Proton 8K82K
Launch of a Proton rocket
Fact sheet
Function	Unmanned Launch Vehicle
Manufacturer	Khrunichev
Country of origin	Soviet Union, Russia
Size
Height	53 m
Diameter	7. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center ( ГКНПЦ им The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 4 m
Mass	693,810 kg (3 stage)
Stages	3 or 4
Capacity
Payload to LEO	22,000 kg
Payload to GTO	6,000 kg
Launch History
Status	Active
Launch sites	Baikonur
Total launches	334
Successes	293
Failures	41
Maiden flight	July 16, 1965
Notable payloads	Salyut 6, Salyut 7, Mir, ISS components
First Stage
Engines	Proton K-1
Thrust	10,470 kN
Burn time
Fuel	N2O4/UDMH

The Proton rocket (Прото́н) (formal designation: UR-500) is a rocket used in an expendable launch system for both commercial and Russian government launches. In military aircraft or space exploration the payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or space ship including as Cargo, Munitions scientific instruments A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit or Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a Low Earth orbit Baikonur ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр Russian: Байконур formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kyzylorda Province of Kazakhstan Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Salyut 6 (Салют-6 lit  Salute 6) was a Soviet orbital space station, the eighth flown as part of the Salyut programme. Salyut 7 (Салют-7 Salute 7 was the final Space station launched into Low Earth orbit as part of the Soviet Union 's Salyut Program Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and Nitrogen tetroxide ( dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrogen peroxide) is the Chemical compound N2O4 Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine ( UDMH) (11-Dimethylhydrazine is a toxic volatile Hygroscopic clear liquid with a sharp fishy ammoniacal smell typical for organic A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the An expendable launch system is a Launch system that uses an expendable launch vehicle (ELV to carry a payload into Space. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The first Proton was launched in 1965 and the launch system is still in use as of 2008, which makes it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight. All Protons are built at the Khrunichev plant in Moscow. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center ( ГКНПЦ им ^[1] They are transported for launch to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where they are brought to the launch pad horizontally and then raised into vertical position for launch. The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром ^[2]

The name "Proton" originates from a series of large scientific Proton satellites, which were among the rocket's first payloads. The Proton was a model of Soviet scientific It is also known as the D-1/ D-1e or SL-12/SL-13. Like many Soviet boosters, the name of the recurring payloads became associated with their launchers.

Launch capacity to low Earth orbit is about 22 tonnes (44,000 lb). A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Interplanetary transfer capacity is about 5–6 tonnes (11,000–13,000 lb). Commercial launches are marketed by International Launch Services (ILS). International Launch Services (ILS is a US-Russian joint venture with exclusive rights to the worldwide sale of commercial Proton rocket launch services from the Baikonur Cosmodrome In a typical launch of a commercial communications satellite destined for geostationary orbit, a Proton M/Breeze M can place a spacecraft with mass at separation of 9,127 pounds (4,140 kg) into an orbit with an apogee of 35,786 kilometers (22,236 mi), a perigee of 6,257 kilometers (3,888 mi) and an inclination of 19. A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's 7°. ^[3]

Comparable rockets: Delta IV — Atlas V — Ariane 5 — Chang Zheng 5 — Angara — Falcon 9

Contents 1 History 2 Proton 8K82K 3 Proton M 3.1 Proton M stages 3.2 Proton-M Enhanced 4 Launches 5 Future Developments 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

