Project MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert CIA mind-control and chemical interrogation research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence, that began in the early 1950s and continued at least through the late 1960s. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Mind control is a broad range of psychological tactics able to subvert an individual's control of his own thinking, behavior emotions or decisions A truth drug (or truth serum) is a Psychoactive drug used to attempt to obtain information from an unwilling subject most often by a police intelligence or military See also Central Intelligence Agency The Directorate of Science and Technology is the branch of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA charged ^[1][2][3] There is much published evidence that the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methodology, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function. ^[4]

Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress, through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973. Richard McGarrah Helms ( March 30, 1913 &ndash October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI from 1966 to 1973 ^[5]

Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind control research continued. Mind control is a broad range of psychological tactics able to subvert an individual's control of his own thinking, behavior emotions or decisions In a 1977 interview, Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a 'cover story. '. ^[6][7]

On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator Ted Kennedy said:

The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an 'extensive testing and experimentation' program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens 'at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign. Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic ' Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to 'unwitting subjects in social situations. ' At least one death, that of Dr. [Frank] Olson, resulted from these activities. Frank Olson ( July 17 1910 &ndash November 28 1953) was a US Army scientist who died under mysterious circumstances while undertaking The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers. ^[8]

Contents 1 Title and origins 2 Aims 3 Budget 4 Experiments 4.1 Drugs 4.1.1 LSD 4.1.2 Other drugs 4.2 Hypnosis 4.3 Canadian experiments 5 Revelation 6 U.S. General Accounting Office Report 7 Deaths 8 Legal issues involving informed consent 9 Extent of participation 10 Famous subjects 11 Conspiracy theories 12 Popular culture 13 See also 14 Sources 14.1 References 14.2 Government Documents 14.3 Articles 14.4 Books 15 External links

Title and origins

The project's intentionally oblique CIA cryptonym is made up of the digraph MK, meaning that the project was sponsored by the agency's Technical Services Division, followed by the arbitrary dictionary word ULTRA. CIA cryptonyms are Code words seen in declassified documents of the U Other related cryptonyms include MK-NAOMI and MK-DELTA. MKNAOMI was the code name for a joint Department of Defense / CIA research program lasting from the 1950s through the 1970s MKDELTA, like its successor MKULTRA, was a Mind control operation run by the Central Intelligence Agency.

A precursor of the MK-ULTRA program began in 1945 when the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was established and given direct responsibility for Operation Paperclip. See also Operation Paperclip The Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA was the subcommittee of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC of the Operation Paperclip (also Project Paperclip) was the code name for the O Operation Paperclip was a program to recruit former Nazi spies, scientists and experts in torture and brain washing, some of whom had just been identified and prosecuted as war criminals during the Nuremberg Trials. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after

Several secret U. S. government projects grew out of Operation Paperclip. These projects included Project CHATTER (established 1947), and Project BLUEBIRD (established 1950), which was later renamed to Project ARTICHOKE in 1951. Project Chatter was instigated by the US Navy late in 1947. Intelligence rumours of Soviet success with Truth drugs fueled the program BLUEBIRD was the Cryptonym for a CIA program involving special interrogation methods including the use of drugs hypnosis and isolation Project ARTICHOKE was a CIA project that researched Interrogation methods and arose from Project BLUEBIRD on August 20, 1951, Their purpose was to study mind-control, interrogation, behavior modification and related topics.

Headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the MK-ULTRA project was started on the order of CIA director Allen Dulles on April 13, 1953,^[9] largely in response to Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind-control techniques on U. Sidney Gottlieb ( August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American Military psychiatrist Allen Welsh Dulles (April 7 1893 &ndash January 29 1969 was the first civilian and the longest serving (1953-1961 Director of Central Intelligence (de-facto head of Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Mind control is a broad range of psychological tactics able to subvert an individual's control of his own thinking, behavior emotions or decisions S. prisoners of war in Korea. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ^[10] The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was also interested in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques,^[11] and would later invent several schemes to drug Fidel Castro. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until

Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent. ^[12] In some cases, academic researchers being funded through grants from CIA front organizations were unaware that their work was being used for these purposes. ^[13]

In 1964, the project was renamed MK-SEARCH. The project attempted to produce a perfect truth drug for use in interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control. A truth drug (or truth serum) is a Psychoactive drug used to attempt to obtain information from an unwilling subject most often by a police intelligence or military Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

An MK-ULTRA program tagged "Operation Teapot" involved the testing of pregnant women with radiation, among other things. Operation Teapot was a series of fourteen Nuclear test explosions conducted at the Nevada Test Site in the first half of 1955. Also under this program, U. S. army soldiers were dosed with LSD to study the effects of panic.

Another MK-ULTRA effort, Subproject 54, was the Navy's top secret "Perfect Concussion" program, which used sub aural frequency blasts to erase memory. During this program LSD's corollary effect on controlled and channeled mass panic was discovered. ^[14]

MK-ULTRA head Sidney Gottlieb was involved with both Operation Teapot and Subproject 54. The U. S. government officially denied involvement until 1995 when an official apology was issued to the pregnant women and to the affected U. S. army soldiers. However no apologies were offered to the affected U. S. Navy soldiers or to a group of Oregon prison inmates, whose testicles were irradiated without their knowledge. Compensation for medical treatment resulting from these experiments has been disputed and remains tied up in arbitration more than 40 years after the fact. Since 1995, most of the associated files have been reclassified as Top Secret.

Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA Director Richard Helms, it has been difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MK Ultra and related CIA programs. Richard McGarrah Helms ( March 30, 1913 &ndash October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI from 1966 to 1973 ^[15]

Aims

The Agency poured millions of dollars into studies probing dozens of methods of influencing and controlling the mind. One 1955 MK-ULTRA document gives an indication of the size and range of the effort; this document refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as follows:^[16]

1. Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public.
2. Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception.
3. Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
4. Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
5. Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so that they may be used for malingering, etc.
6. Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness.
7. Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain-washing".
8. Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use.
9. Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use.
10. Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute anemia, etc.
11. Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down.
12. Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced.
13. A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning.
14. Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts.
15. Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects.
16. A knockout pill which can surreptitiously be administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc. , which will be safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis.
17. A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to perform any physical activity whatsoever.

Historians have learned that creating a "Manchurian Candidate" subject through "mind control" techniques was undoubtedly a goal of MK-ULTRA and related CIA projects. The Manchurian Candidate is a 1959 thriller Novel written by Richard Condon, adapted into films in 1962 and 2004. ^[17] However, there is no conclusive evidence the CIA actually succeeded in controlling a person's actions through mind control.

Budget

A secretive arrangement granted a percentage of the CIA budget. The MK-ULTRA director was granted six percent of the CIA operating budget in 1953, without oversight or accounting. ^[18]

Experiments

CIA documents suggest that "chemical, biological and radiological" means were investigated for the purpose of mind control as part of MK-ULTRA. ^[19]

Drugs

LSD

Early efforts focused on LSD, which later came to dominate many of MK-ULTRA's programs.

Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject's knowledge and informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code that the U. The Nuremberg Code is a set of Research ethics principles for Human experimentation set as a result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the S. agreed to follow after WWII.

Efforts to "recruit" subjects were often illegal, even discounting the fact that drugs were being administered (though actual use of LSD, for example, was legal in the United States until October 6, 1966). Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. Operation Midnight Climax was an operation initially established by Sidney Gottlieb and placed under the direction of Narcotics Bureau officer George White under the alias For the 2008 film of this name see The Brothel. For the television series of this name see Cathouse The Series. The men were dosed with LSD, and the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors and the "sessions" were filmed for later viewing and study. ^[20]

Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in many of these cases, the subjects appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. In one case, volunteers were given LSD for 77 consecutive days. ^[21]

LSD was eventually dismissed by MK-ULTRA's researchers as too unpredictable in its effects. [1] Although useful information was sometimes obtained through questioning subjects on LSD, not uncommonly the most marked effect would be the subject's absolute and utter certainty that they were able to withstand any form of interrogation attempt, even physical torture.

