Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation project initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers. India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, hosts significant Biodiversity; it is home to 7 This is a list and index to the flora of the Indian subcontinent India has some of the world's most biodiverse regions The political boundaries of India encompass a wide range of ecozones—desert high mountains highlands tropical and This is a list of mammals found in India. The taxonomic order is based on Wilson and Reeder (1993 and this list is largely based on Nameer (2000 This is a list of the bird species recorded in India. The avifauna of India includes a total of 1301 species of which 42 are endemic, 1 has been introduced This is a list of the Fish species found in India and is based on FishBase. India has an extremely diverse Terrain, Climate and Vegetation, which comprises extremes of heat and cold of desert and jungle of low lying plains and The following is a list of the Moths of India. It is estimated that approximately 10000 species of moths are to be found in India The following list includes all animals and birds which occur in India and are rated as Critically Endangered (CR, Endangered (EN or Conservation Areas in India refer to well-demarcated large geographical entities with an established conservation plan and were part of a joint Indo-US project on "landscape Because of its size and range of latitude topography and climate India is home to a great diversity of Ecoregions ranging from permanent ice and snow to Tropical The Wildlife Institute of India (WII is a government institution run by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education which trains wildlife managers and wildlife This is a list of all national parks of India. India 's first National park (an IUCN category II Protected area) was established in 1935 The Indian government has established 14 Biosphere Reserves of India', (categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Category V Protected areas) which protect larger areas A reserved forest (also called reserve forest) or a protected forest in India are terms denoting Forests accorded a certain degree of protection Private protected areas of India refer to Protected areas inside India whose land rights are owned by an individual or a corporation / organization and where the habitat India has over 500 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries ( IUCN Category IV Protected Area) A communal forest in India is a specific term which refers to forests governed by local communities in a way compatible with Sustainable development, and can be of The Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF) is an Indian government ministry. The Indian Forest Service ( IFS) is the Forestry service of India. The Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM (founded 1982) is an autonomous institution located at Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, India, established Project Elephant was launched in 1992 by the Government of India to assist states having free ranging population of wild Elephants The project was aimed at ensuring The Indian Forest Act 1927 was largely based on previous Indian Forest Acts implemented under the British The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 refers to a sweeping package of legislation enacted in 1972 by the Government of India. List of Zoos in India Central Zoo Authority of India (CZA is the Governing Authority of all Zoos in India Allen Forest Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis) is a Subspecies of Tiger primarily It was launched on April 1, 1973 and has become one of the most successful wildlife conservation ventures. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted tiger reserves representative of various bio-geographical regions throughout India. The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus It strives to maintain a viable tiger population in their natural environment.
In 2007, there were more than 40 Project Tiger wildlife reserves covering an area of 37,761 km². nature reserve ( natural reserve, nature preserve, natural preserve) is a Protected area of importance for Wildlife, flora Project Tiger helped increase the population of these tigers from 1,200 in the 1970s to 3,500 in 1990s. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Now the count has dropped again to 1411 as per 2008 official census.
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History
At the turn of the 20th century, one estimate of the tiger population in India placed the figure at 40,000. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The first ever all-India tiger census was conducted in 1972 which revealed the existence of only 1827 tigers. A recent report [1] published by the National Tiger Conservation Authority shows only 1411 tigers in existence. Following a recommendation of the Tiger Task Force constituted by the Prime Minister of India, the National Tiger Conservation Authority was established in December 2005. The project was launched in 1973, and various tiger reserves were created in the country based on a 'core-buffer' strategy. An animal sanctuary is a facility where Animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives Management plans were drawn up for each tiger reserve based on the principles outlined below:
- Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities in the buffer zone.
- Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages done to the eco-system by human and other interferences so as to facilitate recovery of the eco-system to its natural state.
- Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carrying out research about wildlife.
Initially, 9 tiger reserves were established in different States during the period 1973-74, by pooling the resources available with the Central and State Governments. These nine reserves covered an area of about 13,017km² -- viz Manas (Assam), Palamau (Bihar), Similipal (Orissa), Corbett (U. P. ), Kanha (M. P. ), Melghat (Maharashtra), Bandipur (Karnataka), Ranthambhore (Rajasthan) and Sunderbans (West Bengal). The World Wildlife Fund For Nature has given Project Tiger assistance in the form of equipment, expertise and literature worth US $ 1 million. There are 28 tiger reserves in India. Project Tiger was a pet project of Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The main achievements of this project are excellent recovery of the habitat and consequent increase in the tiger population in the reserve areas, from a mere 268 in 9 reserves in 1972 to above one thousand in 28 reserves in 2006. Tigers, being at the apex of the food chain, can be considered as the indicator of the stability of the ecosystem. Food chains, also called food networks and/or trophic networks, describe the feeding relationships between species within an Ecosystem. Thus, 'Project Tiger' is basically the conservation of the entire ecosystem and apart from tigers, all other wild animals' population have also increased in the project areas.