History

Proton initially started life as a "super ICBM. The Delta IV is a family of Delta Rockets designed by Boeing 's Integrated Defense Systems division and built in United Launch Alliance's The Atlas V Rocket is an Expendable launch vehicle formerly built by Lockheed Martin and now built by the Lockheed Martin- Boeing joint venture Ariane 5 is a European Expendable launch Designed and developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT Long March 5 ( LM-5, CZ-5, or Changzheng 5) is China's The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit The Falcon 9 is an EELV class Launch vehicle planned by SpaceX and scheduled to launch in 2009 " It was designed to throw a 10-Megaton (or larger) nuclear warhead over a distance of 13,000 km. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Typically a warhead is the Explosive material and Detonator that is delivered by a Missile, Rocket, or Torpedo. It was hugely oversized for an ICBM, and was never used in such a capacity. It was eventually utilized as a space launch vehicle. In Spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a Rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into Outer space. It was the brainchild of Vladimir Chelomei's design bureau as a foil to Sergei Korolev's N1 booster with the specific intent of sending a two-man Zond craft around the Moon. Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomei (Влади́мир Никола́евич Челоме́й ( June 30 1914 &mdash December 8 1984) was a Soviet Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov (often Transliterated as Sergei Korolev) (Серге́й Па́влович Королёв Сергій Павлович Корольов N1 or N-1 was the secret Soviet Rocket intended to send Soviet Cosmonauts to the Moon. Zond ( Зонд; meaning "probe" was the name given to two series of Soviet Unmanned space missions undertaken from 1964 to 1970 to gather information With the termination of the Saturn V program, Proton became the largest expendable launch system in service until the Energia rocket first flew in 1987 and the U. The Saturn V (pronounced 'Saturn Five' popularly known as the Moon Rocket was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable Rocket used by NASA 's An expendable launch system is a Launch system that uses an expendable launch vehicle (ELV to carry a payload into Space. The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed S. Titan IV in 1989. The Titan IV family (including the IVA and IVB of Space boosters were used by the U

Between the 1965 first flight and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures. However, once perfected it became one of the most reliable heavy launch vehicles. With a total of about 300 launches, it has a 96% success rate.

Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights, and would very likely have launched the first humans to circle the Moon had the flight of Apollo 8 been conducted as originally planned (i. e. without going to lunar orbit). In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment and expansion modules, and both the Zarya and Zvezda modules of the ISS. The Salyut program (Салют lit  Salute or Fireworks) was the first Space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and Zarya (Заря́ lit  dawn) also known as the Functional Cargo Block or the FGB (the Russian acronym for "ru функционально-грузовой Zvezda (Звезда meaning "star" DOS-8, also known as the Zvezda Service Module, is a component of the International Space Station It also launched many probes to the Moon, Mars, Venus, and even Halley's Comet (using the 4-stage D-1e version). The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every

Proton also launches commercial satellites, most of them being managed by International Launch Services. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. International Launch Services (ILS is a US-Russian joint venture with exclusive rights to the worldwide sale of commercial Proton rocket launch services from the Baikonur Cosmodrome

On March 1, 2006, a Proton-M rocket failed to launch Arabsat 4A. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Arab Satellite Communications Organization (often abbreviated as Arabsat or ASCO) is a leading Communications satellite operator in the Arab World Following successful first, second, and third stage burns, its upper stage shut down early and failed to place Arabsat 4A into its proper geostationary orbit. A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's An investigation concluded that a foreign particle in the upper stage oxidizer system blocked a pump nozzle, causing the shutdown. After changes were made to resolve the problems, the Proton-M successfully launched the European Hot Bird 8 satellite on August 5, 2006. Hot Bird is the common name of a family of Satellites operated by Eutelsat, located at 13 °E over the Equator ( orbital position and Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4] On February 19, 2007, the upper stage which failed to bring Arabsat 4A to its correct orbit exploded over Australia after almost a year in space, creating a cloud of space debris. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[5]

On September 5, 2007, another Proton-M rocket, this time carrying the JCSAT-11 spacecraft, failed. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. JSAT Corporation ( JSAT) is Satellite operator with a fleet of 8 satellites in orbit On this occasion, a wiring fault prevented the first stage from separating from the second stage. A subsequent launch was successful.

