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Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches The King Protea ( Protea cynaroides) is a Flowering plant. It is a distinctive Protea, having the largest flower head Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Proteales is the Botanical name of an order of Flowering plants. Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ( April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French Botanist, notable as the first to propose In Biological classification, family ( Latin The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family, with around 80 genera but fewer than 2000 species. Southern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is South of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Platanaceae is a family of Flowering plants. It has been recognized by almost all taxonomists and is sometimes called the "plane-tree family" Nelumbo is a Genus of aquatic plants with large showy Water lily -like flowers commonly known as Lotus or sacred lotus Proteales is the Botanical name of an order of Flowering plants.
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Description
Many proteaceae are highly variable, with Banksia in particular providing one of the most striking examples of adaptive radiation in plants[1]. Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. An adaptive radiation is a rapid Evolutionary radiation characterized by an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single rapidly diversifying lineage This variability makes it impossible to provide a simple, diagnostic identification key for the family, although individual genera may be easily identified.
Proteaceae are generally trees or shrubs, except for some Stirlingia species which are herbs. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree Stirlingia, commonly known as Blueboy, is a genus of 7 species in the family Proteaceae, all of which are endemic to Western Australia. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like They are evergreen, with leaves that vary greatly in size, shape and margin. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round In many genera, the most obvious feature is the large and often very showy inflorescences, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Even this character, however, does not occur in all Proteaceae: Adenanthos species, for example, have solitary flowers. Adenanthos is a Genus of Shrubs and small Trees in the family Proteaceae. In most Proteaceae species the pollination mechanism is highly specialised. It usually involves the use of a "pollen-presenter", an area on the style-end that presents the pollen to the pollinator. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of [2]
Distribution and ecology
Proteaceae are mainly a southern hemisphere family, with its main centres of diversity in Australia and South Africa. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches Hakea laurina is a plant of Southwest Australia that is widely cultivated and admired For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa It also occurs in Central Africa, South and Central America, India, eastern and south-eastern Asia, and Oceania[3]. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Only two species are known from New Zealand although fossil pollen evidence suggests there were more previously[4].
It is a good example of a Gondwanan family, with taxa occurring on virtually every land mass considered a remnant of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. The family and sub-families are thought to have diversified well before the fragmentation of Gondwana, implying that all of them are well over 90 million years old. Evidence for this includes an abundance of proteaceous pollen found in the Cretaceous coal deposits of the South Island of New Zealand. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island It is thought to have achieved its present distribution largely by continental drift rather than dispersal across ocean gaps. Continental drift is the movement of the Earth 's Continents relative to each other [5]
Many of the Proteaceae have specialised proteoid roots. Proteoid roots, also known as cluster roots, are Plant Roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets These are dense masses of short lateral roots produced in the leaf litter layer during seasonal growth, and usually shrivelling at the end of the growth season. They are apparently an adaptation to growth in poor soil, greatly increasing the plants access to scarce water and nutrients by increasing the root's absorption surface. [3] However, this adaptation leaves them highly vulnerable to dieback caused by the Phytophthora cinnamomi water mould, and generally intolerant of fertilization. Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne Water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called "root rot" or "dieback" Oomycetes also known as Water molds (or water moulds: see spelling differences) are a group of filamentous unicellular Heterokonts physically Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Due to these specialized proteoid roots, the Proteaceae are one of few flowering plant families which do not form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. An arbuscular mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a type of Mycorrhiza in which the Fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the
Taxonomy
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Proteaceae is a fairly large family, with approximately eighty genera, but less than two thousand species. Ferdinand Lucas Bauer ( 20 January 1760 – 17 March 1826) was an Austrian Botanical illustrator who travelled on Matthew Illustrationes florae Novae Hollandiae is an 1813 publication by the Botanical illustrator Ferdinand Bauer. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea, Hakea, Dryandra and Macadamia. "Sugarbush" redirects here For the ski resort see Sugarbush Resort Protea is both the Botanical name Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. Embothrium is a Genus of two to eight species (depending on taxonomic interpretation in the plant family Proteaceae, native to southern South Grevillea is a diverse Genus of about 360 species of Evergreen Flowering plants in the protea family Proteaceae, native to Hakea ( Hakea) is a genus of 149 species of Shrubs and small Trees in the Proteaceae, native to Australia. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native
It is recognised by virtually all taxonomists. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Firmly established under classical Linnaean taxonomy, it is also recognised by the cladistics-based APG and APG II systems. Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by (and named for Carolus Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry It is placed in the order Proteales, whose placement has itself varied. Proteales is the Botanical name of an order of Flowering plants.
