Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις, modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctor's prediction of how a patient's disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular Event will occur in the Future in more certain terms than a forecast. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Since the 20th century, the word has been increasingly used in non-medical contexts as well, for example in corporate finance. Corporate finance is an area of Finance dealing with the financial decisions Corporations make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions

Contents 1 Methodology 1.1 Disease and Prognostic Indicators 1.2 End of Life 2 History 3 See also

Methodology

Disease and Prognostic Indicators

In medicine today, doctors search for methods of predicting how a patient (given their condition) may respond to treatment. Symptoms and tests may indicate favorable treatment with standard therapies. Likewise, a number of symptoms, health factors, and tests may indicate a less favorable treatment result with standard treatment - this may indicate that a more aggressive treatment plan may be desired.

Two areas where this type of prognosis prediction, or the use of prognostic indicators, is with Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease is a type of Lymphoma first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832 The non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a diverse group of hematologic cancers which encompass any Lymphoma other than Hodgkin lymphoma. Specifically with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physicians have developed the International Prognostic Index to predict patient outcome. The International Prognostic Index (IPI is a clinical tool developed by oncologists to aid in predicting the Prognosis of patients with aggressive Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Prognostic scoring is also used for other cancer outcome predictions. A Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis in small cell lung cancer. Manchester score is an indicator of Prognosis in small cell Lung cancer. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung.

Other medical areas prognostic indicators are used is in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) (Hy's Law) and use of an exercise stress test as a prognostic indicator after myocardial infarction. Hy's law is a prognostic indicator that a pure drug-induced liver injury (DILI leading to Jaundice, without a hepatic transplant, has a case An exercise stress test (EST is an evaluation modality used in Cardiology in which the ability of the Heart to respond to stress either actually induced by exercise Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply

End of Life

Large areas of medicine are still missing statistical figures on the exact prognosis - in these matters the doctor's previous experiences largely guides pronouncements in this matter. Medical studies have demonstrated that most doctors are overly optimistic when giving prognostic information, that is, they tend to overstate how long the patient might live. For patients who are critically ill, particularly those in an intensive care unit, there are numerical prognostic scoring systems that are more accurate. An intensive care unit (ICU critical care unit (CCU intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU is a specialized department used in The most famous of these is the APACHE II scale. However, this scale is most accurate in the seven days prior to a patient's predicted death.

Knowing the prognosis helps determine whether it makes more sense to attempt certain treatments or to withhold them, and thus plays an important role in end-of-life decisions.

History

For the great 19th century physicians, particularly the French school, the main aim of medicine was not to cure disease, but rather to diagnose it and achieve a satisfying prognosis of the patient's chances. Only several decades later did the focus of efforts in Western medicine shift to curing disease.

See also

• Diagnosis
• Nocebo
• Optimism bias
• Placebo (origins of technical term)
• Prognostics
• Reference class forecasting
• Sign (medicine)
• Symptom
• Thought experiment

Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything In its original application " nocebo " had a very specific meaning in the medical domains of Pharmacology, and Nosology, and Etiology. Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity Prognostics is an engineering discipline focused on predicting the future condition of a component and/or system of components Reference class Forecasting predicts the outcome of a planned action based on actual outcomes in a reference class of similar actions to that being forecast A Sign is an indication of some fact or quality and a medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or quality that is detected by a Physician A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory

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