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For other uses, see Prussian blue (disambiguation).
Prussian blue
A sample of Prussian blue
IUPAC name Ferric hexacyanoferrate
Other names ferric ferrocyanide, iron(III) ferrocyanide, ferric ferrocyanide, iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II), ferric hexacyanoferrate (German: Preußischblau and Berliner Blau, Berlin blue
Identifiers
CAS number [14038-43-8]
RTECS number V03AB31
Properties
Molecular formula Fe7(CN)18(H2O)x
Molar mass 859. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general Ferrocyanide is the name of the Anion Fe ( C[[Nitrogen N]]64− Ferrocyanide is the name of the Anion Fe ( C[[Nitrogen N]]64− The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 23 g/mol
Appearance blue solid
Solubility in water insoluble
Related compounds
Other anions Potassium ferrocyanide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Prussian blue is a very dark blue, colorfast, non-toxic pigment – one of the first synthetic dyes – which was discovered accidentally in Berlin in 1704. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Potassium ferrocyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of potash or potassium hexacyanoferrate(II is a coordination compound of formula K4·3H2O In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Its name comes from the fact that it was first extensively used to dye the dark blue uniforms of the Prussian army. Military uniforms comprises standardised Dress worn by members of the Armed forces of various nations The Prussian Army (Preußische Armee was the Army of the Kingdom of Prussia. [1]

It is an inorganic compound with the idealized formula Fe7(CN)18, containing also variable amounts of water and other ions. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes With several other names (see table to right), this dark blue solid is commonly abbreviated "PB. Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by "[2] PB is a common pigment, the object of instructional experiments, and an antidote for certain kinds of heavy metal poisoning. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. An antidote or counterdose is a substance which can counteract a form of Poisoning. Because it is easily synthesized in impure form, it also has a complicated chemistry that has led to extensive speculation on its structure. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties It is used in paints and is the "blue" in blueprints. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid A blueprint is a type of paper-based reproduction usually of a Technical drawing, documenting an Architecture or an Engineering design

Contents

History

Prussian blue was discovered accidentally[3] by the chemist and paint maker Heinrich Diesbach and the alchemist Johann Konrad Dippel in Berlin in 1704–05 (which is why it has the alternative name of Berlin blue). Heinrich Diesbach was a German painter and colormaker known for his accidental discovery of a method for making a blue known as Prussian blue, AKA iron blue Berlin Johann Konrad Dippel ( August 10 1673 - April 25 1734) was a German Pietist theologian alchemist and physician Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The pair were attempting to create a red lake pigment but obtained the blue instead as a result of the potash they were using having come from a contaminated source. A Lake pigment is a Pigment manufactured by precipitating a Dye with an Inert binder usually a metallic salt Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of Potassium carbonate ( K 2 CO3) [4]

The pigment is significant as the first stable and lightfast blue to be widely used. European painters had previously used a number of pigments such as indigo and smalt, which tended to fade, and the extremely expensive ultramarine. Indigo dye is Dye with a distinctive blue color (see Indigo) The chemical compound that constitutes the indigo dye is called indigotin Smalt is powdered Glass, colored deep Blue ( Powder blue) using Cobalt, used for dyeing and laundering. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or Japanese painters and woodblock print artists likewise did not have access to a long-lasting blue pigment until they began to import Prussian blue from Europe, though cobalt blue had been used extensively by Chinese artists in blue and white porcelains for centuries. is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese arts encompassing a wide variety of genre and styles Woodblock printing in Japan (木版画 moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the Ukiyo-e artistic genre however it was Cobalt blue is a cool slightly desaturated blue Color, historically made using Cobalt salts Chinese ceramic ware is an Artform that has been developing since the dynastic periods.

