 The quark structure of the proton. |
|
| Classification | baryon |
|---|---|
| Composition | 2 up, 1 down |
| Family | Fermion |
| Group | Quark |
| Interaction | Gravity, Electromagnetic, Weak, Strong |
| Antiparticle | Antiproton |
| Theorized | William Prout (1815) |
| Discovered | Ernest Rutherford (1919) |
| Symbol | p, p+ |
| Mass | 1. Baryons are the family of Subatomic particles with a Baryon number of 1 In Particle physics, fermions are particles which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are named after Enrico Fermi. In Physics, a quark (kwɔrk kwɑːk or kwɑːrk is a type of Subatomic particle. In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Physics, the electromagnetic force is the force that the Electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature In particle physics the strong interaction, or strong force, or color force, holds Quarks and Gluons together to form Protons and to most kinds of particles, there is an associated antiparticle with the same Mass and opposite Electric charge. The antiproton ( pronounced p-bar) is the Antiparticle of the Proton. William Prout FRS ( January 15, 1785 &ndash April 9, 1850) was an English Chemist, Physician Ernest Rutherford 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937 was a New Zealand Physicist 67262171(29)×10−27 kg
938. 272029(80) MeV/c2 1. 007276466(13) u |
| Mean lifetime | >1. Given an assembly of elements the number of which decreases ultimately to zero the lifetime (also called the mean lifetime) is a certain number that characterizes the rate 9×1029 years (stable) |
| Electric charge | 1. The elementary charge, usually denoted e, is the Electric charge carried by a single Proton, or equivalently the negative of the electric charge carried 60217653(14)×10−19 C |
| Charge radius | 0. 875(7) fm |
| Electric dipole moment | <5. In Physics, the electric dipole moment (or electric dipole for short is a measure of the polarity of a system of Electric charges. 4×10−24 e cm |
| Electric polarizability | 1. Polarizability is the relative tendency of a charge distribution like the Electron cloud of an Atom or Molecule, to be distorted from its normal shape 2(6)×10−3 fm3 |
| Magnetic moment | 2. In Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, and Electrical engineering, the term magnetic moment of a system (such as a loop of Electric current 792847351(28) μN |
| Magnetic polarizability | 1. The nuclear magneton (symbol \mu_\mathrm{N}\! is a Physical constant of Magnetic moment, defined by \mu_\mathrm{N} = 9(5)×10−4 fm3 |
| Spin | ½ |
| Isospin | ½ |
| Parity | +1 |
| Condensed | I(JP) = ½(½+) |
In physics, the proton (Greek πρώτον / proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin In Physics, and specifically Particle physics, isospin ( isotopic spin, isobaric spin) is a Quantum number related to the In Physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one Spatial Coordinate. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. The elementary charge, usually denoted e, is the Electric charge carried by a single Proton, or equivalently the negative of the electric charge carried 60217653(14)×10−19 C), a diameter of about 1. 65×10−15 m (0. 00000000000000165 metres) [1], and a mass of 938. 272309(28) MeV/c2 (1. 6726×10−27 kg), 1. 007276466(13) u or about 1836 times the mass of an electron. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J
Contents |
History
Ernest Rutherford is generally credited with the discovery of the proton. Ernest Rutherford 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937 was a New Zealand Physicist In 1918 Rutherford noticed that when alpha particles were shot into nitrogen gas, his scintillation detectors showed the signatures of hydrogen nuclei. A scintillator is a substance that absorbs high-energy (ie Ionizing) electromagnetic or charged Particle radiation then in response fluoresces Rutherford determined that the only place this hydrogen could have come from was the nitrogen, and therefore nitrogen must contain hydrogen nuclei. He thus suggested that the hydrogen nucleus, which was known to have an atomic number of 1, was an elementary particle. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made
- See also: William Prout and Prout's hypothesis
Prior to Rutherford, Eugene Goldstein had observed canal rays, which were composed of positively charged ions. William Prout FRS ( January 15, 1785 &ndash April 9, 1850) was an English Chemist, Physician Prout's hypothesis was an early 19th century attempt to explain the existence of the various Chemical elements through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the Eugen Goldstein ( September 5, 1850 &ndash December 25, 1930) was a German Physicist. Anode rays (or Canal rays) were observed in experiments by a German Scientist, Eugen Goldstein, in 1886 An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge After the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson, Goldstein suggested that since the atom is electrically neutral there must be a positively charged particle in the atom and tried to discover it. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J Sir Joseph John “JJ” Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 &ndash 30 August 1940 was a British Physicist and Nobel laureate He used the "canal rays" observed to be moving against the electron flow in cathode ray tubes. The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or After the electron had been removed from particles inside the cathode ray tube they became positively charged and moved towards the cathode. Most of the charged particles passed through the cathode, it being perforated, and produced a glow on the glass. At this point, Goldstein believed that he had discovered the proton. [2] When he calculated the ratio of charge to mass of this new particle (which in case of the electron was found to be the same for every gas that was used in the cathode ray tube) was found to be different when the gases used were changed. The reason was simple. What Goldstein assumed to be a proton was actually an ion. He gave up his work there, but promised that "he would return. " However, he was widely ignored.