The framework for classification of the genera within Proteaceae was laid in 1975 by L. A. S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs. Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson, ( 26 June 1925 &ndash 1 August 1997) known as Lawrie Johnson, was an Australian Barbara G Briggs (1934-) is one of the foremost Australian botanists [6] Their classification has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, resulting in a fairly stable and widely accepted arrangement. Proteaceae is now divided into seven subfamilies: Persoonioideae, Bellendenoideae, Eidotheoideae, Proteoideae, Sphalmioideae, Carnarvonioideae and Grevilleoideae. The Persoonioideae are a subfamily of closely releted genera within the large and diverse Proteaceae family and incorporates such genera as Persoonia, Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants.
List of genera
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Cultivation and Uses
Many Proteaceae species are cultivated by the nursery industry, as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Adenanthos is a Genus of Shrubs and small Trees in the family Proteaceae. Alloxylon is a genus of 5 species in the Proteaceae family of mainly small to medium-sized Trees They are native to the eastern coast of Australia Athertonia is a Monotypic genus of medium-sized Tree in the family Proteaceae. Austromuellera is a small genus of 2 species of rainforest tree from Northern Queensland Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. UserPolbot. --> Beauprea is a genus of Plant in family Proteaceae. Buckinghamia is a small Genus of Flowering plants, belonging to the family Proteaceae. Conospermum is a genus of 53 species in the family Proteaceae endemic to Australia Eidothea is a Genus of two Species of Rainforest tree in Eastern Australia which belongs to the plant family Proteaceae, which Embothrium is a Genus of two to eight species (depending on taxonomic interpretation in the plant family Proteaceae, native to southern South UserPolbot. --> Euplassa is a genus of Plant in family Proteaceae. UserPolbot. --> Faurea is a genus of Plant in family Proteaceae. Floydia is a Monotypic species of Tree in the family Proteaceae native to Australia. Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazel avellano chileno in Spanish) is an Evergreen tree of the family Proteaceae, up to 20 meters Grevillea is a diverse Genus of about 360 species of Evergreen Flowering plants in the protea family Proteaceae, native to Hakea ( Hakea) is a genus of 149 species of Shrubs and small Trees in the Proteaceae, native to Australia. UserPolbot. --> Helicia is a genus of Plant in family Proteaceae. UserPolbot. --> Heliciopsis is a genus of Plant in family Proteaceae. Hicksbeachia is a genus of two species of Trees in the family Proteaceae. Isopogon is a genus of 35 species of mainly low-growing and prostrate perennial Shrubs in the family Proteaceae endemic to Australia. UserPolbot. --> Kermadecia is a genus of Plant in family Proteaceae. Knightia is a small genus of the family Proteaceae. There are two species K Lambertia is a Genus of Flowering plants, belonging to the order Proteacea. Leucadendron is a genus of about 80 species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, endemic to South Africa, where they Leucospermum ( Pincushion, Pincushion Protea or Leucospermum) is a Genus of about 50 species of Flowering plants in Lomatia is a Genus of 12 species of Evergreen Flowering plants in the protea family Proteaceae. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native Mimetes is a genus of Plants in family Proteaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete Mimetes arboreus Musgravea is a genus of rainforest tree from north-eastern Queensland. The genus Orites consists of 9 species 7 endemic to Australia (4 of which occur in Tasmania) and 2 in South America 1 each in the Chilean Andes Orothamnus (Greek 'oros' mountain 'thamnos' bush or 'Marsh Rose' is a Monotypic Fynbos genus in the family Proteaceae occurring in the Petrophile is a Genus of Evergreen Shrubs in the protea family Proteaceae, which are endemic to Australia "Sugarbush" redirects here For the ski resort see Sugarbush Resort Protea is both the Botanical name UserPolbot. --> Roupala is a genus of Plant in family Proteaceae. Serruria is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, endemic to South Africa. Stenocarpus is a genus of around 25 species of woody trees or shrubs of the family Proteaceae, occurring in rainforests of Eastern and monsoonal areas of Northern and North-Western Stirlingia, commonly known as Blueboy, is a genus of 7 species in the family Proteaceae, all of which are endemic to Western Australia. Symphionema is a Genus of two species of small Shrubs in the protea family Proteaceae. Waratah ( Telopea) is a genus of five species of large Shrubs or small Trees in the Proteaceae, native to southeastern Australia Triunia are medium to tall shrubs or small trees found as understorey plants in rainforests of northeastern Australia Xylomelum is a Genus of five species in the plant family Proteaceae. