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For other senses of this word, see protocol.

In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication. In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection.

Meaning: Set of rules.

Contents

Typical properties

It is difficult to generalize about protocols because they vary so greatly in purpose and sophistication. Most protocols specify one or more of the following properties:

Importance

The widespread use and expansion of communications protocols is both a prerequisite for the Internet, and a major contributor to its power and success. In the field of Telecommunications, a communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation signaling authentication and error detection required to The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The pair of Internet Protocol (or IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (or TCP) are the most important of these, and the term TCP/IP refers to a collection (or protocol suite) of its most used protocols. The Internet Protocol ( IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a Packet-switched Internetwork using the Internet Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly TCP/IP) is the set of Communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks A protocol stack (sometimes communications stack) is a particular software implementation of a Computer networking protocol suite Most of the Internet's communication protocols are described in the RFC documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (or IETF). In Computer network Engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC is a Memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF describing

The protocols in human communication are separate rules about appearance, speaking, listening and understanding. All these rules, also called protocols of conversation, represent different layers of communication. They work together to help people successfully communicate. The need for protocols also applies to network devices. Computers have no way of learning protocols, so network engineers have written rules for communication that must be strictly followed for successful host-to-host communication. These rules apply to different layers of sophistication such as which physical connections to use, how hosts listen, how to interrupt, how to say good-bye,in short how to communicate, what language to use and many others. These rules, or protocols, that work together to ensure successful communication are groups into what is known as a protocol suite. A protocol stack (sometimes communications stack) is a particular software implementation of a Computer networking protocol suite

Object-oriented programming has extended the use of the term to include the programming protocols available for connections and communication between objects. Object-oriented programming (OOP is a Programming paradigm that uses " objects " and their interactions to design applications and computer programs In Object-oriented programming, a protocol or interface is what or how unrelated objects use to communicate with each other

Generally, only the simplest protocols are used alone. Most protocols, especially in the context of communications or networking, are layered together into protocol stacks where the various tasks listed above are divided among different protocols in the stack. A protocol stack (sometimes communications stack) is a particular software implementation of a Computer networking protocol suite

Whereas the protocol stack denotes a specific combination of protocols that work together, a reference model is a software architecture that lists each layer and the services each should offer. Reference model is a notion used in standard conceptual computing models. The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components the externally visible properties The classic seven-layer reference model is the OSI model, which is used for conceptualizing protocol stacks and peer entities. The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer Network protocol This reference model also provides an opportunity to teach more general software engineering concepts like hiding, modularity, and delegation of tasks. Software engineering is the application of a systematic disciplined quantifiable approach to the development operation and maintenance of Software. This model has endured in spite of the demise of many of its protocols (and protocol stacks) originally sanctioned by the ISO. The OSI model is not the only reference model however.

Common protocols

Protocol testing

In general, protocol testers work by capturing the information exchanged between a Device Under Test (DUT) and a reference device known to operate properly. The Internet Protocol ( IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a Packet-switched Internetwork using the Internet Protocol User Datagram Protocol ( UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is a Communications protocol for the transfer of information on the Internet. Telnet ( Tel ecommunication net work is a Network protocol used on the Internet or local area network (LAN connections Secure Shell or SSH is a Network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a Secure channel between two networked devices In Computing, local E-mail clients use the Post Office Protocol version 3 ( POP3) an application-layer Internet standard protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP) is a De facto standard for electronic mail (e-mail transmissions across the Internet. The Internet Message Access Protocol or IMAP is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for E-mail retrieval the other being POP3 In the example of a manufacturer producing a new keyboard for a personal computer, the Device Under Test would be the keyboard and the reference device, the PC. The information exchanged between the two devices is governed by rules set out in a technical specification called a "communication protocol". Both the nature of the communication and the actual data exchanged are defined by the specification. Since communication protocols are state-dependent (what should happen next depends on what previously happened), specifications are complex and the documents describing them can be hundreds of pages.

The captured information is decoded from raw digital form into a human-readable format that permits users of the protocol tester to easily review the exchanged information. Protocol testers vary in their abilities to display data in multiple views, automatically detect errors, determine the root causes of errors, generate timing diagrams, etc.

Some protocol testers can also generate traffic and thus act as the reference device. Such testers generate protocol-correct traffic for functional testing, and may also have the ability to deliberately introduce errors to test for the DUT's ability to deal with error conditions.

Protocol testing is an essential step towards commercialization of standards-based products. It help ensure that products from different manufacturers will operate together properly ("interoperate") and so satisfy customer expectations. This type of testing is of particular importance for new emerging communication technologies.

See also

The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly TCP/IP) is the set of Communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks In the field of Telecommunications, a communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation signaling authentication and error detection required to This is an incomplete list of network protocols categorized by their nearest OSI model layers In Computer science, a calling convention is a standardized method for a program to pass parameters to a function and receive a result value back from it
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