Prostitution is sexual activity in exchange for money. Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. The legal status of prostitution varies greatly between different countries, from being punishable by death to being completely legal.

The term is also used loosely by some to refer to sexual activities of which they disapprove,^[1] such as sexual promiscuity or sex outside marriage. Cultural usage varies widely, and the use of the term as a pejorative indicates acts that are not formally considered prostitution in a cultural context. Male prostitutes that offer their services to females are known as escorts, or gigolos. A gigolo, hustler or male prostitute is a male who engages in the sale of their sexual services by Prostitution.

Pornographic actors and actresses get paid for having sex, but are not generally referred to as prostitutes. A pornographic actor/actress or a porn star is somebody who appears in Pornographic films or Photographs, live Sex shows or If a woman has sexual intercourse with a man who supports her financially but doesn't live with her, then she is called a mistress, and is again not normally considered a prostitute. A mistress is a man's long term female Sexual partner and companion who is not married to him especially used when the man is married to another woman

Contents 1 Terminology 2 Definition 2.1 Street 2.2 Escort/Out-call 2.3 Sex tourism 2.4 Prostitution and the Internet 3 Socio-economic and legal status 3.1 Legality 3.2 Advertising 3.3 Regulated 3.4 Of children 3.5 In illegal immigration 3.6 Violence against prostitutes 3.7 Human trafficking and sexual slavery 4 Medical situation 5 Occurrence 6 Politics 6.1 Legal issues 6.2 Criminal behavior 6.3 Feminism 7 History 7.1 Mesoamerica 7.2 Near East 7.3 Greece 7.4 Rome 7.5 Middle Ages 7.6 16th century 7.7 18th century to present 8 Nonhuman animal prostitution 9 Other meanings 10 See also 11 Regional 11.1 Europe 11.2 Asia 11.3 South America 11.4 Other 12 References 13 External links and other resources 13.1 Information sites 13.2 Organizations 13.3 News articles 13.4 Academic papers 13.5 Anti-prostitution writing

Terminology

A variety of terms are used for those who engage in prostitution, some of which distinguish between different kinds, or imply a value judgment about them. Prostitute is generally accepted as the least value-laden term; common alternatives with varying implications include escort and whore. (Not all professional escorts are prostitutes, however. ) Prostitution is sometimes nicknamed the "world's oldest profession".

The English word whore derives from the Old English word hōra (from the Indo-European root kā meaning "desire"). Use of the word whore is widely considered pejorative, especially in its modern slang form of ho'. Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt In Germany most prostitutes' organizations deliberately use the word Hure (whore) since they feel that prostitute is a bureaucratic term. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Those seeking to remove the social stigma associated with prostitution often promote terminology such as commercial sex worker (CSW) or sex trade worker. A sex worker is a person who works in the Sex industry. Sex workers may be employed as prostitutes strippers go-go dancers burlesque performers escorts dominatrices A hooker or streetwalker solicits customers in public places; a call girl makes appointments by phone.

Correctly or not, prostitute without specifying a gender is commonly assumed to be female; compound terms such as male prostitute or male escort are therefore used to identify males. A gigolo, hustler or male prostitute is a male who engages in the sale of their sexual services by Prostitution. Those offering services to female customers are commonly known as gigolos; those offering services to male customers are hustlers or rent boys.

Organisers of prostitution are typically known as pimps (if male) and madams (if female). Dirck Jaspersz van Baburen (c 1595 – February 21, 1624) was a Dutch painter associated with the Utrecht caravaggisti. A pimp (also called fleshmonger) finds and manages clients for Prostitutes and engages them in Prostitution (in Brothels in most cases and Madam, Madame, ma'am, or Mme is a Title for a Woman. It is derived from the French madame (see different More formally, they practice procuring, and are procurers, or procuresses. Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a Prostitute in the arrangement of a Sex act with a customer

The customers of prostitutes are known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in the British Isles. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan These slang terms and acronyms^[2] are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. The term john may have originated from the customer practice of giving their name as "John", a common name in English-speaking countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In some places, men who drive around red-light districts for the purpose of soliciting prostitutes are also known as kerb crawlers. A red-light district is a neighborhood where Prostitution and other businesses in the Sex industry flourish In the United States, solicitation is a Crime; it is an Inchoate offense that consists of a person offering money or something else of value in order to A kerb crawler is a person who drives round areas known for Street prostitution Soliciting prostitutes for sex

Definition

In street prostitution the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners or "walking the street". Street prostitution is a specific form of Prostitution in which the sex worker operates from the street In the United States, solicitation is a Crime; it is an Inchoate offense that consists of a person offering money or something else of value in order to

Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution, often confined to special red-light districts in big cities. For the 2008 film of this name see The Brothel. For the television series of this name see Cathouse The Series. A red-light district is a neighborhood where Prostitution and other businesses in the Sex industry flourish Other names for brothels include bordello, whorehouse, cathouse, and general houses. Prostitution also occurs in some massage parlours, and in Asian countries in some barber shops where sexual services may be offered as a secondary function of the premises. A barber (from the Latin barba, " Beard " is someone whose occupation is to cut any type of hair give shaves, and trim

In escort prostitution, the act takes place at the customer's place of residence or more commonly at his or her hotel room (referred to as out-call), or at the escort's place of residence or in a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort (called in-call). This form of prostitution often shelters under the umbrella of escort agencies, who ostensibly supply attractive escorts for social occasions. Escort agencies are companies that book and dispatch escorts to a customer's house hotel room or requested location While escort agencies claim never to provide sexual services, very few successful escorts are available exclusively for social companionship. Even where this type of prostitution is legal, the ambiguous term escort service is commonly used. (See call girl). A call girl or escort is a Sex worker who (unlike a street walker) is not visible to the general public In the US, escort agencies advertise frequently on the internet and example advertisements can be readily found on any major search engine and on open forum sites. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

Some escorts may work independently of an agency (indies). This is achieved by advertising the services on offer directly in newspapers, magazines or the internet. Communication with clients is usually made on a telephone and appointments are negotiated without any third party involvement.

In sex tourism, travellers from rich countries travel to poorer countries such as Thailand in search of sexual services that may be more expensive in their own countries. Sex tourism is travel to engage in Sexual intercourse or sexual activity with prostitutes, and is typically undertaken internationally by tourists from wealthier countries The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Other popular sex tourism destinations are Brazil, the Caribbean, and former Eastern bloc countries. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were

The setting common in Russia and other countries of the former USSR takes the form of an open-air prostitution market. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending One prostitute stands by a roadside, and directs cars to a so-called "tochka" (usually located in alleyways or carparks), where lines of women are paraded for customers in front of their car headlights. Prostitution in Russia is illegal but is not a serious crime The maximum punishment is a fine up to 2000 rub; however organizing The client selects a prostitute, whom he takes away in his car. Under these conditions in particular, the women (often very young girls) are exposed to the risk of abuse. Prevalent in the late 1990s, this type of service has been steadily declining in the recent years.