Other drugs

Another technique investigated was connecting a barbiturate IV into one arm and an amphetamine IV into the other. Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system Depressants and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects from mild Sedation Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Amphetamine, and related drugs such as Methamphetamine are a group of drugs that act by increasing levels of Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and Dopamine Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. ^[22] The barbiturates were released into the subject first, and as soon as the subject began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. The subject would begin babbling incoherently at this point, and it was sometimes possible to ask questions and get useful answers.

Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used under code name MK-SEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, and sodium pentothal. Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Temazepam (marketed under brand names Restoril, Euhypnos, Normison, Remestan, Tenox and Norkotral) is an intermediate-acting Mescaline or 345-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally-occurring Psychedelic Alkaloid of the Phenethylamine class Psilocybin (IPA /saɪləˈsaɪbɪn/ (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic Indole of the Tryptamine family found in Psilocybin The fictional truth drug Hyoscine-pentothal does not describe real hyoscine accurately Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a The fictional truth drug Hyoscine-pentothal does not describe real pentothal accurately ^[23]

Hypnosis

Declassified MK-ULTRA documents indicate hypnosis was studied in the early 1950s. Hypnosis is often thought to be a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility with diminished peripheral awareness Experimental goals included: the creation of "hypnotically induced anxieties," "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter," studying hypnosis and polygraph examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects," and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis. Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components A polygraph (popularly referred to as a Lie detector) is an instrument that measures and records several physiological responses such as Blood pressure "^[24]

Canadian experiments

The experiments were exported to Canada when the CIA recruited Scottish physician Donald Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found particularly interesting. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Donald Ewen Cameron (1901-1967 was a Scottish - American Psychiatrist. Psychic driving is a psychiatric procedure in which Electroconvulsive therapy and Psychedelic drugs such as LSD are used in an attempt at Mind control Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and completely rebuilding the psyche. He commuted from Albany, New York to Montreal every week to work at the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKULTRA experiments there. Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The Allan Memorial Institute (AMI located in Montreal Quebec, houses the Psychiatry Department of the Royal Victoria Hospital (a McGill University Health Centre In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which Seizures are electrically induced His "driving" experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements. Tape loops are loops of prerecorded Magnetic tape used to create repetitive rhythmic musical patterns or dense layers of sound His experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered permanently from his actions. ^[25] His treatments resulted in victims' incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents. Amnesia (from Greek) is a condition in which Memory is disturbed ^[26] His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist Dr William Sargant at St Thomas' Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Surrey, who also experimented extensively and very damagingly on his patients without their consent and was similarly involved with the Intelligence Services. William Walters Sargant ( April 24, 1907 - August 27, 1988) was a British Psychiatrist who is now famous for his work St Thomas' Hospital is a large NHS Hospital in Lambeth, London, England.

It was during this era that Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of the World Psychiatric Association as well as president of the American and Canadian psychiatric associations. The World Psychiatric Association (WPA is an international umbrella organisation of psychiatric societies The American Psychiatric Association (APA is the main Professional organization of Psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal only a decade earlier. The Doctors' Trial (officially United States of America v Karl Brandt et al ^[27]

Revelation

In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Richard McGarrah Helms ( March 30, 1913 &ndash October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI from 1966 to 1973 Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MK-ULTRA all but impossible.

In December 1974, The New York Times reported that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U. S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report prompted investigations by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI, and intelligence-related agencies of the military. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Mescaline or 345-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally-occurring Psychedelic Alkaloid of the Phenethylamine class They also revealed that at least one subject had died after administration of LSD.

The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church, concluded that "[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects". For his son Frank Forrester Church IV the Unitarian Universalist minister and theologian see Forrest Church. The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers . . . call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments. "

Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President Gerald Ford in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given Consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts implications Subsequent orders by Presidents Carter and Reagan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002

On the heels of the revelations about CIA experiments, similar stories surfaced regarding U.S. Army experiments. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. In 1975 the Secretary of the Army instructed the Army Inspector General to conduct an investigation. Among the findings of the Inspector General was the existence of a 1953 memorandum penned by then Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Charles Erwin Wilson ( July 18, 1890 — September 26, 1961) American businessman and politician was United States Secretary Documents show that the CIA participated in at least two of Department of Defense committees during 1952. These committee findings led to the issuance of the "Wilson Memo," which mandated--in accord with Nuremberg Code protocols--that only volunteers be used for experimental operations conducted in the U. The Nuremberg Code is a set of Research ethics principles for Human experimentation set as a result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the S. armed forces. [2] In response to the Inspector General's investigation, the Wilson Memo was declassified in August 1975.

