots; and the skull is at least 1/6th narrower than other species. It reaches a maximum of 90 centimetres (35 in) TL. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. Fish measurement refers to the measuring of the length of individual fish and of various parts of their anatomy. [2]
P. tigrinum is distinguished by the presence of loop–like bands connecting to, or extending to, dorsal region and continuing onto other side of body; loop–like bars form cells. The adipose fin also has some loop-like bands and spots, but there are no discrete dark spots on the sides of the body. It reaches a maximum size of 130 cm (51 in) TL. [2]
P. corruscans has a body covered by large spots in six to eight eight rows with 4–13 pale vertical bars. The adipose fin contains 5–10 or no spots, the caudal fin has few spots. It reaches a maximum size of 114 cm (45 in) TL. [2]
P. orinocoense has straight, vertical bars on its body longer than those of P. faciatum and P. punctifer that extend to or connect dorsally. The bars of the anterior region extend below the dusky dorsolateral area. There are usually no spots below the lateral line, though some individuals may have two or three. In Fish, the lateral line is a Sense organ used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water It has a maximum recorded length of 49 cm (19 in) TL. [2]
P. punctifer has straight, dark, vertical bars with pale short lines; these bars do not connect across the dorsum on the opposite side. There are free discrete spots on below the laterla line. The adipose fin has fewer spots (6–8) than P. fasciatum (10–11). It reaches a maximum length of 140 cm (55 in) TL. [2]
P. metaense has dark spots randomly distributed over the dusky region of its body; also, there are no more than five straight dark vertical bars on the side of the body. The adipose fin has fewer spots (5–7) than in P. tigrinum (8–10). The pectoral and pelvic fins are pale without any dusky pigmentation. It has a maximum recorded length of about 53 cm (21 in) TL. [2]
P. magdaleniatum has wide, straight, dark vertical bars on its sides. There are no loops on the nape and associated areas. The nape is the back of the Neck. In many mammals the nape is the site of the scruff, a loose non-sensitive area of skin by which the mother can carry her young The pectoral fin has no spots, the dorsal fin has few or no spots, and the adipose has 6–7 large spots. It has a maximum recorded length of 100 cm (39 in). [2]
P. reticulatum is named for its pattern; it has loop-like dark bars forming a reticulating pattern, never straight as in P. fasciatum, P. orinocoense, and P. punctifer. It has dark, loop–like bars join those in the dorsal region of the body forming distinct cells. It also has longer loop–like dark bars, extending far below the lateral line. The head shows either spots or loops. The anal fin is always with spots. The Anatomy of Fish is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of Water, which is much denser than air holds a relatively small amount of dissolved The lower jaw is pointed. It has a maximum recorded length of about 60 cm (24 in) TL. [2]
Juvenile Pseudoplatystoma are quite different in appearance from adults. These fishes' juvenile coloration differs from their adult coloration, and the patterning is different. In the juvenile, the fish is dark on its back with an obvious boundary between the white of its sides and belly; also, the fish lacks stripes of P. fasciatum and P. tigrinum, but has spots instead. The adult colour is brown-olive, with about 13 or 14 dark transverse bands reaching up to the belly, which is white with a few dark spots. See also Green This article is about notable Tints and shades of the Color Green.
