Proctor, an English variant of the word procurator, is a person who takes charge of, or acts for, another. The word proctor is frequently used to describe someone who oversees an exam or dormitory. A test or an examination (or "exam" is an Assessment, often administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers' or Dormitory typically refers in the United States to residence halls which are sleeping quarters or entire buildings primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for

The title is used in England in three principal senses:

1. In law, a proctor is an attorney or solicitor acting in some courts. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society An attorney at law (or attorney-at-law) in the United States is a practitioner in a court of law who is legally qualified to prosecute A "solicitor" is a term used in many Common law jurisdictions for a lawyer who offers legal services outside of the courts
2. In the church, a proctor represents the clergy in Church of England dioceses. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican
3. In education, a Proctor is the name of important university officials in certain universities, for example at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency

Contents 1 Law 1.1 Historical legal officers 1.2 Current legal officers 2 Ecclesiastical 3 Education 3.1 Cambridge University 3.1.1 Election 3.1.2 Ceremonial Functions 3.1.3 Disciplinary Functions 3.2 Oxford University 4 References 5 External links

Law

Historical legal officers

A proctor was a legal practitioner in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts. An ecclesiastical court (also called "Court Christian" or "Court Spiritual" is any of certain Courts having Jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or Admiralty courts, also known as maritime courts, are courts exercising Jurisdiction over all maritime Contracts Torts injuries and offences Historically, they were licensed by the Archbishop of Canterbury to undertake the duties that were performed in common law courts by attorneys and in the courts of equity by solicitors. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive An attorney at law (or attorney-at-law) in the United States is a practitioner in a court of law who is legally qualified to prosecute Equity is the name given to the set of legal principles in jurisdictions following the English common law tradition which supplement strict rules of law where A "solicitor" is a term used in many Common law jurisdictions for a lawyer who offers legal services outside of the courts Later, the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875, which created the Supreme Court of Judicature, combined the three roles into the common profession of "solicitor of the Supreme Court". The Judicature Acts are two Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom, the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Her Majesty's Courts of Justice of England and Wales are the civil and criminal Courts responsible for the administration of Justice in England

In the admiralty courts, a proctor or procurator was an officer who, in conjunction with the King's Proctor, acted as the attorney or solicitor in all causes concerning the Lord High Admiral's affairs in the High Court of Admiralty and other courts. The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. Admiralty courts, also known as maritime courts, are courts exercising Jurisdiction over all maritime Contracts Torts injuries and offences The King's Proctor so acted in all causes concerning the King.

Current legal officers

The Queen's Proctor (or King's Proctor) is the proctor or solicitor representing the Crown in the courts of probate and divorce. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government Probate is the Legal process of settling the estate of a deceased person specifically resolving all claims and distributing the decedent's Property Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. The office has for many years been combined with that of the Treasury Solicitor, whose formal title is Her (or His) Majesty's Procurator-General and Treasury Solicitor. In petitions of divorce, or for declaration of nullity of marriage, the Queen's Proctor may, under direction of the Attorney General, intervene in the suit for the purpose of arguing any question that the court deems expedient to have argued. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition His or her powers are set out in section 8 of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973), and include the power to show cause against a decree nisi being made absolute, usually on receipt of information indicating that the court has been misled into granting a decree. A decree nisi (non-absolute ruling is a ruling by a court that does not have any force until such time that a particular condition is met (See also the Family Proceedings Rules 1991 (as amended), Rule 2. 46).

Ecclesiastical

A representative of the clergy in convocation. A Convocation ( Latin 'calling together' translating the Greek Ecclesia) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose An ecclesiastical proctor represents either the chapter of a cathedral or the beneficed clergy of a diocese. In accordance with Canon law, a cathedral chapter is a body of clerics ( chapter) formed to advise a Bishop and in the case of a vacancy in the bishop’s This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral In the province of Canterbury two proctors represent the clergy of each diocese; in that of York there are two for each archdeaconry. Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. A position of archdeacon is a senior position in Anglicanism, Syrian Malabar Nasrani, and in some other Christian denominations above that of most Every chapter is represented by one proctor.

Education

Proctors in education, is the name of certain important university officials. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects It may also refer to a person who is supervising an examination. To examine somebody or something is to inspect it closely hence an examination is a detailed inspection or analysis of an object or person

Cambridge University

The early history of the office at Cambridge is obscure, but it seems that the proctors have always represented the colleges in university proceedings. In the past the Proctors administered the university's finances, acted as examiners for all candidates for the B. A. , prosecuted anyone suspected of unfair trading, and had a multitude of other tasks. At present their functions are twofold (1) as taking part in all university ceremonials, (2) as enforcing discipline in the case of members of the university who are in statu pupillari (undergraduates and Bachelors of Arts and Law). Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society

Election

At Cambridge University the proctors are nominated every May by colleges identified in a predetermined cycle. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the They then serve from 1 October for one year, assisted by their Deputy Proctors and two Pro-Proctors. They must be a member of the senate for three years, and have resided two years at the university. The two pro-proctors are not, as at Oxford, nominated by the proctors, but are also elected by the senate on the nomination of the colleges, each college having the right to nominate a pro-proctor the year next before that in which it nominates the proctor (Grace of February 26, 1863). Two additional pro-proctors are also elected by the senate each year, on the nomination of the vice- chancellor and proctors, to assist the latter in the maintenance of discipline (Grace of June 6, 1878).

