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This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. For the republic in the British Isles governed by Lords Protector, see The Protectorate. In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord

In international law a protectorate is a political entity (a sovereign state or less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal princely state) that formally agrees by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the protector, which engages to protect it (diplomatically or, if needed, militarily) against third parties, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a

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Rationale

In the case of so-called amical protection, mainly extended by the great powers to fellow Christian (generally European) states and tiny ones without significant intrinsic importance, the terms may often be very favorable for the protectorate. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The political interest of the protector is often moral (a matter of image, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, dynastic, historical or ethno-cultural ties, etc. ), and/or countering a rival or enemy power, e. g. preventing the Ottoman empire from maintaining or obtaining control of areas of strategic importance. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Even if this involves the very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations, this may not constitute any real sacrifice, since they would not have been able to have similar use of them without the protector's strength.

Conditions are often much less generous for areas of colonial protection. Here the protectorate was often reduced to a de facto condition rather similar to a colony, but using the pre-existing native state as an agent of indirect rule. In Biochemistry, the native state of a Protein is its operative or functional form Indirect rule is a type of European colonial Policy in which the traditional local power structure or at least part of it is incorporated into the colonial administrative structure Sometimes a protectorate was even established by and/or exercised by the other form of indirect rule: a chartered company, which truly becomes a de facto state 'in' its European home state (but geographically overseas), allowed to be an independent country which has its own foreign policy and generally its own armed forces. A chartered company is an association formed by investors or Shareholders for the purpose of trade Exploration and Colonization.

In fact, 'protectorates' were even declared which were not even duly entered into by pre-existent traditional states, or only by a party in its internal politics of dubious authority, while colonial 'protectors' frequently decided on their own to 'reshuffle' several protectorates into a new, artificial unit, a logic not quite respectful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain the protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreement of February 26, 1895 actually stipulated that the colonial powers could declare in Black Africa (the last region to be divided among them) protectorates that could be established by diplomatical notification, even without actual possession on the ground. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries A similar case is the formal use of such terms as 'colony' and 'protectorate' for an amalgamation, convenient only for the colonizer/protector, of geographically proximious territories over which it held (de facto) sway by protective or 'raw' colonial logic.

In practice, a protectorate often has direct foreign relations only with the protecting power, so other states must deal with it by approaching the protector. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states A protecting power is a state which somehow protects another and/or the interest of its citizens in a third state Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own, but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.

Protectorates differ from League of Nations Mandates, and similar United Nations Trust Territories, which gave in practice similar authority to "responsible" Western powers or Japan in various areas of the non-European world over former colonial possessions (including protectorates) of the losers in World Wars I and II, since a protectorate formally enters into the protection itself, while the international mandates are imposed upon them by the 'world community-representing body'. A League of Nations mandate refers to a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I. Trust Territories were the successors of the remaining League of Nations mandates and came into being when the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946 A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations

British & Commonwealth protectorates

Protection is a long-established term in English law for the duty of a sovereign to keep the subject safe from harm, including harm done by the sovereign; the subject has a corresponding duty of allegiance and obedience. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed by a subject or a Citizen to his/her state or sovereign. Obedience, in human behavior is the quality of being obedient, which describes the act of carrying out commands or being actuated Thus, in 1775, George III declared the thirteen colonies "out of his protection" for their disobedience — almost equivalent to a declaration of war. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War

When the British took over Cephallenia in 1809, they proclaimed that "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as Invaders, with views of conquest, but as Allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection. The island of Kefalonia, also known as Cephallenia, Cephallonia, Kefallinia, or Kefallonia (Ancient Greek Κεφαλληνία Modern " When the British continued to occupy the Ionian Islands after the Napoleonic wars, they did not formally annex the islands, but described them as a protectorate. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The islands were constituted by the Treaty of Paris in 1815 as the independent United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection. The Treaty of Paris of 1815 was signed on November 20, 1815, following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon. The United States of the Ionian Islands (Ηνωμένον Κράτος των Ιονίων Νήσων ( Enomenon Kratos ton Ionion Neson) Stati Uniti delle Isole Ionie was a

Other British protectorates followed. In 1894 Prime Minister William Gladstone's government officially announced that Uganda was to become a British Protectorate, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention. The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled civil service. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a High Commissioner, rather than a Governor. High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment

British law made a distinction between a protectorate and protected state. The United Kingdom has three Legal systems. English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law, which applies in Constitutionally the two were of similar status:

Persons connected with former British protectorates, protected states, mandated or trust territories may still be British protected persons if they did not acquire the nationality of their country at independence. The status of British protected person (BPP is a status held by certain persons under the British Nationality Act 1981.

Further information: British nationality law

Other cases include:

Americas

Middle East

South and South East Asia

Subsaharan Africa

Oceania

Dutch

German

The German Empire (Second Reich) used the word Schutzgebiet, literally 'protectorate', for its true colonies as well until they were lost during World War I. The Kingdom of Swaziland is a country located in Southern Africa centred at approximately 26o49'S 31o38'E Colonial Era Although momentous change occurred during the colonial era in Uganda, some characteristics of late-nineteenth century African society survived to reemerge Walvis Bay ( Dutch / Afrikaans Walvisbaai, German Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. The Gilbert and Ellice Islands were a British Protectorate from 1892 and colony from 1916 until 1 January 1976 when the islands were divided Niue (niːˈʔuːeɪ/ /ˈnjuːeɪ in English is an Island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. Tokelau (ˈtoʊkəlaʊ is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral Atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Cases involving indirect rule included;

In the Pacific:

In Africa:

Besides these colonial uses, within Europe the Nazi Third Reich established:

French protectorates

Most French protectorates were rather colonial:

Asia

North African and Indian Ocean Muslim cultures

Sub-saharan Africa

Oceania

Italian

In Europe:

In the colonial empire:

Japanese

Russian

Spanish

Joint protectorates

compare condominium

United Nations

Contemporary usage by the United States

Some agencies of the United States government, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency, still use the term protectorate to refer to insular areas of the United States such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as were the Philippines and (it can be argued via the Platt Amendment) Cuba at the end of Spanish colonial rule. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Platt Amendment was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act, a United States federal law passed on March 2, 1901, which See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) within the United States Department of Interior exclusively uses the term insular area rather than protectorate. The Office of Insular Affairs is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that oversees federal administration of several United States possessions The United States Department of the Interior ( DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally

Sources and references

(incomplete)

Footnotes

  1. ^ The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 by Peter Duus ISBN 0520213610

See also

Xiyu Protectorate in Han Dynasty Protectorates in Tang Dynasty Overview List of Initial nine Protectorates A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission The Chinese Protectorate was an administrative body responsible for the well-being of ethnic Chinese residents of the Straits Settlements during that territory's Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission Protector, sometimes spelled protecter, is used as a title or part of various historical titles of heads of state and others in authority Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The status of British protected person (BPP is a status held by certain persons under the British Nationality Act 1981. In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord

Dictionary

protectorate

-noun

  1. Government by a protector; -- applied especially to the government of England by Oliver Cromwell.
  2. The authority assumed by a superior power over an inferior or a dependent one, whereby the former protects the latter from invasion and shares in the management of its affairs.
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