A "lot lizard" is a commonly-encountered special case of street prostitution. Lot lizards mainly serve those in the trucking industry at truck stops and stopping centers. truckcartransporterarp750pixjpg|thumb|right|A tractor with an auto-transport Semi-trailer. A truck stop is a commercial facility that provides fuel parking and usually food and other services to long-haul trucks Prostitutes will often proposition truckers using a CB radio from a vehicle parked in the non-commercial section of a truck stop parking lot, communicating through codes based on commercial driving slang, then join the driver in his truck. A truck driver (Commonly called a trucker, driver or Teamster in the United States and Canada, a truckie or Citizens' Band radio ( CB) is in many countries a system of short-distance simplex radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within

Street

Main article: Street prostitution

In street prostitution, the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners, sometimes called "the track" by pimps and prostitutes alike. Street prostitution is a specific form of Prostitution in which the sex worker operates from the street A pimp (also called fleshmonger) finds and manages clients for Prostitutes and engages them in Prostitution (in Brothels in most cases and They usually dress in skimpy, provocative clothing, regardless of the weather. Street prostitutes are often called "streetwalkers" while their customers are referred to as "tricks" or "johns. " Servicing the customers is described as "turning tricks. " The sex is performed in the customer's car, in a nearby alley, or in a rented room. Motels and hotels which accommodate prostitutes commonly rent rooms by the half or full hour.

Street prostitutes are often motivated by drug addiction (though the statistics are disputed),^[3] and are sometimes referred to by slang terms such as "crack whores" or "junkie whores. Crack cocaine or crack is a solid smokable form of Cocaine. It is a freebase form of cocaine that can be made using baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative "

Escort/Out-call

Main article: Call girl

Escort agencies typically advertise in regional publications and even telephone listings like the Yellow Pages. Tart cards are cards placed in Phone booths to advertise the services of Call girls. A telephone booth, telephone kiosk, (or telephone box in the British Isles) is a small structure furnished with a Payphone and designed A call girl or escort is a Sex worker who (unlike a street walker) is not visible to the general public A call girl or escort is a Sex worker who (unlike a street walker) is not visible to the general public The term Yellow Pages refers to a Telephone directory of Businesses categorized according to the product or service provided Many maintain websites with photo galleries of the employees. An interested client contacts an agency by telephone and offers a description of what kind of escort they are looking for. The agency will then suggest an employee who might fit that client's need.

The agency collects the client's contact information and calls the escort. Usually, to protect the identity of the escort and ensure effective communication with the client, the agency arranges the appointment. Sometimes it may be up to the escort to contact the client directly to make arrangements for location and time of an appointment. If the agency does not supply transport to and from the client, the escort is also expected to call the agency upon arrival at the location and again upon leaving to assure his or her safe completion of the booking.

The purpose of discretion is to attempt to protect the escort agency (to some degree) from prosecution for breaking the law. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society If the employee is solely responsible for arranging any illegal aspects of their professional encounter the agency could try to maintain plausible deniability should an arrest be made. Plausible deniability refers to the denial of blame in loose and informal chains of command where upper rungs quarantine the blame to the lower rungs An arrest is the act of depriving a person of his or her liberty usually in relation to the investigation and prevention of crime However in practice, the use of undercover police evidence or the use of links to reviews of the agencies escorts usually results in this failing.

Typically, an agency will charge their escorts either a flat fee for each client connection or a percentage of the prearranged rate. In San Francisco, it is usual for typical heterosexual-market agencies to negotiate for as little as $100, up to a full 50 percent of an escort's reported earnings (not counting any gratuity received). If they work independently doing either incalls or outcalls, prices can range from $200 to over $5,000 for more exclusive services. Most transactions occur in cash, and optional tipping of escorts by clients in most major US cities is customary but not compulsory. Credit card processing offered by larger scale agencies is often available for a service charge.

Independent escorts, also known as providers, have differing fees depending on many factors. For example; different seasons bring about different costs (and differing levels of demand), as do regular and semi-regular customers. Some may charge by the hour, half hour or even in 15 minute blocks. Time extensions (if offered or requested) are usually priced at the same rate as the original booking. Some escorts pay another individual to act as their personal security, thus providing a level of protection to themselves from violent or abusive clients.

An escort who works less often may be able to command a premium for his or her exclusivity. One who sees several clients each day may charge less, but earn more in the end. Independent escorts might see clients for extended meetings involving dinner or social activities, whereas escorts who work through agencies generally provide only sexual services.

Whilst the vast majority of escort agencies are sex related, there are some non-sexual escort agencies, where escorts provide companionship for business and social occasions.

Sex tourism

Main article: Sex tourism

See also: Cuban Jineteras and Female sex tourism

Sex tourism is travelling for sexual intercourse with prostitutes or to engage in other sexual activity. Sex tourism is travel to engage in Sexual intercourse or sexual activity with prostitutes, and is typically undertaken internationally by tourists from wealthier countries Jineterismo is a term used to describe an alleged number of illegal or semi-legal economic activities related to Tourism in Cuba. Female sex tourism is travel by women partially or fully for the purpose of having sex Sex tourism is travel to engage in Sexual intercourse or sexual activity with prostitutes, and is typically undertaken internationally by tourists from wealthier countries Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract The World Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations defines sex tourism as "trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination". The United Nations World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO) headquartered in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[4]

Often the term "sex tourism" is mistakenly interchanged with the term "child sex tourism". As opposed to regular sex tourism, a tourist who has sex with a child prostitute possibly commits a crime against international law, in addition to the host country, and the country that the tourist is a citizen of. Prostitution of children refers to the use of children as Prostitutes The definition of a "child prostitute" can vary depending on who is using the term The term "child" is often used as defined by international law and refers to any person below the age of consent. While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal Statutes when used with in relation to sexual activity, the age of consent is the minimum age at

Prostitution and the Internet

Some prostitutes use the Internet to find customers. ^[5] A prostitute may use adult boards or create a website of their own with contact details, such as email addresses.

Adult contact sites, chats and on-line communities are also used.

Socio-economic and legal status

Legality

At one end of the legal spectrum, prostitution carries the death penalty for third-time offenders in the Sudan;^[6] at the other end, prostitutes are tax-paying unionised legal workers in Hungary^[7] as well as the Netherlands, where brothels and advertising businesses are legal (however, prostitutes must be at least 18, while the age of consent is 16 in other contexts). Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal Statutes when used with in relation to sexual activity, the age of consent is the minimum age at The legal situation in Germany, Switzerland (where the issue of legal age is a source of avid dispute, some insisting that one can legally be a prostitute as of one's sixteenth birthday, other maintaining it is eighteen), and New Zealand is similar to that in the Netherlands (see prostitution in the Netherlands, prostitution in Germany and prostitution in New Zealand). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Prostitution in the Netherlands is legal and common A majority of the women working in prostitution are foreigners and the country is fighting against Human Prostitution in Germany is legal and widespread In 2002 the government changed the law in an effort to improve the legal situation of prostitutes Prostitution and Brothel keeping are legal in New Zealand. Until 2003 advertising the sale of sex ('soliciting' running a brothel and living from the earnings In the Australian state of New South Wales, any person over the age of 18 may offer to provide sexual services in return for money. In Victoria and Queensland, a person who wishes to run a prostitution business must have a licence. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent Prostitutes working for themselves in their own business, as prostitutes in the business, must be registered. Similarly, the state of Nevada in the United States allows regulated brothels, though certain counties and cities within the state have passed laws making them illegal. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Individual sex workers are not required to be registered or licensed. In some countries the legal status of prostitution may vary depending on the activity; in Japan, for example, vaginal prostitution is against the law while fellatio prostitution is legal, as women who perform fellatio for money are not considered prostitutes in Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Oral sex refers to sexual activities involving the use of the Mouth, and may include use of the Tongue, Teeth, and Throat, in order

In Turkey, street prostitution is illegal. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Prostitution through government regulated brothels is legal. All brothels must have a license, and all sex workers working in brothels must be licensed as well. Municipality based "Commissions for the struggle against venereal diseases and prostitution" are in charge of issuing such licenses.