With regard to drug testing within the Army, the Inspector General found that "the evidence clearly reflected that every possible medical consideration was observed by the professional investigators at the Medical Research Laboratories. " However the Inspector General also found that the mandated requirements of Wilson's 1953 memorandum had been only partially adhered to; he concluded that the "volunteers were not fully informed, as required, prior to their participation; and the methods of procuring their services, in many cases, appeared not to have been in accord with the intent of Department of the Army policies governing use of volunteers in research. "

Other branches of the U. S. armed forces, the Air Force for example, were found not to have adhered to Wilson Memo stipulations regarding voluntary drug testing.

In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a CBC news show, The Fifth Estate. the fifth estate is a Canadian television Newsmagazine, which airs on the English language Television network of the It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Dr. Cameron's efforts, but perhaps even more shockingly, the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. Donald Ewen Cameron (1901-1967 was a Scottish - American Psychiatrist. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA as their U. S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government eventually settled out of court for $100,000 to each of the 127 victims.

U. S. General Accounting Office Report

The U. S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)

The quote from the study:

. . . Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave hallucinogenic drugs to thousands of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950's and 1960's. In addition to LSD, the Army also tested quinuclidinyl benzilate, a hallucinogen code-named BZ. "QNB" redirects here For the spoof Amateur radio Q code, see QNB (amateur radio. "QNB" redirects here For the spoof Amateur radio Q code, see QNB (amateur radio. (Note 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-called MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program consisted of 149 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human subjects. . . ^[28]

Deaths

Harold Blauer, a professional tennis player in New York City, died as a result of a secret Army experiment involving MDA. The City of New York 34-Methylenedioxyamphetamine ( MDA or Tenamfetamine) is a Psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and empathogen/entactogen of the ^[29]

Frank Olson, a United States Army biochemist and biological weapons researcher, was given LSD without his knowledge or consent in 1953 as part of a CIA experiment, and committed suicide a week later following a severe psychotic episode. Frank Olson ( July 17 1910 &ndash November 28 1953) was a US Army scientist who died under mysterious circumstances while undertaking The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium A CIA doctor assigned to monitor Olson's recovery claimed to be asleep in another bed in a New York City hotel room when Olson jumped through the window to fall ten stories to his death. ^[30]

Olson's son disputes this version of events, and maintains that his father was murdered due to his knowledge of the often-lethal interrogation techniques employed by the CIA in Europe, used on Cold War prisoners. Frank Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, and cranial injuries indicated Olson had been knocked unconscious before exiting the window. ^[31]

The CIA's own internal investigation, by contrast, claimed Gottlieb had conducted the experiment with Olson's prior knowledge, although neither Olson nor the other men taking part in the experiment were informed as to the exact nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The report further suggested that Gottlieb was nonetheless due a reprimand, as he had failed to take into account Olsen's already-diagnosed suicidal tendencies, which might well have been exacerbated by the LSD. ^[30]

Legal issues involving informed consent

The revelations about the CIA and the Army prompted a number of subjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal government for conducting illegal experiments. Although the government aggressively, and sometimes successfully, sought to avoid legal liability, several plaintiffs did receive compensation through court order, out-of-court settlement, or acts of Congress. Frank Olson's family received $750,000 by a special act of Congress, and both President Ford and CIA director William Colby met with Olson's family to publicly apologize. William Egan Colby ( January 4, 1920 – April 27, 1996) spent a career in Intelligence for the United States culminating in holding

Previously, the CIA and the Army had actively and successfully sought to withhold incriminating information, even as they secretly provided compensation to the families. One subject of Army drug experimentation, James Stanley, an Army sergeant, brought an important, albeit unsuccessful, suit. The government argued that Stanley was barred from suing under a legal doctrine—known as the Feres doctrine, after a 1950 Supreme Court case, Feres v. United States—that prohibits members of the Armed Forces from suing the government for any harms that were inflicted "incident to service. Feres v United States, 340 US 135 ( 1950) is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the United States is not liable "

