Co-inventor Luis E. Miramontes signed laboratory notebook. Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas ( March 16 1925, in Tepic, Nayarit &ndash September 13 2004, in Mexico City October 15, 1951

A progestin is a synthetic progestogen that has some biological activity similar to progesterone. In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen Progesterone is a C-21 Steroid Hormone involved in the Female Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy (supports Gestation

The two most frequent uses of progestins are for hormonal contraception (either alone or with an estrogen), and to prevent endometrial hyperplasia from unopposed estrogen in hormone replacement therapy. Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the Endometrium, or inner lining of the Uterus. Hormone replacement therapy may refer to Hormone replacement therapy (menopause Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male Progestins are also used to treat secondary amenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding and endometriosis, and as palliative treatment of endometrial cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Amenorrhoea ( BE) amenorrhea ( AmE) or amenorrhœa, is the absence of a Menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB is the most common cause of functional abnormal uterine bleeding which is abnormal genital tract bleeding based in the Uterus Endometriosis (from endo, "inside" and metra, " Womb " is a common medical condition characterized by growth beyond or outside the uterus Palliative care (from Latin palliare to cloak is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of Disease Symptoms Endometrial cancer refers to several types of malignancy which arise from the Endometrium, or lining of the Uterus. "Kidney Cancer" redirects here For Wilms' Tumor/Nephroblastoma see Wilms' tumor. Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men High dose megestrol acetate is used to treat anorexia, cachexia and AIDS-related wasting. Megestrol is a Progesterone derivative with antineoplastic properties used in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the breast and endometrium. Anorexia (deriving from the Greek "α(ν-" ( a(n-, a prefix that denotes absence + "όρεξη (orexe = appetite is the decreased sensation Cachexia (kəˈkɛksiə is loss of weight, Muscle atrophy, fatigue weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to Wasting could also mean unefficient and/or uneffective consumption. Progesterone (or sometimes the progestin dydrogesterone or 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate) is used for luteal support in IVF protocols, questionably for treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss, and for prevention of preterm birth in pregnant women with a history of at least one spontaneous preterm birth. Dydrogesterone is a Progestogen Hormone. The brand name is Duphaston and manufactured by Solvay Pharmaceuticals. The corpus luteum ( Latin for "yellow body" (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary Endocrine structure in mammals involved in production of In vitro fertilisation ( IVF) is a process by which Habitual abortion, recurrent miscarriage or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL is the occurrence of repeated (three or more consecutive pregnancies that Premature birth (also known as preterm birth) is the Birth of a Baby before the standard period of Pregnancy is completed ^[1]

History

The recognition of progesterone's ability to suppress ovulation during pregnancy spawned a search for a similar hormone that could bypass the problems associated with administering progesterone (low bioavailability when administered orally and local irritation and pain when continually administered parenterally) and, at the same time, serve the purpose of controlling ovulation. Note This article deals primarily with Human ovulation nonhuman Animal ovulation is touched on briefly at the conclusion The many synthetic hormones that resulted are known as progestins.

The first orally active progestin, ethisterone (pregneninolone, 17α-ethynyltestosterone), the 17α-ethynyl analog of testosterone, synthesized in 1938 by Hans Herloff Inhoffen, Willy Logemann, Walter Hohlweg and Arthur Serini at Schering AG in Berlin, was marketed in Germany in 1939 as Proluton C and by Schering in the U.S. in 1945 as Pranone^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