In many jurisdictions, the act of obtaining money for sex is not illegal, but many of the activities surrounding it are illegal. For example, in England and Wales, Scotland, Rhode Island, Canada, Bulgaria, Brazil, Denmark and Costa Rica, amongst others, activities such as solicitation, pimping and owning or running a brothel are illegal. History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in In the United States, solicitation is a Crime; it is an Inchoate offense that consists of a person offering money or something else of value in order to A pimp (also called fleshmonger) finds and manages clients for Prostitutes and engages them in Prostitution (in Brothels in most cases and For the 2008 film of this name see The Brothel. For the television series of this name see Cathouse The Series.

In these countries, police often differ in their control of prostitution. In England and Wales for example, local police forces have historically flipped between zero tolerance of prostitution and unofficial red light districts.

Rules vary as to which roles in prostitution are illegal: being a prostitute, being a client, or being a pimp. In Sweden it is legal to sell sex but not to buy sex. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Pimping is also illegal. Prostitutes are generally viewed by the government as oppressed, while their clients are viewed as oppressors. Norway has the same laws as Sweden, except that it's not illegal to buy sex. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional This situation is liable to change within a year or so, however, as the delegates at the 2007 annual meeting of the Labour Party, Norway's largest, and part of the 2005–2009 coalition government, voted in favour of banning the purchase of sexual services. The Norwegian Labour Party ( Norwegian: Det norske arbeiderparti ( DNA) or Arbeiderpartiet ( AP) is a Social democratic

In Thailand, prostitution is illegal as stated in the Prevention and Suppression Act of B. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj E. 2539 (=1996)^[8]

Main article: Prostitution in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, prostitution is legal so long as it is done in private, but brothels are illegal as is any third-party profit from prostitution (pimping). Prostitution in Hong Kong is itself legal but a whole host of activities surrounding prostitution are not such as soliciting for Sex and living off "immoral Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders However in practice much of the prostitution is controlled by triad societies or as informal additions to otherwise nonsexual services such as massage parlors, bars and karaoke establishments. Triad ( also known as) is a term that describes many branches of Chinese underground society and/or organizations based in Hong Kong and Macau and also (kɑːrɑːˌoʊkɛ in Japanese karaoke) is a form of Entertainment in which Amateur Singers sing along with recorded Music (and/or a Among the many forms of prostitution common in Hong Kong are "one for one" girls. To avoid the operation of an illegal brothel, triads will rent tiny apartments and allow girls to "sublet" them so they appear to be operating out of their own homes. The triads then advertise the girls' services on web sites or in local publications. Another avoidance strategy is to operate a karaoke establishment and provide girls as entertainment or companionship only; the girls then take customers to an hourly hotel in the same building and pay for the room separately. Informal, individual prostitution (mostly of Filipinas, Indonesians, Thais, and sometimes women from Latin America and the former Soviet Union) is almost always available at discos or hotel bars, especially in the Tsim Sha Tsui and Wan Chai districts (the latter famous as the setting for The World of Suzie Wong. Tsim Sha Tsui (尖沙咀 or 尖沙嘴 often abbreviated as TST, also known as Tsim Tsui (尖咀 or 尖嘴 by local people is an urbanised area in the Wan Chai is a metropolitan area situated at the western part of the Wan Chai District on the northern shore of Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong, China The World of Suzie Wong is a 1957 Novel written by Richard Mason, which has been adapted into a play a hit film and a ballet Occasionally the police raid the triad-run prostitution setups, but usually the only arrests made are for immigration violations. Women frequently enter Hong Kong from mainland China for prostitution services. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National However, this travel is not forcible; most women working as prostitutes in Hong Kong are of age and are doing so voluntarily.

Establishments engaged in sexual slavery or owned by organized crime are the highest priority targets of law enforcement actions against prostitution. Police also frequently intervene when prompted by local resident complaints, often directed against street prostitution. In most countries where prostitution is illegal, at least some forms of it are tolerated. This ambiguous status allows the police to extort money or services, particularly information on criminal activities that prostitutes are often well-placed to obtain, from prostitutes in exchange for "looking the other way".

Pimping is a sex crime in almost all jurisdictions. Some other countries retain the ill-defined offence of "living off the proceeds of the prostitution of others", one of the prima facie evidences of which is co-habiting with a prostitute. Prima facie is a Latin expression meaning "on its first appearance" or "by first instance"

In 1949, the UN General Assembly adopted a convention stating that forced prostitution is incompatible with human dignity, requiring all signing parties to punish pimps and brothel owners and operators and to abolish all special treatment or registration of prostitutes. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members The suppression of the traffic in persons and of the exploitation of the prostitution of others resolution declares that the Enslavement of Women and Children The convention was ratified by 89 countries but Germany, the Netherlands and the United States did not participate. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Some municipalities in the Netherlands would like a "zero tolerance policy" for brothels, i. e. not allow any, on moral grounds, but by law this is not possible. However, regulations, including restrictions in number and location are common. Whether a zero policy on urban planning grounds is allowed is still unclear.

Advertising

In countries where prostitution is legal, advertising it may be legal (as in the Netherlands) or illegal (as in Germany).