In 1987, the Supreme Court affirmed this defense in a 5–4 decision that dismissed Stanley's case (483 U.S. 669). The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters. " In dissent, Justice William Brennan argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of constitutional rights:

The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable. William Joseph Brennan Jr ( April 25, 1906 &ndash July 24, 1997) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the In the United States the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented with human subjects. The Nuremberg Code is a set of Research ethics principles for Human experimentation set as a result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the . . . [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials . . . began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD.

Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing a separate dissent, stated:

No judicially crafted rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing human experimentation alleged to have occurred in this case. Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is an American Jurist. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role in the criminal prosecution of Nazi officials who experimented with human subjects during the Second World War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential . Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after . . to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts. ' If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators.

This is the only Supreme Court case to address the application of the Nuremberg Code to experimentation sponsored by the U. S. government. And while the suit was unsuccessful, dissenting opinions put the Army—and by association the entire government—on notice that use of individuals without their consent is unacceptable. The limited application of the Nuremberg Code in U. The Nuremberg Code is a set of Research ethics principles for Human experimentation set as a result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the S. courts does not detract from the power of the principles it espouses, especially in light of stories of failure to follow these principles that appeared in the media and professional literature during the 1960s and 1970s and the policies eventually adopted in the mid-1970s.

In another law suit, Wayne Ritchie, a former United States Marshall, alleged the CIA laced his food or drink with LSD at a 1957 Christmas party. While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent, U. S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel found Ritchie could not prove he was one of the victims of MKULTRA. Judge Marilyn Hall Patel (born 1938) is an active judge presiding in the U She dismissed the case in 2007. See this PDF file for details.

Extent of participation

44 American colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics (in addition to those associated with universities), and 3 prisons are known to have participated in MKULTRA. College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of ^[32][33]

Famous subjects

Considerable evidence supports the contention that Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski participated in CIA-sponsored MK-ULTRA experiments conducted at Harvard University by Henry A. Murray, a professor in Social Relations, from the fall of 1959 through the spring of 1962. Kaczynski was subjected to "a disturbing and what would now be seen as an ethically indefensible experiment on twenty-two undergraduates. " Kaczynski was a precocious, though impressionable, sixteen-year-old when he began his participation; his assigned code name was "Lawful. " He emerged, years later, as a terrorist and has been sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Parole may have different meanings depending on the field and judiciary system ^{[34] [35]}

Merry Prankster Ken Kesey, author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, volunteered for MK-ULTRA experiments while he was a student at Stanford University. The Merry Pranksters are a group of people who originally formed around American Author Ken Kesey in 1964 and sometimes lived communally at his Kenneth Elton Kesey ( September 17, 1935 &ndash November 10, 2001) was an American Author, best known for his major novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962 is a Novel written by Ken Kesey. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Kesey's ingestion of LSD during these experiments led directly to his widespread promotion of the drug and the subsequent development of hippie culture. The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world

Candy Jones, American fashion model and radio host, claimed to have been a victim of mind control in the '60s, but her account has not been verified. Candy Jones (born Jessica Arline Wilcox in Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania, on December 31, 1925 - January 18, 1990) was an

Infamous Irish mob boss, James "Whitey" Bulger was subjected to testing while in prison for a chance of earlier parole. James Joseph " Whitey " Bulger Jr (born September 3 1929) is a wanted fugitive and alleged leader of the Winter Hill Gang

Conspiracy theories

MK-ULTRA, perhaps predictably, plays a part in many conspiracy theories given its nature and the destruction of most records. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment Some claim the MK-ULTRA project was linked with the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a They have argued that there is evidence that the assassin, Sirhan Sirhan, had been subjected to mind control, though such ideas are generally dismissed due to a lack of supporting evidence. Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (born March 19, 1944) is the convicted Assassin of United States Senator Robert F Recently, these views have become more widespread after the evidence cited by Sirhan's most recent lawyer Lawrence Teeter, in the June 11, 2003 Interview with Sirhan's attorney Lawrence Teeter on KPFA 94.1 / Guns & Butter show. Lawrence Teeter (1949 – July 31 2005) was an American lawyer most well-known for being the attorney of Sirhan Sirhan, the man convicted of Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