Proton 8K82K

The (GRAU index) 8K82K version is now usually called "Proton K". The Main Agency of Missiles and Artillery of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( GRAU) ( Главное ракетно-артиллерийское управление It is fuelled by unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine ( UDMH) (11-Dimethylhydrazine is a toxic volatile Hygroscopic clear liquid with a sharp fishy ammoniacal smell typical for organic Nitrogen tetroxide ( dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrogen peroxide) is the Chemical compound N2O4 These are hypergolic fuels which burn on contact, avoiding the need for an ignition system, and can be stored at ambient temperatures. A hypergolic propellant is either of the two Rocket propellants used in a hypergolic Rocket engine, which spontaneously ignite when they come into contact This avoids the need for low-temperature–tolerant components, and allows the rocket to sit on the pad indefinitely (the only other liquid-fueled rockets with such capability were the U. S. Titan II, Titan III, and Titan IV rockets). The Titan II was an Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM and space launcher developed by the Glenn L The Titan IIIC was a space booster used by the United States Air Force. The Titan IV family (including the IVA and IVB of Space boosters were used by the U In contrast, cryogenic fuels need periodic topping-up of propellants as they boil off. Cryogenic fuels are Fuels that require storage at extremely low temperatures in order to maintain them in a liquid state Hypergols are, however, very corrosive and toxic fuels, requiring special handling by highly trained labor. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism When the spent first and second stages impact downrange, Russia must pay for cleanup of the residual fuel.

Note that the six structures around the base of the Proton are not strap-on boosters, and do not detach from the core structure. There is a central oxidizer tank, and the six units are outrigger fuel tanks. This entire assembly forms the first stage, which separates as one piece from the second stage at the lattice structure. The Soviet hierarchy requested that Proton components be built in facilities near Moscow, then transported by rail to the final assembly point near the pad. Rail limited the widths to approximately 4. 5 meters, hence the diameters of the upper stages. At the assembly hall, the first-stage oxygen tank is loaded into a giant "rotisserie". One outrigger tank/engine assembly is mated, then the assembly is spun 60 degrees to accept the next fuel tank/engine, and so forth.

Outrigger tanks also reduce sloshing, compared to the short, wide fuel and oxidizer tanks that would have been used in a standard tandem configuration. They may also be cheaper to fabricate. They do however raise the specter of uneven fuel consumption and resulting flight instability. This may have been the failure mode of two ill-fated Mars probe attempts.

The first stage uses six RD-253 engines, designed by Valentin Glushko. RD-253 is a single-chamber engine and uses the highly efficient staged combustion cycle. First-stage guidance was open-loop. Though this method is quite simple, it required significant amounts of propellant to be held in reserve. This reduces payload.

The second stage ignites while still attached to the first stage (a "fire in the hole" event). Exhaust gases escape through the lattice. The forward dome of the first-stage oxidizer tank is insulated to retain integrity until stage separation.

The RD-0210 engine of the third stage consists of a main engine, and four vernier nozzles with common systems. The main engine does not gimbal; instead, the verniers provide steering. A gimbal is a pivoted support that allows the rotation of an object about a single axis The four thrusters also act as separation aids and ullage rockets. Ullage refers to the unfilled space in a container of liquid Etymology The word comes ultimately from the Latin oculus “eye” which was used in a figurative Ducts are built into the structure to channel vernier exhaust before stage separation. This is referred to by the builders as "semi-hot fire". The stage's guidance electronics are also in charge of first- and second-stage flight.

The fourth stage has come in multiple variants, depending on the mission. The simplest, Blok D, was used for interplanetary missions. Blok D had no guidance module, depending on the probe to control flight. Three different Blok DM versions (DM, DM2, and DM-2M) were for high Earth orbits. (Low-Earth orbits often skipped a fourth stage entirely, hence the third stage's self-contained guidance capability. ) The Blok D/DM were unusual in that the fuel was stored in a toroidal tank, around the engine and behind the oxidizer tank.