Covert advertising for prostitution can take a number of forms:

• by cards in newsagents' windows
• by cards placed in public telephone enclosures: so-called tart cards
• by euphemistic advertisements in regular magazines and newspapers (for instance, talking of "massages" or "relaxation")
• in specialist contact magazines
• via the internet
• in public bathroom stalls (i. Tart cards are cards placed in Phone booths to advertise the services of Call girls. A contact magazine is a type of Classified magazine that is largely or wholly dedicated to Personal ads As well as publishing the personal ads the publishers of contact The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. A bathroom is a room that may have different functions depending on the cultural context e. "for a good time call. . . ")

In Las Vegas prostitution is often promoted overtly on The Las Vegas Strip by third party workers distributing risqué flyers with the pictures and phone numbers of prostitutes. The Las Vegas metropolitan area includes the Las Vegas Valley a 600-square-mile (1600 km² basin and surrounding areas that is part of Clark County in southern The Las Vegas Strip (also known as The Strip) is an approximately 4 mile (6 Prostitution is illegal in Clark County^[9] where Las Vegas is located. Clark County is a County located in the US state of Nevada. The county had a population of 1375765 at the 2000 census, and a 2006 estimated

Regulated

Main article: Regulated prostitution

In some jurisdictions, such as Nevada (see prostitution in Nevada), Switzerland and in four Australian states or territories (Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory), prostitution is legal but heavily regulated. While Prostitution is illegal in a number of countries prostitution is legal but regulated in many others and in a few jurisdictions in countries where prostitution is otherwise illegal Nevada is one of only two US states that allow some legal Prostitution; in most of its counties, Brothels are legalized and heavily regulated Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. } The Australian Capital Territory (ACT is the Capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing internal territory Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions

Such approaches are often, but not always taken with the stance that prostitution is impossible to eliminate and thus these societies have chosen to regulate it in ways that reduce the more undesirable aspects. Goals of such regulations include controlling sexually transmitted disease, reducing sexual slavery, controlling where brothels may operate and dissociating prostitution from crime syndicates. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery

The Dutch legalisation of prostitution has similar objectives, as well as improving health and working conditions for the women and weakening the link between prostitution and criminality. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Daily Planet is a brothel in Melbourne, Australia whose shares were listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 2003, before listing difficulties - investors were asked to undergo police checks before buying shares - forced the listed company to divest the brothel back into private ownership (the company remained listed and continues its other business interests). Daily Planet is a licensed Brothel in Melbourne, Australia. It entered the news in 2003 when it became one of the first brothels listed on a Stock Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Software for Fixed assets management and Stock control developed in 2004. The Australian Securities Exchange ( ASX) is the primary Stock exchange in Australia. There are various regulatory regimes governing prostitution in Australia and a level of increasing professionalism is being seen in the industry with the establishment of business associations like the Queensland Adult Business Association^[10] that ascribe to a strict ethical code which entrenches the independence of service providers.

Of children

Main article: prostitution of children

Regarding the prostitution of children the laws on prostitution as well as those on sex with a child apply. Prostitution of children refers to the use of children as Prostitutes The definition of a "child prostitute" can vary depending on who is using the term Prostitution of children refers to the use of children as Prostitutes The definition of a "child prostitute" can vary depending on who is using the term If prostitution in general is legal there is usually a minimum age requirement for legal prostitution that is higher than the general age of consent (see above for some examples). While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal Statutes when used with in relation to sexual activity, the age of consent is the minimum age at Although some countries do not single out patronage of child prostitution as a separate crime, the same act is punishable as sex with an underage person.

Some adults travel to other countries to have access to sex with children, which is unavailable in their home country. Cambodia has become a notorious destination for sex with children. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Several western countries have recently enacted laws with extraterritorial reach, punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors in other countries. As the crime usually goes undiscovered, these laws are rarely enforced. ^[11][12][13]

In illegal immigration

A difficulty facing migrant prostitutes in many developed countries is the illegal residence status of some of these women. They face potential deportation, and so do not have recourse to the law. Hence there are brothels that may not adhere to the usual legal standards intended to safeguard public health and the safety of the workers.

Violence against prostitutes

Prostitutes are at risk of violent crime,^[14] as well as possibly at higher risk of occupational mortality than any other group of women ever studied. A violent crime or crime of violence is a Crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim For example, the homicide rate for female prostitutes was estimated to be 204 per 100,000 (Potterat et al, 2004), which is considerably higher than that for the next riskiest occupations in the United States during a similar period (4 per 100,000 for female liquor store workers and 29 per 100,000 for male taxicab drivers) (Castillo et al. , 1994). However, there are substantial differences in rates of victimization between street prostitutes and indoor prostitutes who work as escorts, call girls, or in brothels and massage parlors (Weitzer 2000, 2005). Perpetrators include violent clients, pimps, and corrupt law-enforcement officers. Prostitutes (particularly those engaging in street prostitution) are also sometimes the targets of serial killers, who may consider them easy targets, or use the religious and social stigma associated with prostitutes as justification for their murder. Street prostitution is a specific form of Prostitution in which the sex worker operates from the street A serial killer is a person who Murders usually three or more people with a "cooling off" period between each murder and whose motivation for killing is largely based Being criminals in most jurisdictions, prostitutes are less likely than the law-abiding to be looked for by police if they disappear, making them favored targets of predators. The unidentified serial killer (or killers) known as Jack the Ripper is said to have killed at least five prostitutes in London in 1888. Jack the Ripper is an alias given to an unidentified Serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. More recently, Robert Pickton, a Canadian who lived near Vancouver, made headlines after the remains of several missing prostitutes were found buried on his farm. Robert William "Willie" Pickton (born October 24, 1949) of Port Coquitlam, British Columbia is a Canadian pig farmer He now stands charged with the murder of 26 Vancouver area women, and is suspected by police of killing at least four more (though no charges have been laid in relation to their murder). Gary Ridgway (aka the Green River Killer), confessed to killing 48 prostitutes from 1982 to 1998, making him one of the most prolific serial killers in American history. Gary Leon Ridgway (born February 18, 1949) known as the Green River Killer, is one of the most prolific Serial killers in American The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[15] In December 2006, Steve Wright murdered five prostitutes in Ipswich, England (see 2006 Ipswich murder investigation). Steven Gerald James Wright (born April 24, 1958) is an English Serial killer. Ipswich ( ˈɪpswɪtʃ is a Non-metropolitan district and the County town of Suffolk, England on the Estuary of the River Orwell England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Ipswich 2006 serial murders took place during the November and December of 2006 when the bodies of five Murdered women were discovered at different locations near Ipswich

Human trafficking and sexual slavery

Main article: Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the fastest growing form of modern day slavery^[16] and is the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world. ^[17]

Poverty, social exclusion and war are at the heart of human trafficking. Many women are hoodwinked into believing promises of a better life, sometimes by people who are known and trusted to them. Traffickers may own legitimate travel agencies, modeling agencies and employment offices in order to gain women's trust. Others are simply kidnapped. Once overseas it is common for their passport to be confiscated by the trafficker and to be warned of the consequences should they attempt to escape, including beatings, rape, threats of violence against their family and death threats. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person It is common, particularly in Eastern Europe, that should they manage to return to their families they will only be trafficked once again. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.

Due to the illegal and underground nature of sex trafficking, the exact extent of women and children forced into prostitution is unknown. The International Labour Organization in 2005 estimated at least 2. The International Labour Organization 4 million people have been trafficked. ^[16]

Thousands of children are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned, and sometimes they are actually sold by their own families. According to the International Labour Organization, the problem is especially alarming in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nepal and India. ^[18]

In May 2005 the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings opened for signature. Since then over 30 countries have signed the Convention and four countries have ratified it. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has produced a Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons. ^[19]

Globally, forced labour generates $31bn, half of it in the industrialised world, a tenth in transition countries, the International Labour Organization says in a report on forced labour ("A global alliance against forced labour", ILO, 11 May 2005). The International Labour Organization Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Trafficking in people has been facilitated by porous borders and advanced communication technologies, it has become increasingly transnational in scope and highly lucrative within its barbarity.