Ceremonial Functions

The proctors are ex-officio members of the Board of Scrutiny and of various other bodies. C D E Their presence is essential at all congregations of the senate, at which the senior proctor reads all the graces (already approved by the council of the senate). If any grace is opposed by any member of the senate saying non placet the proctors take the votes of those present and announce the result. Graces are offered not only for making changes in university statutes and ordinances and for appointing examiners and the like, but also for granting degrees. When a degree is to be taken the college of the candidate presents a supplicat or petition for the degree, this petition is approved by the council of the senate, when they have satisfied themselves that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions, and is read at the congregation by the senior proctor: these supplicats are practically never opposed, but graces for new statutes and ordinances are frequently opposed, and on very important occasions many hundreds of non-resident members of the senate come up to record their votes.

Disciplinary Functions

The proctors' powers as to discipline have a very long history. As far as concerns members of the university they have authority to impose certain fines for minor offences, such as not wearing academical dress on occasions when it is ordered, and also to order a man not to be out of his college after a certain hour for a certain number of days (gating). In the case of more serious offences the proctor generally reports the matter to the authorities of the offenders college to be dealt with by them, or as an ultimate resort brings the offender before the university court of discipline, which has power to rusticate or expel. The power of the proctors over persons who are not members of the university dated from charters granted by Elizabeth I and James I, which empowered the university authorities to search for undesirable characters, men and women, rogues, vagabonds, and other personas de male suspectas, and punish them by imprisonment or banishment. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James In recent times this power was regularly exercised with respect to women of bad character. The proctors promenaded the streets attended by their servants (the bulldogs), who are always sworn in as special constables. If occasion arose the proctor could arrest a suspected woman and have her taken to the Spinning House (for which Thomas Hobson the carrier had left an endowment); the next day the woman was brought before the vice-chancellor, who had power to commit her to the Spinning House; as a general rule the sentence was not for a longer period than three weeks. Thomas Hobson (1544– 1 January 1631) sometimes called "The Cambridge Carrier" is best known as the name behind the expression Hobson's choice The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge is the main administrative and academic officer of the university and is elected by the Regent House For this purpose the vice-chancellor sat in camera and the jurisdiction had nothing to do with that of the vice-chancellor's court. In 1898 attention was called to this procedure by the case of a girl named Daisy Hopkins, who was arrested and committed to the Spinning House. Application was made on her behalf to the Queens Bench Division for a writ of habeas corpus, and when the application came on it appeared that there had been a technical irregularity (the prisoner not having been formally charged when brought before the vice-chancellor); so the writ was granted and the prisoner released. Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief She afterwards brought an action against the proctor, which failed. It was now decided to abolish the practice of hearing these cases in camera. The whole practice was, however, objected to by the authorities of the town, and after conference an agreement was arrived at, the proctorial jurisdiction over persons not members of the university being abolished (1904).

The Junior Proctor has special responsibility for university societies and for resolving disputes arising from the Cambridge University Students' Union and the Graduate Union.

The Special Pro-Proctor for Motor Vehicles is responsible for licensing the keeping and using of motor vehicles (other than mopeds) within 10 miles of Great St Mary's Church by University students who have not yet reached MA status and are in residence in term or in the Long Vacation period of residence. St Mary the Great is a Church of England church in Cambridge, known locally as Great St Mary's or simply GSM. The Motor Proctor also has the power to impose a fine of up to £175 for students breaching the regulations on the keeping and using of motor vehicles.

Oxford University

See also: Oxford University Police

The Proctors of Oxford University are senior officers of the University who are responsible for enforcing University discipline and sanctions, for handling complaints against the University, and for conducting formal examinations (at the Examination Schools). The Oxford University Police, or Oxford University Constables (popularly known as Bulldogs) was the private Police force of the University The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the To examine somebody or something is to inspect it closely hence an examination is a detailed inspection or analysis of an object or person The Examination Schools of the University of Oxford are located at 75–81 High Street, Oxford, England. They are elected annually by the colleges. The University of Oxford comprises 38 Colleges and 6 religious Permanent Private Halls (PPHs which are autonomous self-governing Two Proctors are elected each year; a Senior and Junior Proctor. ^[1]

The reform of the university statutes in 2002 re-organised the disciplinary system of the University and reduced the powers of the Proctors. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. However, they still act as ombudsmen for the University, and handle formal complaints by and against students (although more minor disciplinary matters are usually dealt with by the Dean of each college). An ombudsman ( English plural conventionally ombudsmen) is an official usually (but not always appointed by the government or by parliament who is charged with In Academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit or over a specific area of concern or both They have the power to issue fines to members of the University for numerous offences, including cheating in examinations. FINE was created in 1998 and is an informal association of the four main Fair Trade networks F Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International ^[2]

Prior to 2003, the Proctors were aided in disciplinary matters by the Oxford University Police (who wore bowler hats and were generally known as "Bulldogs"); the University Police were a private constabulary with full powers of arrest within the precincts of the University and within four miles of any University building. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Oxford University Police, or Oxford University Constables (popularly known as Bulldogs) was the private Police force of the University The bowler hat, also known as a derby (US or billycock, is a Hard Felt Hat with a rounded crown originally created in 1849 for Edward An arrest is the act of depriving a person of his or her liberty usually in relation to the investigation and prevention of crime ^[3][4] However, after receiving public criticism in 2002 for their exercise of authority over citizens of Oxford who were not members of the University,^[5] the force was disbanded in 2003 by the University Council, due partly to the excessive expense of complying with new Government requirements on police training and complaints procedures. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[6][7] Today, the Constables have been redesignated as "Proctors' Officers" and continue to serve under the Proctors, but no longer have the powers of police constables.

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

• Cambridge University Proctors

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