In chemistry a protic solvent is a solvent that has a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen as in a hydroxyl group or a nitrogen as in an amine group. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. More generally, any molecular solvent which contains dissociable H+, such as hydrogen fluoride, is called a protic solvent. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules The molecules of such solvents can donate an H+ (proton). Conversely, aprotic solvents cannot donate hydrogen.
Common characteristics of protic solvents:
- solvents display hydrogen bonding
- solvents have an acidic hydrogen (although they may be very weak acids)
- solvents are able to stabilize ions
- cations by unshared free electron pairs
- anions by hydrogen bonding
Examples are water, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride and ammonia. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor
Polar aprotic solvents are solvents that share ion dissolving power with protic solvents but lack an acidic hydrogen. These solvents generally have high dielectric constants and high polarity. Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here
Examples are dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dioxane and hexamethylphosphorotriamide. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH32SO Dimethylformamide is the Organic compound with the formula ( CH3)2NC(OH Hexamethylphosphoramide (abbreviated HMPA is a colorless organic liquid with the formula 3PO
Polar protic solvents are favorable for SN1 reactions, while polar aprotic solvents are favorable for SN2 reactions. Apart from solvent effects, polar aprotic solvents may also be essential for reactions which use strong bases, such as reactions involving Grignard reagents or n-butyl lithium. The Grignard reaction, named for the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, is an organometallic Chemical reaction in which Alkyl - n -Butyllithium (abbreviated BuLi is the most prominent Organolithium reagent. If a protic solvent were to be used, the reagent would be consumed by a side reaction with the solvent.
References
Loudon, G. Mark. Organic Chemistry 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. pg 317.