In some countries counselling, accommodation, specialist care exists for trafficked people to help them escape, whilst in other countries, this support is lacking.

Medical situation

Prostitution is associated with the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV:

One of the main reasons for the rapid spread of HIV in Asian countries is the massive transmission among sex workers and clients. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ^[20]

HIV is tied to prostitution in Africa, with one study finding that encounters with prostitutes produced 84% of new HIV infections in adult males in Accra, Ghana. ^[21] The spread of HIV from urban settings to rural areas in Africa has been attributed to the mobility of farmers who visit sex workers in cities, for example in Ethiopia. ^[22] Studies in urban settings of prostitution in developing countries have shown a striking burden of STDs, which acts as a reservoir of STDs within the general population. ^[23]

Typical responses to the problem are:

• banning prostitution completely
• introducing a system of registration for prostitutes that mandates health checks and other public health measures
• educating prostitutes and their clients to encourage the use of barrier contraception and greater interaction with health care

Some think that the first two measures are counter-productive. Banning prostitution tends to drive it underground, making treatment and monitoring more difficult. Registering prostitutes makes the state complicit in prostitution and does not address the health risks of unregistered prostitutes. Both of the last two measures can be viewed as harm reduction policies. Harm reduction is a Philosophy of Public health, intended to be a progressive alternative to the prohibition of certain potentially dangerous

In Australia, where sex-work is largely legal, and registration of sex-work is not practiced, education campaigns have been extremely successful and the non-intravenous drug user (non-IDU) sex workers are among the lower HIV-risk communities in the nation. In part, this is probably due both to the legality of sex-work, and to the heavy general emphasis on education in regard to Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Safer sex is heavily promoted as the major means of STI reduction in Australia, and sex education generally is at a high level. Sex-worker organisations regularly visit brothels and home workers, providing free condoms and lubricant, health information, and other forms of support.

In countries and areas where safer sex precautions are either unavailable or not practiced for cultural reasons, prostitution is an active disease vector for all STDs, including HIV/AIDS, but the encouragement of safer sex practices, combined with regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases, has been very successful when applied consistently. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Safe sex (also called safer sex or protected sex) is the practice of Sexual activity in a manner that reduces the risk of Infection with As an example, Thailand's condom program has been largely responsible for the country's progress against the HIV epidemic. ^[24] It has been estimated that successful implementation of safe sex practices in India "would drive the [HIV] epidemic to extinction" while similar measures could achieve a 50% reduction in Botswana. ^[25]

Occurrence

According to the paper "Estimating the prevalence and career longevity of prostitute women" (Potterat et al. , 1990), the number of full-time equivalent prostitutes in a typical area in the United States (Colorado Springs, CO, during 1970–1988) is estimated at 23 per 100,000 population (0. 023%), of which fraction some 4% were under 18. The length of these prostitutes' working careers was estimated at a mean of 5 years. A follow-up paper entitled "Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners" (Brewer et al. , 2000) goes on to estimate a mean number of 868 male sexual partners per prostitute per year of active sex work, and offers the conclusion that men's self-reporting of prostitutes as sexual partners is seriously under-reported.

A 1994 study found that 16 percent of 18 to 59-year-old men in a U. S. survey group had paid for sex (Gagnon, Laumann, and Kolata 1994).

A number of reports over the last few decades have suggested that prostitution levels have fallen in sexually liberal countries, most likely because of the increased availability of non-commercial, non-marital sex. ^[26]

Politics

Legal issues

Roughly speaking, the possible attitudes are:

• abolition: "prostitution should be made to disappear"
  • "prostitution is immoral and prostitutes and their clients should be prosecuted": the prevailing attitude in much of the United States with a few exceptions like Nevada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America.
  • "prostitution is a sad reality of exploitation of the prostitutes, especially women, but prostitutes should not be criminalized", the current situation in Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
  • "the clients of prostitutes exploit the prostitutes": prostitutes are not prosecuted, but their clients and pimps are, which is the current situation in Sweden, and most likely will also be the situation in Norway from sometime in 2008 onwards. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional
  • prostitution is legal, but discouraged, while pimping is prohibited, the current situation in the United Kingdom and France among others;
• regulation: prostitution may be considered a legitimate business; prostitution and the employment of prostitutes are legal, but regulated (with respect to health etc. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. concerns); the current situation in the Netherlands, Germany and parts of Nevada. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America.
• legalization: "prostitution is a victimless crime, and should be made completely legal so that it is no longer an underground activity, allowing the normal checks and balances of society and existing laws to apply"
• decriminalization: "prostitution is labor like any other. Legalization is the process of removing a legal prohibition against something which is currently not legal The term victimless crime refers to infractions of Criminal law without any identifiable Corpus delicti, or evidence of an Individual that Decriminalization is the reduction or abolition of criminal penalties in relation to certain acts but regulated permits or fines might still apply (for contrast Sex industry premises should not be subject to any special regulation or laws" such as in Australia and New Zealand. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Proponents of this view often cite instances of government regulation under legalization that they consider intrusive, demeaning, or violent, but feel that criminalization adversely affects sex workers.

In some countries, there is controversy regarding the laws applicable to sex work. For instance, the legal stance of punishing pimping while keeping sex work legal but "underground" and risky is often denounced as hypocritical; opponents suggest either going the full abolition route and criminalize clients or making sex work a regulated business.

Many countries have sex worker advocacy groups which lobby against criminalization and discrimination of prostitutes. These groups generally oppose Nevada-style regulation and oversight, stating that prostitution should be treated like other professions. In the United States of America, one such group is COYOTE (an abbreviation for "Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics") and another is the North American Task Force on Prostitution. The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora ^[27] In Australia the lead sex worker rights organisation is Scarlet Alliance. Scarlet Alliance is the national peak Sex worker organisation of Australia and was formed in 1989. ^[28] International prostitutes' rights organizations include the International Committee for Prostitute's Rights and the Network of Sex Work Projects. ^[29]

Other groups, often with religious backgrounds, focus on offering women a way out of the world of prostitution while not taking a position on the legal question.

Criminal behavior

In areas where prostitution is illegal, sex workers are commonly charged with crimes ranging from pandering to tax evasion. Tax avoidance is the legal utilization of the Tax regime to one's own advantage in order to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law Their clients can be charged with solicitation of prostitution. In the United States, solicitation is a Crime; it is an Inchoate offense that consists of a person offering money or something else of value in order to Prosecution for various other sex crimes can be sought against the client and pimps depending on such things as the age of the prostitute and the nature of the act performed.