Reproduction
Pseudoplatystoma are all migratory fish. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers [7] P. orinocense and P. tigrinum make short migrations. [2] At the end of the dry season, P. tigrinum can migrate at the same time as its prey, and then return at the end of the rainy season. [5]
The migration of P. corruscans is heavily tied to flooding. As the rainfall occurs, there is the greates reproductive activity, highest rate of development of gonads, and the most amount of energy spent in migration. The gonad is the organ that makes Gametes The gonads in males are the Testes and the gonads in Females are the Ovaries. [1]
Diet
These fish are nocturnal hunters. They are primarily piscivorous, feeding on fish such as electric knifefishes, cichlids, loricariids, and characins. A Piscivore is a carnivorous animal which lives on eating Fish. The Gymnotiformes is a lineage of Ostariophysan Teleost Electric fishes Common names found in the literature include the Neotropical electric Cichlids (ˈsɪklɪd are Fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes. Loricariidae is the largest family of Catfish (Order Siluriformes with almost 700 species and new species being described each year The Characidae, characids or characins are a family of freshwater Subtropical and Tropical fish belonging to the [3][4] They may consume on other fish such as sábalos, Prochilodus lineatus, and bogas, Leporinus obtusidens, as well as crustaceans. Prochilodus lineatus (synonym P platensis) is a South American species of Ray-finned fish that inhabits the basin of the Paraná River Leporinus obtusidens is a South American species of Ray-finned fish that inhabits the basins of the Paraná River and the Río de la Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Opportunistic feeders, they may also feed on crustaceans such as crabs or shrimps. Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Crabs are decapod Crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (βραχύ / brachy True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh [5]
Relationship to humans
Pseudoplatystoma are of considerable economic value; all are sold in open fish markets throughout South America. [2] They are important food fish for human consumption. [1] P. fasciatum has a succulent yellowish flesh that is without bones. [4] P. tigrinum is the most important catfish in gill-net fisheries of Guaporé and Marmoré rivers. Marmoré is a Province in the Beni Department, Bolivia. [5] These fish are being overexploited in their range, and it is possible that uncontrolled fishing has led to the disappearance of Pseudoplatystoma species in some local tributaries of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Magdalena. Overfishing occurs when Fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level [7] In the Argentine province of Entre Ríos alone, about 27,000 tonnes of Pseudoplatystoma sp. Entre Ríos is a province of Argentina, located in the Mesopotamia region in the northeast of the country This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. are obtained every year, comprising 70 to 80% of the total capture there, mostly concentrated on the fishing area near the city of Victoria, opposite Rosario, Santa Fe. Victoria is a city in the southwest of the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina. Santa Fe is a province of Argentina, located in the center-east of the country
The capture of P. corruscans has declined greatly due to changes in their environment. This fish has a high commercial value due to the excellent quality of its meat, its high marketability, and its marked participation in commercial fishing. Spawning of this fish can be induced with hormones and there is high potential for commercial production. Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body [1]
P. fasciatum and P. tigrinum are often found in public aquariums. [4][5]
In the aquarium
Juvenile Pseudoplatystoma are marked as ornamental fish in both North and South America; however, they are usually at a size too small for certain identification, but more than one species may be imported. [2] These species appear in the aquarium hobby, where they are most often sold under the name "tiger shovelnose" or "tiger shovelnose catfish". An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a Vivarium consisting of at least one transparent side in which Water -dwelling Plants These fish prove to be hardy. However, the large adult size is problematic for both matters of housing as well as finding suitable tankmates that will not be consumed. With the appetite these fish have, finding enough good food may present some difficulty. [8]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Brito, M. A vast number of species of Fish have been successfully kept in the home Aquarium. F. G. ; Bazzoli, N. (2003). "Reproduction of the surubim catfish (Pisces, Pimelodidae) in the São Francisco River, Pirapora Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 55 (5). doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN: 0102-0935.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Buitrago-Suárez, Uriel Angel; Burr, Brooks M. (2007). "Taxonomy of the catfish genus Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) with recognition of eight species" (PDF). Zootaxa 1512: 1–38.
- ^ a b c "Pseudoplatystoma corruscans". FishBase. FishBase is a comprehensive Database of information about Fish. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. May 2007 version. N. p. : FishBase, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f "Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum". FishBase. FishBase is a comprehensive Database of information about Fish. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. May 2007 version. N. p. : FishBase, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f "Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum". FishBase. FishBase is a comprehensive Database of information about Fish. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. May 2007 version. N. p. : FishBase, 2007.
- ^ "Pseudoplatystoma". FishBase. FishBase is a comprehensive Database of information about Fish. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. May 2007 version. N. p. : FishBase, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Buitrago-Suárez, Uriel Ángel (2006). "Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de las Especies de Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker 1862 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)" (PDF). Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 30 (114): 117–141.
- ^ Axelrod, Herbert, R. (1996). Exotic Tropical Fishes. T. F. H. Publications. . ISBN 0-87666-543-1.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic