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Progesterone
Systematic (IUPAC) name
pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
Identifiers
CAS number 57-83-0
ATC code G03DA04
PubChem 5994
DrugBank APRD00700
Chemical data
Formula C21H30O2 
Mol. mass 314. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 47
Synonyms 4-pregnene-3,20-dione
Physical data
Melt. point 126 °C (259 °F)
Spec. rot [α]D
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability prolonged absorption, half-life approx 25-50 hours
Protein binding 96%-99%
Metabolism hepatic to pregnanediols and pregnanolones
Half life 34. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The specific rotation of a Chemical compound is defined as the observed angle of Optical rotation α when plane-polarized light is passed through a sample with a In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within Blood plasma. Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity 8-55. 13 hours
Excretion renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

B (USA)
Legal status
Routes oral, implant

Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route An implant is a Medical device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure (as compared with a transplant, which indicates transplanted Biomedical A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Gestation is the carrying of an Embryo or Fetus inside a Female Viviparous Animal. Embryogenesis is the process by which the Embryo is formed and develops Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen. Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen

Progesterone should not be confused with progestins, which are synthetically produced progestogens. A progestin is a synthetic progestagen that has progestinic effects similar to Progesterone. Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen

Contents

Chemistry

Progesterone was independently discovered by four research groups. [1][2][3][4]

Willard Myron Allen who co-discovered Progesterone with his anatomy professor George Washington Corner at the University of Rochester Medical School in 1933. Willard Myron Allen (1904-1993 was an American Gynecologist. He was born in 1904 in Farmington New York, near Rochester New York. Allen first determined its melting point, molecular weight, and partial molecular structure. He also gave it the name Progesterone derived from Progestational Steroidal ketone. [5]

Like other steroids, progesterone consists of four interconnected cyclic hydrocarbons. A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Progesterone contains ketone and oxygenated functional groups, as well as two methyl branches. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or In Chemistry, a methyl group is a Hydrophobic Alkyl Functional group named after Methane (4 Like all steroid hormones, it is hydrophobic. In Chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) refers to the physical property of

Synthesis

Progesterone, like all other steroid hormones, is synthesized from pregnenolone, a derivative of cholesterol. A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Pregnenolone is a Steroid hormone involved in the Steroidogenesis of Progesterone, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian This conversion takes place in two steps. The 3-hydroxyl group is converted to a keto group and the double bond is moved to C-4, from C-5. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or

Conversion of Pregnenolone to Progesterone
Conversion of Pregnenolone to Progesterone

Progesterone is the precursor of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and after conversion to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (another natural progestogen) of cortisol and androstenedione. Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19- Carbon Steroid Hormone produced in the Adrenal glands and the Gonads Androstenedione can be converted to testosterone, estrone and estradiol. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries Estrone (also oestrone) is an Estrogenic Hormone secreted by the Ovary. Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone.

Progesterone is important for aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) synthesis, as 17-hydroxyprogesterone is for cortisol (glucocorticoid), and androstenedione for sex steroids.
Progesterone is important for aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) synthesis, as 17-hydroxyprogesterone is for cortisol (glucocorticoid), and androstenedione for sex steroids. Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water Mineralocorticoids are a class of Steroid hormones characterised by their similarity to Aldosterone and their influence on salt and water balance Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Glucocorticoids (GC are a class of Steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) and trigger similar effects Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19- Carbon Steroid Hormone produced in the Adrenal glands and the Gonads Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are Steroid hormones that interact with Vertebrate Androgen or Estrogen receptors

Sources

Progesterone is produced in the adrenal glands, the gonads (specifically after ovulation in the corpus luteum), the brain, and, during pregnancy, in the placenta. In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their The corpus luteum ( Latin for "yellow body" (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary Endocrine structure in mammals involved in production of The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation

In humans, increasing amounts of progesterone are produced during pregnancy:

Levels

Progesterone levels (black line) during the menstrual cycle
Progesterone levels (black line) during the menstrual cycle

In women, progesterone levels are relatively low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, rise after ovulation, and are elevated during the luteal phase. The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the Note This article deals primarily with Human ovulation nonhuman Animal ovulation is touched on briefly at the conclusion In women progesterone levels tend to be < 2 ng/ml prior to ovulation, and > 5 ng/ml after ovulation. If pregnancy occurs, progesterone levels are maintained at luteal levels initially. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female With the onset of the luteal-placental shift in progesterone support of the pregnancy levels start to rise further and may reach 100-200 ng/ml at term. Whether a decrease in progesterone levels is critical for the initiation of labor has been argued and may be species-specific. Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or After delivery of the placenta and during lactation, progesterone levels are very low.