A more potent orally active progestin, norethisterone (norethindrone, 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone), the 19-nor analog of ethisterone, synthesized in 1951 by Carl Djerassi, Luis Miramontes, and George Rosenkranz at Syntex in Mexico City, was marketed by Parke-Davis in the U. Ethisterone is a progestogen hormone The first orally active Progestin, ethisterone (pregneninolone 17α-ethynyltestosterone the 17α- ethynyl The ethynyl radical with chemical formula C2H is an abundant interstellar Polyatomic molecule Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products Schering AG was a research-centered German Pharmaceutical company. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Schering-Plough Corporation ( is a Pharmaceutical company founded in 1851 by Ernst Schering as Schering AG in Germany. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Norethisterone (or norethindrone) (or 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone is a molecule used in some Combined oral contraceptive pills and in some Progestogen only nor- is a chemical acronym and prefix It comes from the German nitrogen ohne Rest, "no residues at Nitrogen. Carl Djerassi (born October 29, 1923 in Vienna, Austria) is a chemist, Novelist, and Playwright best known Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas ( March 16 1925, in Tepic, Nayarit &ndash September 13 2004, in Mexico City George Rosenkranz (born as György Rosenkranz, August 20, 1916, in Budapest) is a Mexican Ph Laboratorios Syntex SA was a pharmaceutical company formed in Mexico City in 1944 by Russell Marker to manufacture therapeutic steroids from the Mexican yam Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Parke-Davis is a Subsidiary of the Pharmaceutical company Pfizer. S. in 1957 as Norlutin, and was used as the progestin in some of the first oral contraceptives (Ortho-Novum, Norinyl, etc. ) in the early 1960s. ^{[3][3][4][5][6][7]}

Norethynodrel, an isomer of norethisterone, was synthesized in 1952 by Frank B. Colton at Searle in Skokie, Illinois and used as the progestin in Enovid, marketed in the U. Norethynodrel was the Progestin used in Enovid, the first oral contraceptive. This article is about the chemical concept For "isomerism" of atomic nuclei see Nuclear isomer. Frank Benjamin Colton ( March 3, 1923 &ndash November 25, 2003) American chemist who first synthesized Norethynodrel, the GD Searle & Company or just Searle was a company focusing on life sciences specifically pharmaceuticals agriculture and animal health Skokie (formerly Niles Center is a Village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. S. in 1957 and approved as the first oral contraceptive in 1960. ^{[3][4][5][6][8]}

Examples

Some examples of progestins that have been used in hormonal contraceptives are norethynodrel (Enovid), norethindrone (many brand names, most notably Ortho-Novum and Ovcon) norgestimate (Ortho Tricyclen, Ortho-Cyclen), norgestrel, levonorgestrel (Alesse, Trivora-28, Plan B), medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Depo-Provera), desogestrel, and drospirenone (Yasmin, Yasminelle, YAZ). Norethynodrel was the Progestin used in Enovid, the first oral contraceptive. Norethisterone (or norethindrone) (or 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone is a molecule used in some Combined oral contraceptive pills and in some Progestogen only Norgestimate is a molecule used in Hormonal Contraceptives. Norgestimate is a form of progesterone which is a female hormone important for the regulation of ovulation Norgestrel is a Progestin used in Hormonal contraceptives. Norgestrel is a mixture of two Stereoisomers, dextro-norgestrel (CAS# 797-64-8 and levo-norgestrel Levonorgestrel (or' l - Norgestrel or D - Norgestrel) is a synthetic progestogen used as Medroxyprogesterone is a Progestin, and is commonly a component of Hormonal Contraceptives. Desogestrel is a molecule used in Hormonal Contraceptives. Benefits Third generation pills have been shown to resolve or to reduce acne and hirsutism Drospirenone is a synthetic Progestin that is an analog to Spironolactone, with a Molecular weight of 366

Methods of progestin-based contraception

It has been found that the most effective method of contraception was with a combination of estrogen and progestin. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, This can be done in a monophasic, biphasic, or in a triphasic manner. In the monophasic method, both an estrogen and a progestin are administered for 20 or 21 days and stopped for a 7 or 8 day period that includes the 5 day menstrual period. Sometimes, a 28 day regimen is used that includes 6 or 7 inert tablets. Newer biphasic and triphasic methods are now used to more closely simulate the normal menstrual cycle. Yet another method is to administer a small dose of progestin only (no estrogen) in order to decrease certain risks associated with administering estrogen, but a major side effect is irregular bleeding that is usually observed during the first 18 months of such therapy.

See also

List of steroid abbreviations

References