Present Organization and aims
The Project Tiger was meant to identify the limiting factors and to mitigate them by suitable management. The damages done to the habitat were to be rectified so as to facilitate the recovery of eco-system to the maximum possible extent. In Law, damages refers to the money paid or awarded to a Claimant (England Pursuer (Scotland or Plaintiff (US following a successful The overall administration of the project is monitored by a 'Steering Committee'. A 'Field Director' is appointed for each reserve, who is assisted by the field and technical personnel. At the Centre, a full-fledged 'Director' of the project coordinates the work for the country.
Wireless communication system and outstation patrol camps have been developed within the tiger reserves, due to which poaching has declined considerably. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot Poaching is the illegal Hunting, Fishing or Harvesting of wild plants or animals Fire protection is effectively done by suitable preventive and control measures. Fire protection engineering (also known as fire engineering or fire safety engineering) is the application of science and engineering principles to protect people Voluntary Village relocation has been done in many reserves, especially from the core area. . Live stock grazing has been controlled to a great extent in the tiger reserves. Various compensatory developmental works have improved the water regime and the ground and field level vegetation, thereby increasing the animal density
Future plans
Wildlife protection and crime risk management in the present scenario requires a widely distributed Information Network, using state-of-the-art information and communication technology. Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region it refers to the Ground cover provided by plants The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way This becomes all the more important to ensure the desired level of protection in field formations to safeguard the impressive gains of a focused project like 'Project Tiger'. Safeguard is a tool used by a state to restrain International trade to protect a certain home industry from foreign competition The important elements in Wildlife protection and control are: Mapping/plotting the relative spatial abundance of wild animals, identification of risk factors, proximity to risk factors, sensitivity categorization, crime mapping and immediate action for apprehending the offenders based on effective networking and communication. Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms A Risk factor is a concept in Finance theory such as the CAPM, APT and other theories that use pricing kernels Space technology has shown the interconnectivity of natural and anthropogenic phenomena occurring anywhere on earth. Anthropogenic effects processes objects or materials are those that are derived from Human activities as opposed to those occurring in Natural environments without Several Tiger Reserves are being linked with the Project Tiger Directorate in the GIS domain for Wildlife Crime Risk Management. A Tiger Atlas of India and a Tiger Habitat & Population Evaluation System for the country is being developed using state-of-the-art technology. This involves:
- Mapping , data acquisition and GIS modeling
- Field data collection and validation
- Data Maintenance , Dissemination and Use
The following potential tiger habitats in the country are being covered:
- Shivalik-Terai Conservation Unit (Uttaranchal, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Nepal)
- North east Conservation Unit
- Sunderbans Conservation Unit
- Central Indian Conservation Unit
- Eastern Ghat Conservation Unit
- Western Ghat Conservation Unit
Satellite data is being used and classified into vegetation and land use maps on a 1:50,000 scale, with digitized data relating to contour, villages, roads, drainage, administrative boundaries and soil. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region it refers to the Ground cover provided by plants The spatial layers would be attached with attribute data, viz. human population, livestock population, meteorological data, agricultural information and field data pertaining to wildlife, habitat for evolving regional protocols to monitor tiger and its habitat.
Future activities
The dynamics of [[]] and wildlife conservation have been distorted due to need for income, lack of awareness, lack of landuse policy approach in landscapes having Tiger Reserves is of utmost importance in the country. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. It should be viewed as a mosaic of different landuse patterns, viz, tiger conservation and preservation, forestry, sustainable use and development, besides socio-economic growth. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic
Tiger habitats exist in environments of thousands of indigenous communities which depend on them. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Therefore we cannot view these protected areas in isolation from the surrounding socio-economic realities and developmental priorities of the Govt. This calls for a cross-sectoral and cross-disciplinary approach.
Tigers now need a "preservationist" approach. Regional planning is important around Tiger Reserves to foster ecological connectivity between protected areas through restorative inputs with integrated landuse planning. The management plan of a Tiger Reserve, therefore, needs to be integrated in larger regional management plans.
Criticism
In an Animal Planet special named Tiger Zero, Indian naturalist Valmik Thapar has said that for several years, Project Tiger officials have inflated India's wild tiger numbers so as to save their jobs. Animal Planet is an American Satellite and Cable Television channel (also broadcast via IPTV in the UK) launched on Valmik Thapar is an Indian natural historian. He is the author of 14 books and several articles and has produced a range of programmes for Television. Project Tiger itself is now being threatened by government activities like the newly passed Tribal Bill, which allows tribal population to reside inside designated tiger sanctuaries. Furthermore, all the tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve have been poached, showing the ineffectiveness of Project Tiger. [2] A recent article[3] in Tehelka dwells on the odds faced by under-equipped and under-paid forest rangers in the fight to save the Tigers in India. Tehelka is an Indian Weekly Magazine under the editorship of Tarun Tejpal
References
External Links
The Dream Called Project Tiger
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