After Leo Ryan was murdered at Jonestown, his children filed a lawsuit claiming that the CIA had been operating Jonestown as part of their MK-ULTRA program, and that Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the US Embassy who had organized the trip on Ryan's behalf, was a CIA agent. Leo Joseph Ryan Jr (May 5 1925&ndashNovember 18 1978 was an American politician of the Democratic Party. The lawsuit was dismissed for reasons that have never been made public, and the majority of U. S. government records concerning Jonestown remain sealed to this day. ^[36][37]

Some, such as Cathy O'Brien, claim that MK-ULTRA involved the abduction and/or brainwashing of children as an aspect of satanic ritual abuse. Cathy O'Brien (born 1957 claims to be a victim of a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA mind control program named MKULTRA which involved government-sanctioned sexual Satanic ritual abuse ( SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, cult related abuse, ritualized abuse, sadistic ritual abuse, ritual Most research into the occurrence has found no evidence to support such claims.

Popular culture

• MKULTRA is referenced in the plots of The Ambler Warning by Robert Ludlum, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe, Firestarter by Stephen King, Just a Couple of Days by Tony Vigorito, Murder in the CIA by Margaret Truman, The Manchurian Candidate by Richard Condon, The Telling of Lies by Timothy Findley; and The Watchmen by John Altman (author); the films Conspiracy Theory, The Good Shepherd, and Jacob's Ladder; the television series Angel, The Lone Gunmen, Numb3rs, and The X-Files; the games Conspiracy X and The Suffering: Prison is Hell; the character Deathstroke the Terminator in the Teen Titans by DC Comics. The Ambler Warning is a Robert Ludlum Spy thriller that takes us to a place on Parrish Island a restricted island off the coast of Virginia Robert Ludlum ( May 25, 1927 New York City  – March 12, 2001 Naples Florida) was an American Author The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is a work of Literary journalism by Tom Wolfe, published in 1968 Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr (born March 2, 1931 in Richmond, Virginia) known as Tom Wolfe, is a Best-selling Firestarter is a novel by Stephen King originally published in 1980 Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist, Just a Couple of Days is the debut novel by author Tony Vigorito. Mary Margaret Truman Daniel, widely known throughout her life as Margaret Truman, ( February 17 1924 — January 29 2008) was an The Manchurian Candidate is a 1959 thriller Novel written by Richard Condon, adapted into films in 1962 and 2004. Richard Thomas Condon (born March 18, 1915 in New York New York; died April 9, 1996 in Dallas Texas) was a Satirical Timothy Irving Frederick Findley, OC, O Ont ( October 30, 1930 - June 21, 2002) was a Canadian Novelist For the Alan Moore comic books see Watchmen The Watchmen were a Canadian rock band John Altman (born 1969 is an American thriller Writer. He is also a musician and a Harvard graduate Conspiracy Theory is a 1997 American action / Paranoid thriller Film directed by Richard Donner. Jacob's Ladder is a 1990 Psychological horror Film directed by Adrian Lyne, based on a Screenplay by Bruce Joel Rubin Angel is an American Television series, a Spin-off of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The Lone Gunmen is a Television show created by Chris Carter and broadcast on FOX. NUMB3RS (pronounced Numbers) is an American Television show produced by brothers Ridley and Tony Scott. The X-Files is a Peabody, Golden Globe and Emmy Award -winning American Science fiction television series created by Chris Carter Conspiracy X is a Role-playing game (RPG published by Eden Studios Inc The Suffering is a Video game developed by Surreal Software and published by Midway Games, released in 2004 for the Xbox, PlayStation Deathstroke the Terminator ( Slade Wilson) also called simply Slade (to the people who know him Deathstroke (and originally simply the Terminator For an overview of the Teen Titans team (including more details on the comics listed below see Teen Titans Various Superhero groups by the name Teen Titans DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company
• The bands mk Ultra and MK-ULTRA took their names from these projects. mk Ultra was an American alternative band that played between 1994 and 1999. MK-ULTRA (also spelled Mk-Ultra, MK Ultra, or Mk Ultra) was a hardcore / thrash band from Chicago Illinois formed in MKULTRA is also mentioned in songs or liner notes of such artists as Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Fatboy Slim, Green Magnet School, Immortal Technique, Canibus, The Manic Street Preachers, Muse, The Orb, Sirius Isness, and Lustmord side project Terror Against Terror. Fatboy Slim, also known as Norman Cook, (born Quentin Leo Cook on 31 July 1963 is a British DJ and Big beat musician Overview and Biography Green Magnet School was an Experimental rock band formed in Massachusetts in 1987. Felipe Coronel, better known as Immortal Technique, is a Hip hop MC and political activist Germaine Williams, better known by his stage name Canibus, is an American Rapper. Manic Street Preachers (often known colloquially as the " Manics " or " MSP " are a Welsh rock band consisting of James Muse are The Orb are an English Electronic music group known for popularising Chill out music in the 1990s and spawning the genre of Ambient house. Sirius Isness is a French band formed in 2000 producing Psychedelic trance music Lustmord is also a German and Swedish word that means Lust murder. Terror Against Terror (Hebrew Terror Neged Terror) was a militant organization in Israel which advocated violent methods in retaliation to Palestinian attacks
• The Canadian band Tokyo Police Club uses scenes of a film based on MK Ultra in their video for "Citizens Of Tomorrow". Tokyo Police Club is a Canadian Indie rock band from Newmarket Ontario, consisting of Singer and bassist Dave Monks Guitarist
• MKULTRA also provides a name for a move by professional wrestler Sterling James Keenan and a strain of medical marijuana. Professional wrestling, or pro wrestling, is a non-competitive professional Sport, where all matches are scripted by the promotion's booking staff Matt Polinsky (born February 24 1984) is an American professional wrestler known better by his Ring name, Sterling James Medical cannabis refers to the use of the Cannabis plant as a physician-recommended Herbal therapy as well as synthetic THC and Cannabinoids
• The 1998 Canadian television film The Sleep Room dramatized the project.