Feminism

Prostitution is a significant issue in feminist thought and activism. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Some feminists argue that the act of selling sex need not inherently be exploitative, but that attempts to abolish prostitution - and the attitudes that lead to such attempts - lead to an abusive climate for sex workers that must be changed. In the new discourse, the redefinition of prostitution as "sex work" saw the development of the sex worker activism movement, comprising organisations such as the Australian Prostitutes Collective and COYOTE. The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora

Feminists who believe that prostitution is inherently exploitative, such as authors like Andrea Dworkin, herself an ex-prostitute, argued in the 1980s that commercial sex is a form of rape enforced by poverty (and often overt violence by pimps). Andrea Rita Dworkin (September 26 1946 &ndash April 9 2005 was an American radical feminist and writer best known for her criticism of Pornography, which she believed Proponents reject the idea that prostitution can be reformed. These feminists believe that the assumptions that women exist for men's sexual enjoyment, that all men "need" sex, or that the bodily integrity and sexual pleasure of women is irrelevant underlie the whole idea of prostitution, and make it an inherently exploitative, sexist practice. One feminist argument against Dworkin's position is that prostitution, insofar as it colludes with the perception of an inherent 'need' on the part of men for sexual release, is exploiting men more than it exploits women.

Sweden's 1999 law forbidding the purchase (but not sale) of sex was a natural extension of this view. Many prostitutes in Sweden have decried the laws targeting clients, as they say the laws just drive the industry further underground and reduce sex workers' incomes without providing greater safety.

Some jurisdictions have responded to sex worker activism by decriminalising prostitution. The rationale for these legal reforms has been to extend to sex workers the same health and safety standards that apply to other professions involving close bodily contact, for example dentistry, nursing or hairdressing.

History

Prostitution is historically and culturally ubiquitous. ^[30][31] It has been described as "the world's oldest profession. "^[32]

Mesoamerica

Among the Aztecs, the Cihuacalli was the name given to those controlled buildings where prostitution was permitted by political and religious authorities. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political Among the Aztecs, the Cihuacalli was the name given to those controlled buildings where prostitution was permitted by political and religious authorities "Cihuacalli" is a Nahuatl word which means "House of Women".

The Cihuacalli was a closed compound with rooms, all of which were looking to a central patio. At the center of the patio was a statue of Tlazolteotl, the goddess of "filth". In Aztec mythology, Tlazolteotl (Tlacolteotl tɬasoɬ'teotɬ is a Central American goddess of purification steam bath midwives filth and a patroness of adulterers Religious authorities believed women should work as prostitutes, if they wish, only at such premises guarded by Tlazolteotl. It was believed Tlazolteotl had the power to incite sexual activity, and at the same time do spiritual cleansing of such acts.

There are stories that also refer to certain places, either inside the Cihuacalli or outside, where women would perform erotic dance in front of men. The poet Tlaltecatzin of Cuauhchinanco noted that special "Joyful Women" would perform erotic dances at certain homes outside of the compound.

Near East

One of the first forms is sacred prostitution, supposedly practiced among the Sumerians. Religious prostitution, sacred prostitution or temple prostitution is the practice of having Sexual intercourse (with a person other than one's spouse Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar In ancient sources (Herodotus, Thucydides) there are many traces of sacred prostitution, starting perhaps with Babylon, where each woman had to reach, once in their lives, the sanctuary of Militta (Aphrodite or Nana/Anahita) and there have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq

Prostitution was common in ancient Israel, despite being tacitly forbidden by Jewish Law. The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Within the religion of Canaan, a significant portion of temple prostitutes were male. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. It was widely used in Sardinia and in some of the Phoenician cultures, usually in honour of the goddess ‘Ashtart. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Astarte (from Greek Ἀστάρτη ( Astártē) is the name of a Goddess as known from Northwestern Semitic regions cognate in name origin Presumably under the influence of the Phoenicians, this practice was developed in other ports of the Mediterranean Sea, such as Erice (Sicily), Locri Epizephiri, Croton, Rossano Vaglio, and Sicca Veneria. For the Spanish film director see Victor Erice. Erice ('ɛriʧe Èrici is a historic Town in the province of Trapani Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Locri is a town and Comune (municipality in the Province of Reggio Calabria, Croton may also refer to a plant genus See Croton (genus. Or to the NY village Croton-on-Hudson. Other hypotheses include Asia Minor, Lydia, Syria and the Etruscans. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية

The Biblical story of Judah and Tamar (Genesis 38) provides a depiction of prostitution as practiced in the society of the time. For the rape victim see Rape of Tamar. For the wife of Rehoboam daughter of Absalom mother of Abijah see Maachah. The prostitute plies her trade at the side of a highway, waiting for travelers; she covers her face, which - unlike in the Middle Eastern societies of the present day - marks her as a prostitute, available for casual sex ("he thought her to be a harlot, for she had covered her face"); she gets paid in kind, asking for a kid as her fee - a rather high price in a herding society, which only the wealthy owner of numerous herds could afford to pay for a single sexual encounter; and if the traveller does not have his cattle with him, he must give some valuables as a deposit, until the kid is delivered to the woman. KID, whose name is an Acronym of Kindle Imagine Develop, was a Japan -based company specializing in porting and developing Bishōjo games

Though in this story the woman was not a real prostitute but Judah's widowed daughter-in-law, who had good reasons of seeking to trick Judah and become pregnant by him, she succeeds in impersonating a prostitute and her conduct can be assumed to be the real conduct expected of a prostitute in the society of the time.

A later Biblical story, in the Book of Joshua, a prostitute in Jericho named Rahab assisted Israelite spies with her knowledge of the current socio-cultural and military situation due to her popularity with the high-ranking nobles she serviced, among others. The Book of Joshua ( Hebrew: Sefer Y'hoshua ספר יהושע is the sixth book in both the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Testament of the Christian Jericho ( Arabic, ʼArīḥā; Hebrew, Standard Yəriḥo Tiberian Yərîḫô Rahab, (Heb רחב rachav; ie "broad" "large" was according to the Book of Joshua, a woman who lived in the city of Jericho in The spies, in return for the information, promised to save her and her family during the planned military invasion as long as she fulfilled her part of the deal by keeping the details of the contact with them secret and leaving a sign on her residence that would be a marker for the advancing soldiers to avoid. When the people of Israel conquered Canaan, she left prostitution, converted to Judaism and married a prominent member of the people.

Greece

Main article: Prostitution in Ancient Greece

In ancient Greek society, prostitution was engaged in by both women and boys. Prostitution was a part of daily life in Ancient Greece. In the more important cities, and particularly the many ports it employed a significant proportion The Greek word for prostitute is porne (Gr: πόρνη), derived from the verb pernemi (to sell), with the evident modern evolution. Female prostitutes could be independent and sometimes influential women. They were required to wear distinctive dresses and had to pay taxes. Some similarities have been found between the Greek hetaera and the Japanese oiran, complex figures that are perhaps in an intermediate position between prostitution and courtisanerie. For the elite Ancient Macedonian cavalry ( hetairoi, "companions" see Companion cavalry. were high-class courtesans in Japan. The word "oiran" consists of two Kanji, 花 meaning "flower" and 魁 meaning "leader" A courtesan in mid-16th century usage referred to a mistress or trained artisan of dance and singing especially one associated with wealthy powerful or upper-class (See also the Indian tawaif. Tawaif was a Concubine who catered to the Muslim nobility of South Asia, particularly during the Mughal era. ) Some prostitutes in ancient Greece, such as Lais were as famous for their company as their beauty, and some of these women charged extraordinary sums for their services. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS***************

Solon instituted the first of Athens' brothels (oik'iskoi) in the 6th century BC, and with the earnings of this business he built a temple dedicated to Aprodites Pandemo (or Qedesh), patron goddess of this commerce. Solon ( ancient Greek:, c 638 BC&ndash558 BC was an Athenian Statesman, Lawmaker and Lyric poet. Procuring, however, was severely forbidden. In Cyprus (Paphus) and in Corinth, a type of religious prostitution was practiced where the temple counted more than a thousand prostitutes (hierodules, Gr: ιερόδουλες), according to Strabo. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Religious prostitution, sacred prostitution or temple prostitution is the practice of having Sexual intercourse (with a person other than one's spouse Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.