Composition

Prussian Blue
About these coordinates
About these coordinates
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet #003153
B (r, g, b) (0, 49, 83)
HSV (h, s, v) (205°, 100%, 43%)
Source BF2S Color Guide
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Despite being one of the oldest known synthetic compounds the composition of Prussian blue (PB) was uncertain until recently. Web colors are Colors used in designing web pages and the methods for describing and specifying those colors Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by HSL and HSV are two related representations of points in an RGB color space, which attempt to describe perceptual color relationships more accurately than Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc In Colorimetry and Color theory, colorfulness, chroma, and saturation are related but distinct concepts referring to the perceived intensity Brightness is an attribute of Visual perception in which a source appears to emit or reflect a given amount of Light. The precise identification of PB was complicated by three factors: (i) PB is extremely insoluble but also tends to form colloids, (ii) traditional syntheses tend to afford impure compositions, and (iii) even pure PB is structurally complex, defying routine crystallographic analysis. A colloid is a type of mechanical Mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another

The chemical formula of PB is Fe7(CN)18(H2O)x where 14 ≤ x ≤ 16. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes The assignment of the structure and the formula resulted from decades of study using IR spectroscopy, Moessbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray and neutron crystallography. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Mössbauer spectroscopy (Mößbauer is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect. X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of Atoms within a Crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and scatters Neutron diffraction is a crystallographic method for the determination of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material Parallel studies were conducted on related materials such as Mn3[Co(CN)6]2 and Co3[Co(CN)6]2 (i. e. , Co5(CN)12). Since X-ray diffraction cannot distinguish C from N, the locations of these lighter elements are deduced by spectroscopic means as well as distances from the Fe centers. X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystallographic structure chemical composition By growing crystals slowly from 10 mol/L HCl, Ludi obtained crystals wherein the defects were ordered. These workers concluded that the framework consists of Fe(II)-CN-Fe(III) linkages, with Fe(II)-C distances of 1. 92 Å (192 pm) and Fe(III)-N distances of 2. 03 Å (203 pm). The Fe(II) centers, which are low spin, are surrounded by six carbon ligands. Crystal field theory (CFT is a model that describes the Electronic structure of Transition metal compounds all of which can be considered coordination In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally The Fe(III) centers, which are high spin, are surrounded on average by 4. Crystal field theory (CFT is a model that describes the Electronic structure of Transition metal compounds all of which can be considered coordination 5 N centers and 1. 5 O centers, the latter from water. Again, the composition is notoriously variable due to the presence of lattice defects, allowing it to be hydrated to various degrees as water molecules are incorporated into the structure to occupy four cation vacancies. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge The variability of PB's composition is attributable to its low solubility, which leads to its rapid precipitation vs. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. growth of a single phase.

Turnbull's blue

The story of "Turnbull's Blue" (TB) illustrates the complications and pitfalls associated with the characterization of a composition obtained by rapid precipitation. One obtains PB by the addition of Fe(III) salts to a solution of [Fe(CN)6]4−. TB supposedly arises by the related reaction where the valences are switched on the iron precursors, i. e. the addition of a Fe(II) salt to a solution of [Fe(CN)6]3-. One obtains an intensely blue colored material, whose hue was claimed to differ from that of PB. It is now appreciated that TB and PB are the same because of the rapidity of electron exchange through a Fe-CN-Fe linkage. The differences in the colors for TB and PB reflect subtle differences in the method of precipitation, which strongly affects particle size and impurity content.

"Soluble" Prussian blue

PB is insoluble, but it tends to form such small crystallites that colloids are common. These colloids behave like solutions, for example they pass through fine filters. According to Dunbar and Heintz, these "soluble" forms tend toward compositions with the approximate formula KFe[Fe(CN)6]. [2]

The color of PB

PB is strongly colored and tends towards black and dark purple when mixed with other oil paints. Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of Purple is a general term for the range of shades of Color occurring between Red and Blue. Oil paint is a type of slow-drying Paint consisting of small Pigment particles suspended in a Drying oil. The exact hue depends on the method of preparation, which dictates the particle size. The intense blue color of Prussian blue is associated with the energy of the transfer of electrons from Fe(II) to Fe(III). The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J Many such mixed valence compounds absorb visible light. Orange-red light at 680 nm is absorbed, and the transmitted light appears blue as a result. The colour orange occurs Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a

Other properties

Prussian Blue has been extensively studied by inorganic chemists and solid-state physicists because of its unusual properties. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds Solid-state physics, the largest branch of Condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid Matter, or Solids The bulk of solid-state physics theory and


Despite the presence of the cyanide ion, PB is not especially toxic because the cyanide groups are tightly bound. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Other cyanometalates are similarly stable with low toxicity. Treatment with acids, however, can liberate hydrogen cyanide which is extremely toxic as discussed in the article on cyanide. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a

Production

PB, such as that in inks, is prepared by adding a solution containing iron(III) chloride to a solution of potassium ferrocyanide. Iron chloride redirects here For Iron(II chloride see Iron(II chloride. Potassium ferrocyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of potash or potassium hexacyanoferrate(II is a coordination compound of formula K4·3H2O During the course of the addition the solution thickens visibly and the color changes immediately to the characteristic hue of PB.