Stage Number	1. Proton K-1	2. Proton K-2	3. Proton K-3	4. Proton 11S824
Gross Mass	450,510 kg	167,828 kg	50,747 kg	13,360 kg
Empty Mass	31,100 kg	11,715 kg	4,185 kg	1,800 kg
Thrust (vac)	10,470 kN	2,399 kN	630 kN	83 kN
Isp	316 s (3. Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines 10 kN·s/kg)	327 s (3. 21 kN·s/kg)	325 s (3. 19 kN·s/kg)	346 s (3. 39 kN·s/kg)
Burn time	124 s	206 s	238 s	470 s
Isp(sl)	267 s (2. 62 kN·s/kg)	230 s (2. 26 kN·s/kg)
Diameter	4. 15 m	4. 15 m	4. 15 m	3. 70 m
Span	7. 40 m
Length	21. 20 m	14. 00 m	6. 50 m	5. 50 m
Propellants	N2O4/UDMH	N2O4/UDMH	N2O4/UDMH	Lox/Kerosene
Engines	6 x RD-253-11D48	4 x RD-0210	1 xRD-0212	1 x RD-58
Other designations	8S810K (GRAU index)	8S811K. Nitrogen tetroxide ( dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrogen peroxide) is the Chemical compound N2O4 Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine ( UDMH) (11-Dimethylhydrazine is a toxic volatile Hygroscopic clear liquid with a sharp fishy ammoniacal smell typical for organic The Main Agency of Missiles and Artillery of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( GRAU) ( Главное ракетно-артиллерийское управление (GRAU index)		11S824 (GRAU index); Block D; D-1-e.

Proton M

The latest version is the Proton M. A Proton M can launch 3 to 3. 2 tonnes (6600 to 7050 lb) into geostationary orbit or 5. A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's 5 tonnes (12,100 lb) into a geostationary transfer orbit. A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit or Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a Low Earth orbit It can place up to 22 tonnes (48,500 lb) in low Earth orbit with a 51. 6-degree inclination, the orbit of the International Space Station (ISS).

The Proton M's improvements include modifications to the lower stages to reduce structural mass, increase thrust, and fully utilize propellants. By using modern, closed-loop control for the first stage, its propellants could be consumed more completely, increasing performance slightly and reducing release of toxic chemicals in stage impact areas. Generally a Breeze-M storable propellant upper stage is used instead of the Block D or Block DM stage, eliminating the need for multiple fuel supplies and oxygen top-off due to boiling; however, the Proton-M has flown with a Block-DM upper stage, when launching GLONASS spacecraft. The Briz-M, also known as Breeze-M, is a Russian Orbit insertion booster stage manufactured by Khrunichev and used with the Proton-M rocket Block D ( Блок Д in Russian is the upper stage of USSR / Russia heavy Expendable launch systems used for the N1 rocket, Proton Block D ( Блок Д in Russian is the upper stage of USSR / Russia heavy Expendable launch systems used for the N1 rocket, Proton The first such launch occurred on 25 December 2007. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Efforts were also made to reduce dependency on foreign (usually Ukrainian) component suppliers.

• LEO payload: 21,000 kg to 185 km orbit at 51. 6 degrees
• Payload: 2,920 kg to a geosynchronous orbital trajectory.
• Apogee: 40,000 km
• Associated spacecraft: Gorizont, Raduga, Spacebus 3000
• Liftoff thrust: 965,580 kgf 9,469. Gorizont, (Горизонт Horizon) GRAU index 11F662 is a series of 35 Russian previously Soviet, Geosynchronous communication The unit kilogram-force ( kgf, often incorrectly just kg) or kilopond ( kp) is defined as the Force exerted by Earth's gravity 1 kN
• Total mass: 712,800 kg
• Core diameter: 7. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical 40 m
• Total length: 53. 00 m

Proton M stages

Stage	Proton KM-1	Proton K-2 8S811K	Proton K-3	Proton KM-4 Briz-M
Gross Mass	450,400 kg	167,828 kg	50,747 kg	22,170 kg
Empty Mass	31,000 kg	11,715 kg	4,185 kg	2,370 kg
Thrust (vac)	1,074,000 kgf	244,652 kgf	64,260 kgf	2,000 kgf
Isp	317 s	327 s	325 s	326 s
Burn time	108 s	206 s	238 s	3,000 s
Isp(sl)	285 s	230 s	230 s
Diameter	7. The Briz-M, also known as Breeze-M, is a Russian Orbit insertion booster stage manufactured by Khrunichev and used with the Proton-M rocket The unit kilogram-force ( kgf, often incorrectly just kg) or kilopond ( kp) is defined as the Force exerted by Earth's gravity Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines 40 m	4. 15 m	4. 15 m	2. 50 m
Span	7. 40 m	4. 15 m	4. 15 m	4. 10 m
Length	21. 00 m	14. 00 m	6. 50 m	2. 61 m
Propellants	N2O4/UDMH	N2O4/UDMH	N2O4/UDMH	N2O4/UDMH
Engines	6 x RD-253-14D14	4 x RD-0210	1 x RD-0212	1 x S5. 98M
Status	In production	In production	In production	In production