Progesterone levels are relatively low in children and postmenopausal women. [8] Adult males have levels similar to those in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Effects

Progesterone exerts its action primarily through the intracellular progesterone receptor although a distinct, membrane bound progesterone receptor has also been postulated. The progesterone receptor ( PR) also known as NR3C3 ( Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 is an intracellular Steroid receptor that [9][10] Progesterone has a number of physiological effects which are amplified in the presence of estrogen. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Estrogen through estrogen receptors upregulates the expression of progesterone receptors. WikipediaWikipedia is not a dictionary ---> Downregulation is the process by which Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a Gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional Gene product, such [11]

Reproductive system

Progesterone is sometimes called the "hormone of pregnancy",[12] and it has many roles relating to the development of the fetus:

The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their

Nervous system

Progesterone, like pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, belongs to the group of neurosteroids that are found in high concentrations in certain areas in the brain and are synthesized there. Pregnenolone is a Steroid hormone involved in the Steroidogenesis of Progesterone, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA) is a natural Steroid Prohormone produced from Cholesterol by the Adrenal glands the Gonads Neuroactive Steroids (or neurosteroids') rapidly alter Neuronal excitability through interaction with Neurotransmitter[[ligand gated ion channel|-gated

Neurosteroids affect synaptic functioning, are neuroprotective, and affect myelinization. Neuroactive Steroids (or neurosteroids') rapidly alter Neuronal excitability through interaction with Neurotransmitter[[ligand gated ion channel|-gated Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands Myelin is an electrically-insulating Dielectric Phospholipid layer that surrounds only the Axons of many Neurons It is an outgrowth [13] They are investigated for their potential to improve memory and cognitive ability. In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought

Progesterone as neuroprotectant affects regulation of apoptotic genes.

Its effect as a neurosteroid works predominantly through the GSK-3 beta pathway, as an inhibitor. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 ( GSK-3) is a Serine/threonine protein kinase, which means that it mediates the addition of phosphate molecules on certain serine and threonine (Other GSK-3 beta inhibitors include bipolar mood stabilizers, lithium and valproic acid. Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Valproic acid ( VPA) is a Chemical compound that has found clinical use as an Anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in )

Other systems

Medical applications

The use of progesterone and its analogues have many medical applications -- both to address acute situations, and to address the long-term decline of natural progesterone levels. Because of the poor bioavailability of progesterone when taken orally, many synthetic progestins have been designed. However, the roles of progesterone may not be fulfilled by the synthetic progestins which in some cases were designed solely to mimic progesterone's uterine effects. Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms the mimics, have The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the

Bioavailability

Progesterone is poorly absorbed by oral ingestion unless micronised and in oil, or with fatty foods; it does not dissolve in water. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Micronization is the process of reducing the Average Diameter of a solid material's particles Products such as Prometrium, Utrogestan, Minagest and Microgest are therefore capsules containing micronised progesterone in oil - in all three mentioned the oil is peanut oil, which may cause serious allergic reactions in some people, but compounding pharmacies, which have the facilities and licenses to make their own products, can use alternatives. The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Vaginal and rectal application is also effective, with products such as CRINONE and PROCHIEVE bioadhesive progesterone vaginal gels (the only progesterone products FDA-approved for use in infertility and during pregnancy) and Cyclogest, which is progesterone in cocoa butter in the form of pessaries. Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is the pale-yellow pure edible Vegetable fat of the Cacao bean A pessary is a small Plastic or Silicone medical device or form of Pharmaceutical preparation which is inserted into the Vagina or Rectum Progesterone can be given by injection, but because it has a short half-life they need to be daily. An injection is an infusion method of putting Liquid into the Body, usually with a hollow needle and a Syringe which is pierced through A quantity is said to be subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its value Implants, for a longer period, are also available. Marketing of progesterone phamaceutical products, country to country, varies considerably, with many countries having no oral progesterone products marketed, but they can usually be specially imported by pharmacies through international wholesalers. Wholesaling is the sale of Goods or Merchandise to Retailers to industrial commercial institutional or other professional Business users