Uses

Architecture

PB is the pigment formed on cyanotypes, giving them their name blueprint. Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print A blueprint is a type of paper-based reproduction usually of a Technical drawing, documenting an Architecture or an Engineering design

Chemistry

The formation of PB is a "wet" chemical test for cyanide. In Chemistry, a chemical test is Qualitative or Quantitative procedure designed to prove the existence of or to quantify a Chemical compound A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a This test was a key component of the Errol Morris film Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.. Errol Morris (born February 5, 1948) is an American Academy Award winning Documentary film director Mr Death The Rise and Fall of Fred A Leuchter Jr is a 1999 Documentary film by Errol Morris about Execution technician

Engineering

PB is the coloring agent used in Engineer's blue. Engineer's blue is a highly pigmented paste used to assist in the mating of two or more components

Clothes laundering

Colloids derived from PB are the basis for laundry bluing. Bluing, laundry blue, or washing blue is a household product used to improve the appearance of Textiles, especially White fabrics

Medicine

PB is a common stain used by pathologists to detect the presence of iron in biopsy specimens, such as on bone marrow. Max Bielschowsky Francis Camps Paul Ehrlich - (1854 - 1915 Gustav Giemsa - (1867 - 1948 (see Giemsa PB's ability to incorporate +1 cations makes it useful as a sequestering agent for certain heavy metals ions. Chelation is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate Ligand. Pharmaceutical-grade PB in particular is used for patients who have ingested radioactive caesium or thallium (also non-radioactive thallium). Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 According to the International Atomic Energy Agency an adult male can eat 10 grams of Prussian Blue per day without serious harm. The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its It is also occasionally used in cosmetic products. The US FDA has determined that the "500 mg Prussian blue capsules, when manufactured under the conditions of an approved New Drug Application (NDA), can be found safe and effective for the treatment of known or suspected internal contamination with radioactive caesium, radioactive thallium, or non-radioactive thallium. "[5] Radiogardase (Prussian blue insoluble capsules) is a commercial product for the removal of caesium-137 from the bloodstream. Caesium-137 (also spelled cesium is a radioactive Isotope of Caesium which is formed mainly by Nuclear fission. [6]

Photography

PB is the pigment formed in the production of cyanotype prints. Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print

References

  1. ^ http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Prussian_Blue Website of The University of the South, Sewanee
  2. ^ a b *Dunbar, K. R. and Heintz, R. A. , "Chemistry of Transition Metal Cyanide Compounds: Modern Perspectives", Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, 1997, 45, 283-391.
  3. ^ Prussian Blue Pigment - The Accidental Creation of Prussian Blue
  4. ^ http://www.miniatures.de/int/preussisch-blau.html Military Miniatures Magazine: Parisian or Prussian Blue, Historical Paint for Miniatures
  5. ^ Questions and Answers on Prussian Blue
  6. ^ Heyltex Corporation - Toxicology

Further reading

See also

External links

Potassium ferrocyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of potash or potassium hexacyanoferrate(II is a coordination compound of formula K4·3H2O Potassium ferricyanide is the Chemical compound with the formula K3 Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic Chemical compound with Molecular formula: C 16 H 18 Cl[[nitrogen Egyptian blue is chemically known as calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi4O10 or CaO·CuO·4SiO2 Han purple and Han blue (also called Chinese purple and Chinese blue) are synthetic barium copper silicate Pigments that were developed Gentian violet ( Crystal violet, Methyl Violet 10B, hexamethyl Pararosaniline chloride is an antifungal agent,the primary agent used in the Fluorescein is a Fluorophore commonly used in Microscopy, in a type of Dye laser as the Gain medium, in Forensics and Serology

Dictionary

Prussian blue

-noun

  1. (chemistry) an insoluble dark, bright blue pigment of KFe[Fe(CN)6],H2O, potassium ferrous ferricyanide
  2. (color) a moderate to rich blue colour, tinted with deep greenish blue.

-adjective

  1. (color) of a rich blue colour, tinted with green.
  2. (color) of the colour of KFe[Fe(CN)6],H2O, potassium ferrous ferricyanide
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