Professional video camera

Sony camera head with Betacam SP dock recorder. Betacam is a family of half-inch professional Videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards

A remote-controlled camera mounted on a miniature cable car for mobility. An aerial tramway is a type of Aerial lift in which a cabin is suspended from a cable and is pulled by another cable

Cameraman at a baseball game.

A Professional video camera (often called a Television camera even though the use has spread) is a high-end device for recording electronic moving images (as opposed to a movie camera, that records the images on film). A video camera is a Camera used for electronic Motion picture acquisition initially developed by the Television industry but now common in other applications This article is about motion picture film cameras See Video camera for cameras which record images electronically This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film. Originally developed for use in television studios, they are now commonly used for corporate and educational videos, music videos, and direct-to-video movies. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic A television studio is an installation in which Television or Video productions take place either for Live television, for recording Live to tape

There are two types of professional video cameras: High end portable, recording cameras (essentially, high-end camcorders) used for ENG and EFP image acquisition, and studio cameras which lack the recording capability of a camcorder, and are often fixed on studio pedestals. A camcorder is a portable Consumer electronics device for recording Video and audio using a built-in recorder unit ENG is a Broadcasting (usually Television) industry acronym which stands for electronic news gathering. see related article at Electronic journalism also see Outside broadcasting Electronic field production (EFP is a A television studio is an installation in which Television or Video productions take place either for Live television, for recording Live to tape Portable professional cameras are generally much larger than consumer cameras and are designed to be carried on the shoulder.

1 Technology
2 History
3 See also
4 References

Technology

It is common for professional cameras to split the incoming light into the three primary colors that humans are able to see, feeding each color into a separate pickup tube (in older cameras), charge-coupled device (CCD) and Active pixel sensors (CMOS image sensor) Active pixel sensor. Primary colors are sets of Colors that can be combined to make a useful range ( Gamut) of colors Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors An active-pixel sensor (APS, also commonly written active pixel sensor, is an Image sensor consisting of an Integrated circuit containing an array of pixel Some high-end consumer cameras also do this, producing a higher-quality image than is normally possible with just a single video pickup. Newer CCD and CMOS (solid state) image sensor ICs provide much better image pickup qualities as compared to older vacuum pickup tubes Video camera tube. In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD Vacuum pickup tubes suffered from drift and alignment problems due to temperature variations and sensitivity changes due to aging. Solid state image sensors do not exhibit the same degree of drift and aging problems, which in quality sensor designs are either so small as to be negligible or automatically compensated. Solid state sensors are generally more sensitive to light that vacuum tubes although in extremely low light conditions this is debatable for some applications. Some disadvantages of solid state sensors are that their resolution is fixed by design whereas tube resolution can be changed by changing the scanning, individual pixels of solid state sensors may fail creating a steady white or black dot on the image at that defective pixel location and solid state sensors may delay the output video signal for one or more frames, thereby causing the televised video to be delayed relative to the audio thus adding to audio to video synchronization problems. Audio to video synchronization (also known as Audio video sync, Audio/video sync, AV-sync, lip sync &ndash or lack of it lip sync error

Studio cameras

Most studio cameras stand on the floor, usually with pneumatic or hydraulic mechanisms called pedestals to adjust the height, and are usually on wheels. Pneumatics, Pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion Pneumatic power is used in Industry, where it is common to have factory units plumbed for Compressed For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines Any video camera when used along with other video cameras in a studio setup is controlled by a device known as CCU (camera control unit), to which they are connected via an optical, Triax or Multicore cable. The camera control unit (CCU is installed in the Production control room (PCR and allows various aspects of the video camera on the Studio floor Triaxial Cable, often referred to triax for short is a type of electrical cable similar to Coaxial cable, but with the addition of an extra layer of insulation and A multicore cable is a generic term for an Electrical cable that has multiple cores The camera control unit along with other equipments is installed in the production control room often known as Gallery of the television studio. A television studio is an installation in which Television or Video productions take place either for Live television, for recording Live to tape When used outside a studio, they are often on tracks. Initial models used analog technology, but digital models are becoming more common. An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable of the signal is a representation of some other A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for Some studio cameras are light and small enough to be taken off the pedestal and used on a cameraman's shoulder, but they still have no recorder of their own and are cable-bound.

ENG cameras

Often used in independent films, ENG video cameras are similar to consumer camcorders, and indeed the dividing line between them is somewhat blurry, but a few differences are generally notable:

They are bigger, and usually have a shoulder stock for stabilizing on the cameraman's shoulder
They use 3 CCDs instead of one (as is common in digital still cameras and consumer equipment), one for each primary color
They have removable/swappable lenses
All settings like white balance, focus, and iris can be manually adjusted, and automatics can be completely disabled
If possible, these functions will be even adjustable mechanically (especially focus and iris), not by passing signals to an actuator or digitally dampening the video signal. An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Primary colors are sets of Colors that can be combined to make a useful range ( Gamut) of colors In Photography and Image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red green and blue Primary colors In Geometrical optics, a focus, also called an image point, is the point where Light rays originating from a point on the object converge. In Optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening ( Aperture) at its centre
They will have professional connectors - BNC for video and XLR for audio
A complete timecode section will be available, and multiple cameras can be timecode-synchronized with a cable
"Bars and tone" will be available in-camera (the bars are SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) Bars similar to those seen on television when a station goes off the air, the tone is a test audio tone)
Finally, they will often use a professional medium like some variant of Betacam or DVCPRO. The BNC ( Bayonet Neill Concelman) connector is a very common type of RF connector used for terminating Coaxial cable. The XLR connector is an Electrical connector design XLR Plugs and sockets are used mostly in professional audio and Video Betacam is a family of half-inch professional Videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor

Dock cameras

Some manufacturers build camera heads, which only contain the optical array, the CCD sensors and the video coder, and can be used with a studio adapter for connection to a CCU or various dock recorders for direct recording in the preferred format, making them very versatile. However, this versatility leads to greater size and weight. They are favored for electronic field production and low-budget studio use, because they tend to be smaller, lighter, and less expensive than most studio cameras. see related article at Electronic journalism also see Outside broadcasting Electronic field production (EFP is a

History

Historical television camera in technical museum

1926 to 1933 "Cameras" were a type of flying spot scanner using mechanical disk. In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD

1936 saw the arrival of RCA's iconoscope camera. In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD

1946 RCA's TK-10 studio camera used 3" IO - Image Orthicon Tube with a 4 lens turret. In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD The RCA TK-30 (1946) was widely used as a Field Camera.

The 1948 Dumont Marconi MK IV was an Image Orthicon Camera. Marconi's first camera was shown in 1938. - link to MK IV. EMI cameras from the UK, were used in the US in the early 1960s, like the EMI 203/4. - Ext. link. Later in the 60s the EMI 2000 an EMI 2001.

In 1950 the arrival of the Vidicon camera tube made smaller cameras possible. In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD 1952 saw the first Walkie-Lookie "portable cameras". Image Orthicon tubes were still used till the arrival of the Plumbicon.

The RCA TK-40 is considered to be the first color television camera for broadcasts in 1953. The RCA TK-40 is considered to be the first Color Television camera, initially used for special broadcasts in late 1953, and with the follow-on TK-40A RCA continued it lead in the high-end camera market till the (1978) TK-47, last of the high-end tub cameras. - Link to History of TV Books online

Ikegami introduced the first truly portable hand-held TV camera in 1962.

Philips' line of Norelco cameras were also very popular like models PC-60 (1965), PC-70 (1967) and PCP-90 (1968 Handheld). Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. Norelco is the American Brand name for electric shavers and other Personal care products made by the Domestic Appliances and Personal Care (DAP Philips/BTS-Broadcast Television Systems Inc. later came out with an LDK line of camera, like its last high end tube camera the LDK 6 (1982). Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. Broadcast Television Systems Inc In 1986 Robert Bosch GmbH 's Fernseh Division entered into a new joint venture with Philips Broadcast in Breda Philips invented the Plumbicon pick up Video camera tube in 1965, that gave tube cameras a cleaner picture. In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD BTS introduced its first HandHeld Frame transfer CCD- Charge-coupled device-CCD camera the LDK90 in 1987. A frame transfer CCD is a specialized CCD, often used in Astronomy and some Professional video cameras designed for high exposure efficiency and correctness A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors

Bosch Fernseh marketed a line of high end cameras (KCU, KCN, KCP, KCK) in the US ending with the tube camera KCK-40 (1978). The Fernseh AG Television company was registered in Berlin on July 3, 1929 by John Logie Image Transform (in Universal City) used specially modified 24 frame KCK-40 for their "Image Vision" system. Universal City may refer to a place in the United States: Universal City California Universal City Texas It This had a 10 MHz bandwidth twice NTSC resolution. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico This was a custom pre HDTV video System. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition At its peak this system was used to make "Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl" in 1982. Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl is a 1982 concert film in which the Monty Python team perform many of their greatest sketches at the Hollywood This was the first major high-definition analog wideband videotape-to-film post production using a Film recorder for Film out. See also Filmmaking Post-production occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, Videos audio recordings A Film Recorder is a Graphical output device for transferring Digital images to Photographic film. Film-out is the process in the Computer graphics, Video and Filmmaking disciplines of transferring images or Animation from Videotape

References

NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world In older Video cameras before the mid to late 1980s a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a Charge-coupled device (CCD RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 The Marconi Company Ltd was founded by Guglielmo Marconi in 1897 as The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (sometimes presented as Wireless is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with The Fernseh AG Television company was registered in Berlin on July 3, 1929 by John Logie Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. Norelco is the American Brand name for electric shavers and other Personal care products made by the Domestic Appliances and Personal Care (DAP Grass Valley, previously known as Grass Valley Group, is a subsidiary company of the French company Thomson. Ampex ( is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M () is a Multinational corporation specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi Itchome Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Broadcast Television Systems Inc In 1986 Robert Bosch GmbH 's Fernseh Division entered into a new joint venture with Philips Broadcast in Breda Allen Balcom DuMont (also spelled Du Mont) ( January 29, 1901 – November 14, 1965) was an American scientist John Logie Baird (August 13 1888 – June 14 1946 was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first working television system A Film chain or Film island is a Television - TV camera with one or more projectors aligned into the lens of the camera Digital cinematography is the process of capturing Motion pictures as Digital images rather than on film.

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