"Natural progesterone" products derived from yams, do not require a prescription. Yam is the common name for some species in the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae) Wild yams contain a plant steroid called diosgenin, however there is no evidence that the human body can metabolize diosgenin into progesterone. Diosgenin, a steroid sapogenin is the product of hydrolysis by acids strong bases or enzymes of Saponins, extracted from the Tubers of Dioscorea Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. [16][17] Diosgenin can however be chemically converted into progesterone in the lab. [18]

Specific uses

A subsequent and larger study showed that vaginal progesterone was no better than placebo in preventing recurrent preterm birth in women with a history of a previous preterm birth,[21] but a planned secondary analysis of the data in this trial showed that women with a short cervix at baseline in the trial had benefit in two ways: a reduction in births less than 32 weeks and a reduction in both the frequency and the time their babies were in intensive care. [22] In another trial, vaginal progesterone was shown to be better than placebo in reducing preterm birth prior to 34 weeks in women with an extremely short cervix at baseline. [23] An editorial by Roberto Romero discusses the role of sonographic cervical length in identifying patients who may benefit from progesterone treatment. [24]

Note that methods of hormonal contraception do not contain progesterone but a progestin. Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system A progestin is a synthetic progestagen that has progestinic effects similar to Progesterone.

Progesterone may affect male behavior. [25]

Lawn chemicals and no-till agricultual practices may disturb both estrogen and progesterone metabolism.

Aging

Since most progesterone in males is created during testicular production of testosterone, and most in females by the ovaries, the shutting down (whether by natural or chemical means), or removal, of those inevitably causes a considerable reduction in progesterone levels. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. Previous concentration upon the role of progestagens (progesterone and molecules with similar effects) in female reproduction, when progesterone was simply considered a "female hormone", obscured the significance of progesterone elsewhere in both sexes. Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen

The tendency for progesterone to have a regulatory effect, the presence of progesterone receptors in many types of body tissue, and the pattern of deterioration (or tumor formation) in many of those increasing in later years when progesterone levels have dropped, is prompting widespread research into the potential value of maintaining progesterone levels in both males and females. In Biochemistry, a receptor is a Protein molecule embedded in either the Plasma membrane or Cytoplasm of a cell to which a mobile signaling See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic

Brain damage

It has been observed in animal models that females have reduced susceptibility to traumatic brain injury and this protective effect has been hypothesized to be caused by increased circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females. Traumatic brain injury (TBI also called intracranial injury, occurs when Physical trauma injures the Brain. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, [26] A number of additional animal studies have confirmed that progesterone has neuroprotective effects when administered shortly after traumatic brain injury. [27] Encouraging results have also been reported in human clinical trials. [28][29]

The mechanism of progesterone protective effects may be the reduction of inflammation which follows brain trauma. [30]

See also

References

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  6. ^ Goodson III WH, Handagama P, Moore II DH, Dairkee S (2007-12-13). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Milk products are a source of dietary progesterone abstract # 2028. 30th Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
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  14. ^ Physiology at MCG 5/5ch9/s5ch9_13
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Additional images

Steroidogenesis

Pregnenolone

Deoxycorticosterone

External links

Steroid metabolism is the complete set of Chemical reactions in organisms that produce modify and consume Steroids These Metabolic pathways include Pregnenolone is a Steroid hormone involved in the Steroidogenesis of Progesterone, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens Deoxycorticosterone (DOC is a Steroid hormone produced by the Adrenal gland that possess Mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor

Dictionary

progesterone

-noun

  1. (biochemistry, steroids, uncountable) A steroid hormone, secreted by the ovaries, whose function is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy.
  2. (pharmacology, steroids, countable) A synthetic version of the compound, used in contraceptive pills and other pharmaceutical products.
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