Proton-M Enhanced

On 7 July 2007, ILS launched the first Proton Breeze M Enhanced vehicle, which carried the DirecTV-10 satellite into orbit. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. DirecTV-10 is a Boeing 702 model Direct broadcast satellite that provides High definition television (HDTV to DirecTV subscribers in North This was the 326th Proton mission, the 16th Proton Breeze M mission and the 41st ILS Proton mission. ^[6] The Proton-M Enhanced features more efficient engines on the first stage, updated avionics, improved tankage and more powerful vernier engines on the Briz-M upper stage, and weight reduction throughout the rocket, including thinner fuel tank walls on the first stage, and use of composite materials on all other stages. In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object

Launches

Main article: List of Proton launches

Date	Flight	Version	Payload	Notes
April 8, 1996		Proton D1-e	Astra 1F	first commercial flight[7][8]
May 20, 1999		Proton (Block DM)	Nimiq-1	Success
February 12, 2000		Proton (Block 1 DM)	Garuda 1	Success
April 18, 2000		Proton-K/DM-2M	Eutelsat SESAT 1	Success
2002-11-25		Proton-K/DM-2M	Astra 1K	Block DM-3 miscommanded, leaving payload in unusable orbit
30 December 2002		Proton Breeze M	Nimiq-2	Success
7 June 2003		Proton Breeze M	SES Americom AMC-9	300th flight of a Proton[9]
15 March 2004		Proton Breeze M	Eutelsat W3A	Success
16 June 2004		Proton Breeze M	Intelsat-10	Success
5 August 2004		Proton Breeze M	Hispasat Amazonas	Success
28 February 2006		Proton Breeze M	Arabsat-4A	Launch failure[10]
5 August 2006		Proton Breeze M	Eutelsat HotBird-8	Success
9 November 2006		Proton Breeze M	Arabsat-4B	Success
10 April 2007		Proton Breeze M	Anik F3	Success
7 July 2007		Proton Breeze M Enhanced	DirecTV-10	First flight of an enhanced Proton M
5 September 2007		Proton Breeze M	JCSAT-11	Failure — Failed to reach orbit due to malfunction of 2nd stage. This is a list of launches made by the Proton rocket. Launches See also Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) SES Astra SA, is a corporate Subsidiary of SES, based in Betzdorf, in eastern Luxembourg, that owns and operates the Astra Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The Nimiq satellites are four Canadian geostationary telecommunications satellites owned by Telesat and used by satellite television provider Bell Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. See also Aces (disambiguation ACeS is an Asia-specific satellite Telecommunications company that operates 2 satellites Garuda 1 launched on February Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Eutelsat SA is a French -based satellite provider Providing coverage over the entire European continent as well as the Middle East Africa India and significant SESAT redirects here See Sesam Search Application Toolkit for another meaning See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Astra 1K was a Communications satellite manufactured by Alcatel Space for SES Astra. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Nimiq satellites are four Canadian geostationary telecommunications satellites owned by Telesat and used by satellite television provider Bell Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. SES Americom is a major commercial satellite operator based in the United States. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Eutelsat SA is a French -based satellite provider Providing coverage over the entire European continent as well as the Middle East Africa India and significant Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Intelsat Ltd is the world’s largest commercial Satellite communications services provider Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Hispasat is a group of Spanish communication satellites. They were developed by the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (National Institute for Technical Aeronautics Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Arab Satellite Communications Organization (often abbreviated as Arabsat or ASCO) is a leading Communications satellite operator in the Arab World Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Eutelsat SA is a French -based satellite provider Providing coverage over the entire European continent as well as the Middle East Africa India and significant Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. BADR4 (aka Arabsat 4B) is a Communications satellite operated by Arabsat, launched November 8, 2006 on a Proton Breeze M Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Anik satellites are Geostationary Communications satellites launched by Telesat Canada for Television in Canada. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. DirecTV-10 is a Boeing 702 model Direct broadcast satellite that provides High definition television (HDTV to DirecTV subscribers in North Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. JSAT Corporation ( JSAT) is Satellite operator with a fleet of 8 satellites in orbit
17 November 2007		Proton Breeze M	Sirius-4	Success
28 January 2008		Proton Breeze M	Ekspress-AM33	Success
11 February 2008		Proton Breeze M	Thor 5	Success
15 March 2008		Proton Breeze M	AMC-14	Failure - premature shutdown of Briz-M upper stage[11]