See also

Brainwashing CIA cryptonyms CIA operations Human radiation experiments Louis Jolyon West MKDELTA MKNAOMI

Operation Paperclip Project ARTICHOKE Project BLUEBIRD Project CHATTER Sidney Gottlieb United States v. Stanley, US Supreme Court case William Sargant

Sources

References

Government Documents

• [3] U. S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong. , 2d Sess. (Washington, D. C. : GPO, 1976), 394.
  • A link to the first page on MKULTRA.
  • A link to the first page on Frank Olson.
• [4] U. S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong. , 1st Sess. August 3, 1977
• [5] U. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays S. Department of Energy: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals
• [6] U. S. Department of Energy: The Records of Our Past
• [7] Office of the Director of Central Intelligence (ODCI): Studies in Intelligence - Fifteen DCIs' First 100 Day
• Entire MKULTRA Document Archive
• Entire MKULTRA Document Archive in PDF format

Articles

(sorted by date)

• "Book Disputes CIA Chief on Mind-Control Efforts", by Bill Richards. The Washington Post, January 29, 1979, page A2. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)
• "The CIA's Attempt At Mind Control: Bad Trips?", The Washington Post, February 15, 1979, page C2. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)
• "Canadians Sue U. S. Over CIA Tests Of Behavior Modification Methods", by Laura A. Kiernan. The Washington Post, December 12, 1980, page A44. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar)
• "Tests Contradict U. S. Story of Man's Suicide; Family Suspects CIA Killed Researcher", by Brian Mooar. The Washington Post, July 12, 1994, page B1. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)
• "New Study Yields Little on Death of Biochemist Drugged by CIA", by Brian Mooar. The Washington Post, November 29, 1994, page B3. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)
• "Mk Ultra", by Mark Jenkins. The Washington Post, September 25, 1998, page N15. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)
• "CIA Official Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies", by Bart Barnes. The Washington Post, March 11, 1999, page B5. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
• "The Coldest", by Ted Gup. The Washington Post, December 16, 2001, page W9. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
• [8] "Government-linked 'suicide' probed", H. P. Albarelli Jr. , 8 September 2002. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• [9] "Operation Midnight Climax", by Lawrence Segel. The Medical Post, September 17, 2002, Volume 38 Issue 33. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• [10] "Woman awarded $100,000 for CIA-funded electroshock" - CBC news, 10 June 2004
• [11] "Brainwash victims win cash claims" - Sunday Times, October 17, 2004