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native A nursery is a place where Plants are propagated and grown to usable size Some species are of importance to the cut flower industry, especially some Banksia and Protea species. Floristry is the general term used to describe the professional floral trade Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. "Sugarbush" redirects here For the ski resort see Sugarbush Resort Protea is both the Botanical name Two species of the genus Macadamia are grown commercially for edible nuts. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazelnut) tree is cultivated for its nuts in Chile and New Zealand, which are edible, and are used in pharmaceutical industry for skin treatment because of its moisturizing properties and as ingredient in sunscreens. Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazel avellano chileno in Spanish) is an Evergreen tree of the family Proteaceae, up to 20 meters Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's
The most valuable species as ornamental are the southernmost trees because they can give to landscapes an exotic tropical appearance in temperate climates; the following Chilean species are good examples of this: Lomatia ferruginea (Fuinque), Lomatia hirsuta (Radal) have been introduced in Western Europe and Western United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Embothrium coccineum (Chilean firetree or Notro) is very valued because of its deep red flowers in the British Isles and is found as north as Faroe Islands at 62° North Latitude. Chilean firetree, Chilean firebush, Notro in Spanish ( Embothrium coccineum) is a small Evergreen Tree in the family The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse
Another species, but smaller which is grown in several parts of the world is Telopea speciosissima (Waratah), from the mountains of New South Wales, Australia. Telopea speciosissima, commonly known as the New South Wales Waratah or simply Waratah, is a large shrub in the Proteaceae family For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Some species in temperate climates are cultivated more locally in Australia because of their beauty: Persoonia pinifolia (Pine-leaved Geebung) is very appreciated for its vivid yellow flowers and its grape-like fruits. Persoonia pinifolia, or Pine-leaved Geebung, is a large shrub which is native to the Sydney region in New South Wales, Australia Adenanthos sericeus (Woolly Bush) is planted for its showy soft leaves and its little, and red or orange flowers. Adenanthos sericeus, commonly known as Woolly Bush, is a shrub which in native to Western Australia. Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia (Beef nut) is commonly planted for its foliage and edible nuts.
References
- ^ Mast, A. R. and Givnish, T. J. (2002). "Historical Biogeography and the Origin of Stomatal Distributions in Banksia & Dryandra (Proteaceae) Based on Their cpDNA Phylogeny". American Journal of Botany 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M. J. (3 May 2006). Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Proteaceae. The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, Information retrieval. Retrieved on 2006-06-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ a b Orchard, Anthony E. (ed. ). "Proteaceae", Flora of Australia, Volume 16: Elaeagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Melbourne: Australian Biological Resources Study / CSIRO Publishing.
- ^ Pole M (1998). "The Proteaceae record in New Zealand". Australian Systematic Botany 11 (4): 343–372. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Weston, P. H. and Crisp, M. D. (1996). "Trans-Pacific biogeographic patterns in the Proteaceae", in Keast, A. and Miller, S. E. (eds): The origin and evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to eastern Polynesia: Patterns and processes. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing, 215–232. ISBN 90-5103-136-X.
- ^ L. A. S. Johnson and Briggs, B. G. (1975). Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson, ( 26 June 1925 &ndash 1 August 1997) known as Lawrie Johnson, was an Australian Barbara G Briggs (1934-) is one of the foremost Australian botanists "On the Proteaceae – the evolution and classification of a southern family". Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany 70: 83–182.
External links
- Images of proteaceae from the Australian National Botanical Gardens
- Proteaceae in the Flora of China
- Proteaceae in the NCBI Taxonomy Browser
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