Each specialised category had its proper name, so there were the chamaitypa'i, working outdoor (lie-down), the perepatetikes who met their customers while walking (and then worked in their houses), the gephyrides, who worked near the bridges. In the 5th century, Ateneo informs us that the price was of 1 obole, a sixth of a drachma and the equivalent of an ordinary worker's day salary. The rare pictures describe that sex was performed on beds with covers and pillows, while triclinia usually didn't have these accessories. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract A triclinium (plural triclinia) is a formal dining room in a Roman building

Male prostitution was also common in Greece. It was usually practiced by adolescent boys, a reflection of the pederastic tastes of Greek men. Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside Slave boys worked the male brothels in Athens, while free boys who sold their favours risked losing their political rights as adults.

Rome

In ancient Rome, there were some commonalities with the Greek system; but as the Empire grew, prostitutes were often foreign slaves, captured, purchased, or raised for that purpose, sometimes by large-scale "prostitute farmers" who took abandoned children. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC For the elite Ancient Macedonian cavalry ( hetairoi, "companions" see Companion cavalry. A relief is a Sculptured Artwork where a modeled form is raised (or alternatively lowered from a flattened background without being disconnected from it Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Child abandonment is the practice of abandoning offspring outside of legal Adoption. Indeed, abandoned children were almost always raised as prostitutes. ^[33] Enslavement into prostitution was sometimes used as a legal punishment against criminal free women. Buyers were allowed to inspect naked men and women for sale in private and there was no stigma attached to the purchase of males by a male aristocrat. A large brothel found in Pompeii called the Lupanar attests to the widespread use of prostitutes in Rome around the turn of the century. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in Life expectancy for prostitutes was generally low, but some managed to get free and establish themselves e. Life expectancy is the average number of years of life remaining at a given age g. as folk doctors. Like Greece, Roman prostitution was highly categorized, with titles for prostitutes and their places of trade including:

Ælicariae, Amasiae, Amatrix, Ambubiae, Amica, Blitidae, Busturiae, Casuaria, Citharistriae, Copae, Cymbalistriae, Delicatae, Diobolares, Diversorium, Doris, Famosae, Forariae, Fornix, Gallinae, Lupae, Lupanaria, Meretrix, Mimae, Noctiluae, Nonariae, Pergulae, Proseda, Prostibula, Quadrantariae, Scorta erratica, Scortum, Stabulae, Tabernae, Tugurium, and Turturilla.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages prostitution was commonly found in urban contexts. Although all forms of sexual activity outside of marriage were regarded as sinful by the Roman Catholic Church, prostitution was tolerated because it was held to prevent the greater evils of rape, sodomy, and masturbation (McCall, 1979). Evil, in many cultures is used to describe acts or thoughts which are contrary to some particular religion Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse Masturbation refers to Sexual stimulation especially of one's own genitals ( self masturbation) and often to the point of Orgasm, which Augustine of Hippo held that: "If you expel prostitution from society, you will unsettle everything on account of lusts". The general tolerance of prostitution was for the most part reluctant, and many canonists urged prostitutes to reform.

After the decline of organised prostitution of the Roman empire, many prostitutes were slaves. However, religious campaigns against slavery, and the growing marketisation of the economy, turned prostitution back into a business. By the High Middle Ages it is common to find town governments ruling that prostitutes were not to ply their trade within the town walls, but they were tolerated outside if only because these areas were beyond the jurisdiction of the authorities. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors In many areas of France and Germany town governments came to set aside certain streets as areas where prostitution could be tolerated. In London the brothels of Southwark were owned by the Bishop of Winchester. Southwark or The Borough is an area of south-east London in the London Borough of Southwark, situated 1 See also List of bishops of Winchester The Bishop of Winchester is the head of the Church of England (MCCall) Still later it became common in the major towns and cities of Southern Europe to establish civic brothels, whilst outlawing any prostitution taking place outside these brothels. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic In much of Northern Europe a more laissez faire attitude tended to be found. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” ^[34] Prostitutes also found a fruitful market in the Crusades.

16th century

By the end of the fifteenth century attitudes seemed to have begun to harden against prostitution. With the advent of the Protestant Reformation, numbers of Southern German towns closed their brothels in an attempt to eradicate prostitution. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases from the earlier sixteenth century may also have influenced attitudes. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans An outbreak of syphilis in Naples 1494 which later swept across Europe, and which may have originated from the Columbian Exchange, may have been one cause of this change in attitude. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. The Columbian Exchange has been one of the most significant events in the history of world Ecology, Agriculture, and Culture.

In some periods prostitutes had to distinguish themselves by particular signs, sometimes wearing very short hair or no hair at all, or wearing veils in societies where other women did not wear them. A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face. Ancient codes regulated in this case the crime of a prostitute that dissimulated her profession. In some cultures, prostitutes were the sole women allowed to sing in public or act in theatrical performances.

18th century to present

In the 18th century, presumably in Venice, prostitutes started using condoms, made with catgut or cow bowel. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the A condom is a device most commonly used during Sexual intercourse.

Many of the women who posed in 19th and early 20th century vintage erotica were prostitutes. Erotic art covers any artistic work including Paintings Sculptures photographs, Music and Writings that is intended to evoke The most famous were the New Orleans women who posed for E. J. Bellocq. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana John Ernest Joseph Bellocq (1873-1949 was a professional Photographer who worked in New Orleans during the early 20th century

In the 19th century, legalized prostitution became a public controversy as France and then the United Kingdom passed the Contagious Diseases Acts, legislation mandating pelvic examinations for suspected prostitutes. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Contagious Diseases Acts were passed by the UK Parliament in 1864, 1866, and 1869. Many early feminists fought for their repeal, either on the grounds that prostitution should be illegal and therefore not government regulated or because it forced degrading medical examinations upon women. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate This legislation applied not only to the United Kingdom and France, but also to their overseas colonies.

A similar situation did in fact exist in the Russian Empire; prostitutes operating out of government-sanctioned brothels were given yellow internal passports signifying their status and were subjected to weekly physical exams. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Leo Tolstoy's novel Resurrection describes legal prostitution in 19th-century Russia. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Resurrection (Воскресение Voskresyeniye) first published in 1899, was the last Novel written by Leo Tolstoy.