Books

• Black, David (1998). Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Acid: The Secret History of LSD. London: Vision. ISBN 1-901250-11-3.   Later edition exists.
• Bowart, W. H. (1978). Walter Howard Bowart (born May 14, 1939 in Omaha, Nebraska, died December 18, 2007 in Inchelium, Washington Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Governments's War Against Its Own People. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-16755-8.  
• Camper, Frank (1997). The Mk/Ultra Secret. Savannah, GA: Christopher Scott Publishing. ISBN 1-889149-02-0.  
• Collins, Anne ([1988] 1998). In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada. Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1-55013-932-0.   (Reprint edition. )
• Douglass, Joseph (2002). Betrayed. 1st Books Library, 492. ISBN 140330131X.  
• Douglass, Joseph (1999). Red Cocaine: The Drugging of America and the West. Edward Harle, 178. ISBN 1899798048.  
• Fahey, Todd (1996). Wisdom's Maw. Far Gone Books, 224. ISBN 0-965-18390-4.  
• Lee, Martin; Shlain, Bruce (1985). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3062-3.  
• Marks, John (1979). The Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-0773-6.  
• McCoy, Alfred (2006). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Metropolitan Books, 21 sqq. . ISBN 0-8050-8041-4.  
• Ranelagh, John (1988). The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. Sceptre, 208-210. ISBN 0-340-41230-5.  
• Ronson, Jon (2004). The Men Who Stare at Goats. Picador. ISBN 0-330-37548-2.  
• Stevens, Jay (1987). Storming Heaven: LSD and The American Dream. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3587-0.  
• Thomas, Gordon (1989). Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-28413-4.  
• Vankin, Jonathan; Whalin, John (2004). Jonathan Vankin is an author and journalist Biography Vankin is a graduate of Brandeis University. 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2531-2.   Chapter 1, "CIAcid Drop".

External links

• Inventory list of materials in the National Security Archive's collection from John Marks' FOIA request results (which he utilized while researching his book, The Search For The Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control, The Secret History of the Behavioral Sciences, W. W. Norton, 1979; published as Norton paperback in 1991, ISBN 0-393-30794-8). John Marks can refer to John Marks (mayor, the mayor of Tallahassee Florida John Marks (hockey player, a former NHL player for the W W Norton & Company is an American book publishing company that has remained independent since its founding
• The Frank Olson Project - a website created by Frank Olson's family to explore the issues surrounding his death.
• Declassified MKULTRA Documents at the Black Vault - the full 4-CD collection of MKULTRA (and related) FOIA documents, online.
• Declassified MKULTRA Project Documents
• The Most Dangerous Game Downloadable 8 minute documentary by independent filmmakers GNN
• Results of the 1973 Church Committee Hearings, on CIA misdeeds, and the 1984 Iran/Contra Hearings
• XXVII. Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Community
• U.S. Research on Hypnosis and Mind Control Begins
• Amy Goodman Interviews Professor Alfred McCoy of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Guerrilla News Network Inc ( GNN) is a privately owned news web site and television production company that declares as its mission to "expose people to important global Amy Goodman (born April 13 1957 in Bay Shore / New York) is an American broadcast journalist, Syndicated columnist and Author Alfred W McCoy (born June 8 1945) is a Historian and a Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. [12]
• mindkiller.org's archive of MK-ULTRA declassified files 19900+ from the Freedom of Information act requested in early 2003.
• Interview with a Canadian victim of CIA and Canadian Government Brainwashing, The Hour, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, January 9, 2007. The Hour is a Canadian television Newsmagazine broadcast on CBC Television. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Erowid MKULTRA Vault.
• Demon Technology Videos.

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