Planned

Date	Flight	Payload
August 2008	Proton Breeze M	Express-AM44 and Express-MD1
TBD 2008	Proton Breeze M	Inmarsat 4 F3
TBD 2008	Proton Breeze M	Nimiq 4
4th Quarter 2008	Proton Breeze M	Astra 1M[12]
December 2008	ISS assembly flight 3R	Multipurpose Laboratory Module and European Robotic Arm
1st Quarter 2009	Proton Breeze M	Ciel-2[13]
TBD 2009	Proton Breeze M	ProtoStar II
2nd Quarter 2009	Proton Breeze M	Sirius FM 5
TBD 2009	Proton Breeze M	Nimiq 5
TBD 2009	Proton Breeze M	MSV-1
TBD 2009	Proton Breeze M	BADR-5 or Arabsat 5B
TBD 2010	Proton Breeze M	Echostar 14

Future Developments

Significant upgrades were temporarily put on hold following announcement of the new Angara launch vehicle. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Sirius is a constellation of Communications satellites operated in Geostationary orbit (GEO by SES Sirius. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Express, also spelled Ekspress, is a series of geostationary Communications satellites owned by Russian State Company for Satellite Communications Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common AMC-14 is a Communications satellite owned by SES Americom which was to have been placed in Geostationary orbit, following launch by a Proton 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The following is the assembly sequence of the major components of the International Space Station. The Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM (Многофункциональный лабораторный модуль will be a component of the International Space Station The European Robotic Arm ( ERA) is a Robotic arm to be attached to the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. For the film see 2010 The Year We Make Contact. For the book see 2010 Odyssey Two. The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit The single largest upgrade was the KVRB stage. This cryogenic stage would have greatly increased capacity. The engine was developed successfully, and the stage as a whole had progressed to hardware. However, as KVRB is noticeably larger than Blok D, the vehicle's aerodynamics, flight control, software, and possibly electronics would have to be reevaluated. In addition, the launch pad can supply existing Protons with common hypergol fuels from single sources. The upper stages, in particular, are fed by common loading pipes running along the rocket. Switching to a stage with different fuels requires the addition of extra support articles; switching to cryogens requires that such support articles top off the stage periodically.

Heavy variants of Angara will be simpler and cheaper than Proton (and like the new Atlas V rocket, will not use hypergolics; instead, it will use the same RP-1 fuel as that used on the Soyuz rocket). The Atlas V Rocket is an Expendable launch vehicle formerly built by Lockheed Martin and now built by the Lockheed Martin- Boeing joint venture Usage and history RP-1 is most commonly burned with LOX ( Liquid oxygen) as the oxidizer though other oxidizers have also been used The Soyuz launch vehicle (Western designation A-2 is an Expendable launch system manufactured by TsSKB-Progress in Samara Russia. They will also be designed from the start to accept a KVRB stage, and will already have a LOX supply at the pad; only a hydrogen supply will be called upon. However, delays in Angara development mean that Protons will continue to fly for some time.

See also

• Comparison of heavy lift launch systems

References

External links

• Proton rocket specifications sheet
• Proton M Debuts With Successful Ekran Launch on April 7, 2001
• Proton 8K82K / Briz-M. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Astronautix.

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