A United States Army soldier plays table football with two prosthetic arms

In medicine, a prosthesis is an artificial extension that replaces a missing body part. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Table football, also known as foosball, table soccer or baby foot, is a table-top game that is based on Association football (soccer Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of fusing mechanical devices with human muscle, skeleton, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect. Biomechatronics is an applied Interdisciplinary science that aims to integrate mechanical elements in the Human body, both for therapeutic uses (e Prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury (traumatic) or missing from birth (congenital) or to supplement defective body parts. Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth In addition to the standard artificial limb for every-day use, many amputees have special limbs and devices to aid in the participation of sports and recreational activities.

Mechanical and electronic components

The ancient Egyptians developed a wood and leather prosthetic toe to facilitate an amputee's ability to walk

In order for a robotic prosthetic limb to work, it must have several components to integrate it into the body's function:

Biosensors detect signals from the users nervous or muscular systems. A biosensor is a device for the detection of an Analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component It then relays this information to a controller located inside the device, and processes feedback from the limb and actuator (e. g. , position, force) and sends it to the controller. Examples include wires that detect electrical activity on the skin, needle electrodes implanted in muscle, or solid-state electrode arrays with nerves growing through them.

Mechanical sensors process aspects affecting the device (e. g. , limb position, applied force, load) and relay this information to the biosensor or controller. Examples: force meters and accelerometers.

The controller is connected to the user's nerve and muscular systems and the device itself. It sends intention commands from the user to the actuators of the device, and interprets feedback from the mechanical and biosensors to the user. The controller is also responsible for the monitoring and control of the movements of the device.

An actuator mimics the actions of a muscle in producing force and movement. An actuator is a mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system Examples include a motor that aids or replaces original muscle tissue.

Cosmesis

Prosthetics are clearly made of artificial materials, the practice of cosmesis, the creation of life-like limbs made from silicone or PVC, has grown in popularity. Cosmesis is the preservation restoration or bestowing of bodily beauty Silicones are largely inert compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses Such prosthetics, such as artificial hands, can now be made to mimic the appearance of real hands, complete with freckles, veins, hair, fingerprints and even tattoos. Custom-made cosmeses are generally more expensive (costing thousands of US dollars, depending on the level of detail), while standard cosmeses come ready-made in various sizes, though they are often not as realistic as their custom-made counterparts. Another option is the custom-made silicone cover, which can be made to match a person's skin tone but not details such as freckles or wrinkles. Cosmeses are attached to the body in any number of ways, using an adhesive, suction, form-fitting, stretchable skin, or a skin sleeve.

Prosthetic enhancement

Within science fiction, and, more recently, within the scientific community, there has been consideration given to using advanced prostheses to replace healthy body parts with artificial mechanisms and systems to improve function. The morality and desirability of such technologies is being debated. Body parts such as legs, arms, hands, feet, and others can be replaced.

The first experiment with a healthy individual appears to have been that by the British scientist Kevin Warwick. Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954 Coventry, UK is a British scientist and professor of Cybernetics at the University of Reading On 2002-03-14 an implant was interfaced directly into Warwick's nervous system. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. The electrode array, which contained around 100 electrodes, was placed in the median nerve. An electrode array is a configuration of Electrodes used for measuring either an Electric current or Voltage. An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e The median nerve is a Nerve that runs down the Arm and Forearm. The signals produced were detailed enough that a robot arm was able to mimic the actions of Warwick's own arm and provide a form of touch feedback again via the implant. A robotic arm is a Robot Manipulator, usually programmable with similar functions to a human Arm. ^[1]

See also

• Prosthetist
• Amputation

References

External links

• Orthotics & Prosthetics Pakistan First online web resource in Orthotics and Prosthetics from Pakistan.
• American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists is a national organization of practitioners and related O&P professionals.
• Board for Orthotist/Prosthetist Certification, Inc is the National certifying and accrediting body also for orthotic and prosthetic professions.
• American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, Inc is the national certifying and accrediting body for the orthotic and prosthetic professions.
• Amputee Coalition of America has many articles on prosthetics and choosing an O&P provider
• Knee Replacement Surgery
• Never Been Done — Documentary about an athlete with a prosthetic leg
• SCIENCE EXTENDS REACH OF PROSTHETIC ARMS
• National Amputee Centre — Information about artificial limbs
• The UMC St Radboud Amputee Team Website - Information for lower limb amputees including prosthesis alignment, tuning and socket design
• O&PCare has a complete glossary relating to the field of prosthetics
• The Open Prosthetics Project - an open-source collaboration between users, designers and funders to make prosthetic design available and affordable
• How Stuff Works : Biomechatronics - an overview of the field of biomechatronics, of which prosthetics is a part]
• The practical side of living a prosthesis. My experiences and other help
• Mind controlled Human Limbs