A protein isoform is a version of a protein with only small differences to another isoform of the same protein. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl [1] Different forms of a protein may be produced from different but related genes, or may arise from the same gene by alternative splicing. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Alternative splicing is the RNA splicing variation mechanism in which the Exons of the primary gene transcript the Pre-mRNA, are separated and reconnected A large number of isoforms are caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms, small genetic differences between alleles of the same gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP, pronounced snip) is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single Nucleotide - A, T An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms
The discovery of isoforms explains the apparently small number of coding genes revealed in the human genome project: the ability to create categorically different proteins from the same gene increases the diversity of the proteome. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA The proteome is the entire complement of Proteins expressed by a genome cell tissue or organism Isoforms are readily described and discovered by microarray studies and cDNA libraries. In Genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature MRNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Reverse
Glycoforms
A glycoform is an isoform where different forms of a glycoprotein have different polysaccharides attached to them, by either posttranslational or cotranslational modifications. Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds Posttranslational modification (PTM is the chemical modification of a Protein after its translation.
Examples
- Creatine kinase, the presence of which in the blood can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, exists in 3 isoforms. Creatine kinase (CK also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK or phosphocreatine kinase, is an Enzyme ( expressed by various tissue types
- Hyaluronan synthase, the enzyme responsible for the production of hyaluronan, has three isoforms in mammalian cells. Hyaluronan synthases ( HAS) are membrane-bound Enzymes which use UDP-α-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-α-D-glucuronate as substrates to produce the Glycosaminoglycan
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