Originally, prostitution was widely legal in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Prostitution was made illegal in almost all states between 1910 and 1915 largely due to the influence of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union which was influential in the banning of drug use and was a major force in the prohibition of alcohol. Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol In 1917 the legally defined prostitution district Storyville in New Orleans was closed down by the Federal government over local objections. This article is about the New Orleans district For other things named "Storyville" see Storyville (disambiguation. Prostitution remained legal in Alaska until 1953 (though not yet a US state), and is still legal in some counties of Nevada. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America.

Beginning in the late 1980s, many states increased the penalties for prostitution in cases where the prostitute is knowingly HIV-positive. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome These laws, often known as felony prostitution laws, require anyone arrested for prostitution to be tested for HIV, and if the test comes back positive, the suspect is then informed that any future arrest for prostitution will be a felony instead of a misdemeanor. In Common law legal systems a felony is a serious Crime, often contrasted with a Misdemeanor. A misdemeanor, or misdemeanour, in many common law legal systems is a "lesser" criminal act Penalties for felony prostitution vary in the states that have such laws, with maximum sentences of typically 10 to 15 years in prison. An episode of COPS which aired in the early 1990s detailed the impact of HIV/AIDS among prostitutes to which the felony prostitution laws is deemed as part of HIV/AIDS awareness. COPS is an American Documentary television series that follows Police officers and Sheriff 's deputies during patrols and other police

In the 1970s some religious cults were discovered practicing religious prostitution, or flirty fishing, as an instrument to recruit new members. Religious prostitution, sacred prostitution or temple prostitution is the practice of having Sexual intercourse (with a person other than one's spouse Flirty Fishing ( FFing) is the name of a form of evangelistic Religious prostitution practiced from around 1974 to 1987 by female members in the New ^[35]

Nonhuman animal prostitution

Prostitution has been observed in nonhuman animal species, notably in Adelie penguins and in hangingflies. The Adélie Penguin ( Pygoscelis adeliae) is a type of Penguin common along the entire Antarctic coast and nearby islands Hangingflies or hanging scorpionflies (Bittacidae are a family of Scorpionflies. ^[36][37]

Other meanings

In colloquial usage, the word "prostitute" is sometimes generalized to mean the selling of one's services for a cause thought to be unworthy, in the sense of "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself". In this sense, the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. For instance, in the book, The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield says of his brother ("D. The Catcher in the Rye is a Novel by J D Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951 the novel has been a frequently B. "): "Now he's out in Hollywood, D. B. , being a prostitute. If there's one thing I hate, it's the movies. Don't even mention them to me. " In fact, D. B. is writing screenplays.

See also

Regional

Europe

Asia

South America

Other

• Prostitution in Australia
• Prostitution in India
• Prostitution in New Zealand
• Prostitution in Saudi Arabia
• Prostitution in Turkey
• Prostitution in the United States
  • Prostitution in Nevada

References

External links and other resources

Information sites

• Prostitution ProCon.org - Should prostitution be legal?
• Sexual Freedom Coalition – Guide to Sex Laws in the UK
• Prostitution guide in the U.S.
• UK laws regarding prostitution updated for 2006
• Prostitution Resources
• "John Schools" as an attempt to educate prostitutes' clients
• "Street prostitution" by Michael S. Scott, US DOJ Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series, No. 2

Organizations

• Rahab Foundation – To assist, train, educate and integrate women who decide to give up prostitution (Costa Rica)
• The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
• Prostitutes' Rights Issues and Organizations Around the World – Prostitutes' Education Network
• [http://www.iusw.org The International Union of Sex Workers
• StellaTo educate sex-workers in Canada and to fight for their rights and welfare.
• The Canadian Guild for Erotic Labour
• United Sex Professionals of Finland
• Mary Magdalene Project of Mexico
• Scottish Prostitutes Education Project
• International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe
• Sex Worker and Advocacy Task Force (South Africa)

News articles

• Asia's sex trade is 'slavery' – BBC News 20 February 2003
• Prostitution: Sex is their business – The Economist 2 September 2004
• A modern slave's brutal odyssey – BBC News 3 November 2004
• Legalized Prostitution: Regulating the Oldest Profession – Mark Liberator (2004) on liberator. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London net, updated 8 December 2005
• Sex trade's reliance on forced labour – BBC News 12 May 2005
• Decriminalize sex trade: Vancouver report – CBC.ca 13 June 2006
• Labour votes to limit sex trade – Aftenposten 23 April 2007

Academic papers

• Working girls : prostitutes, their life and social control – Roberta Perkins
  in Australian studies in law, crime and justice (1991); Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology; ISBN 0 642 15877 0
• Marxism versus Moralism by Doctor Helen Ward

" Whether from Reason or Prejudice": Taking Money for Bodily Services - Martha Nussbaum

in The Journal of Legal Studies, 1998 - UChicago Press

Anti-prostitution writing

• Antonella Gambotto-Burke on prostitution
• Andrea Dworkin: Why Men Like Prostitution So Much Andrea Dworkin Keynote Speech at International Trafficking Conference, 1989. Aftenposten ( Norwegian for "Evening Post" is Norway 's second largest Newspaper (after Verdens Gang) with a circulation of 250 (Audio File: 22 min, 128 kbit/s, mp3)
• Andrea Dworkin's Attorney General's Commission Testimony on Pornography and Prostitution
• Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) — list of resources on the sex industry (primarily focused on prostitution)
• Equality Now feminist activism against various forms of prostitution
• Fair Fund Human Trafficking website
• Polaris Project helps prostituted women recover. Located in Washington, D. C.
• The Lola Greene Baldwin FoundationProstitution Recovery Program. Excellent articles, resources and information.
• Prostitution Research & Education. See Melissa Farley
• 'Bad for the Body, Bad for the heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even if Legalized or Decriminalized by Melissa Farley 2004 Violence Against Women 10: 1087-1125. Melissa Farley (born 1942 is an American Clinical psychologist and researcher and Feminist anti-pornography and anti-prostitution
• Prostitution and Male Supremacy by Andrea Dworkin
• Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners. D. Brewer et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 24 October; 97(22): 1238512388. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat
• Prostitution and Civil Rights by Catharine A. MacKinnon
• Prostitution and Trafficking in 9 Countries: Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Melissa Farley, Ann Cotton. Catharine Alice MacKinnon (born October 7, 1946) is an American feminist, Scholar, Lawyer, Teacher and , Jacqueline Lynne, Sybile Zumbeck, Frida Spiwak, Maria E. Reyes, Dinorah Alvarez, Ufuk Sezgin 2003 Journal of Trauma Practice 2 (3/4): 33-74.
• "Prostitution harms women even if indoors: Reply to Weitzer" by Melissa Farley, Violence Against Women 1(7): 971–977, July 2005
• “Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia: What We Must Not Know in Order To Keep the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly” by Melissa Farley 2006 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 18:109-144.
• The question of prostitution - A Marxist analysis of prostitution
• Unequal (A Feminist Response to Marxist Views on Prostitution) by Melissa Farley

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