Description
Protons are spin −1/2 fermions and are composed of three quarks[3], making them baryons. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin In Particle physics, fermions are particles which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are named after Enrico Fermi. In Physics, a quark (kwɔrk kwɑːk or kwɑːrk is a type of Subatomic particle. Baryons are the family of Subatomic particles with a Baryon number of 1 The two up quarks and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons. The up quark is a particle described by the Standard Model theory of Physics. The down quark is a first-generation Quark with a charge of -(1/3 e. In particle physics the strong interaction, or strong force, or color force, holds Quarks and Gluons together to form Protons and Gluons ( Glue and the suffix -on) are Elementary particles that cause Quarks to interact and are indirectly responsible for the
Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound by the nuclear force into atomic nuclei. This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. In Physics a nucleon is a collective name for two Baryons the Neutron and the Proton. The nuclear force (or nucleon-nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is the force between two or more Nucleons It is responsible for The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom is a single proton (it contains no neutrons). Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny The nuclei of heavy hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) contain neutrons. Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth Tritium (ˈtɹɪtiəm symbol or, also known as Hydrogen-3) is a radioactive Isotope of Hydrogen. All other types atoms are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical properties of the atom and thus which chemical element is represented; it is the number of both neutrons and protons in a nuclide which determine the particular isotope of an element. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. A nuclide (from lat nucleus is a species of Atom characterized by the constitution of its nucleus and hence by the number of Protons, the number of Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides
Antiproton
The antiparticle of the proton is the antiproton. The antiproton ( pronounced p-bar) is the Antiparticle of the Proton. to most kinds of particles, there is an associated antiparticle with the same Mass and opposite Electric charge. It was discovered in 1955 by Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain, for which they were awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics. Emilio Gino Segrè ( February 1, 1905 – April 22, 1989) was an Italian Physicist and Nobel laureate in Owen Chamberlain ( July 10, 1920 &ndash February 28, 2006) was an American Physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
CPT-symmetry puts strong constraints on the relative properties of particles and antiparticles and, therefore, is open to stringent tests. CPT symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of Physical laws under transformations that involve the inversions of charge, parity and to most kinds of particles, there is an associated antiparticle with the same Mass and opposite Electric charge. For example, the charges of the proton and antiproton must sum to exactly zero. This equality has been tested to one part in 108. The equality of their masses is also tested to better than one part in 108. By holding antiprotons in a Penning trap, the equality of the charge to mass ratio of the proton and the antiproton has been tested to 1 part in 9×1011. Penning traps are devices for the storage of charged particles using a constant static Magnetic field and a spatially inhomogeneous static Electric field. The magnetic moment of the antiproton has been measured with error of 8×10−3 nuclear Bohr magnetons, and is found to be equal and opposite to that of the proton. In Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, and Electrical engineering, the term magnetic moment of a system (such as a loop of Electric current In Atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol \mu_\mathrm{B} is named after the Physicist Niels Bohr.
High-energy physics
Due to their stability and large mass (relative to electrons), protons are well suited to use in particle colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and the Tevatron at Fermilab. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J A collider is a type of a Particle accelerator involving directed beams of particles. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Tevatron is a circular Particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia Illinois and is the highest energy particle collider Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab) located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U Protons also make up a large majority of the cosmic rays which impinge on the Earth's atmosphere. For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Such high-energy proton collisions are more complicated to study than electron collisions, due to the composite nature of the proton. Understanding the details of proton structure requires quantum chromodynamics. Quantum chromodynamics (abbreviated as QCD is a theory of the Strong interaction ( color force a Fundamental force describing the interactions of the
See also
References
- ^ Weisstein, Eric (1996–2007). Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. In Physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for Hadrons in terms of their valence quarks, i This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J The proton-proton chain reaction is one of several fusion reactions by which Stars convert Hydrogen to Helium, the primary alternative being the This article is about proton pumps in general For the proton P-type ATPase see Proton ATPase. Proton pump inhibitors (or "PPI"s are a group of drugs whose main action is pronounced and long-lasting reduction of Gastric acid production Proton therapy is a type of Particle therapy which utilizes a beam of Protons to irradiate diseased tissue most often in the treatment of cancer This is a list of the different types of particles known and hypothesized In Quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a Quantum field whose quanta are Fermions that is they obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. In Particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of Radioactive decay in which the Proton decays into lighter Subatomic particles Proton—from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics. Wolfram Research, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
- ^ Gilreath, Esmarch S. : "Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry. ", page 5. New York: McGraw–Hill, 1958.
- ^ Adair, Robert K. : "The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation. ", page 214. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
External links
Dictionary
proton
-noun
- (physics) A positively charged subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom and determining the atomic number of an element; the nucleus of the most common isotope of hydrogen; composed of two up quarks and a down antiquark
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