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Prochlorococcus

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Division: Cyanobacteria
Order: Synechococcales
Family: Synechococcaceae
Genus: Prochlorococcus
Chisholm et al. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria or Cyanophyta, is a phylum of Bacteria that obtain their energy Sallie W (Penny Chisholm is a biological oceanographer She attended Skidmore College and received her Ph , 1992
Species

P. marinus

Prochlorococcus is a genus of very small (0. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic 6 µm) marine cyanobacteria with an unusual pigmentation (chlorophyll b) belonging to photosynthetic picoplankton. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria or Cyanophyta, is a phylum of Bacteria that obtain their energy Chlorophyll is a green Pigment found in most Plants Algae and Cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic picoplankton is the fraction of the Plankton performing Photosynthesis composed by cells between 0 It is probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy.

Contents

Overview

Although there had been several earlier records of very small chlorophyll-b-containing cyanobacteria in the ocean[1][2], Prochlorococcus was actually discovered in 1986[3] by Sallie W. (Penny) Chisholm of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert J. Sallie W (Penny Chisholm is a biological oceanographer She attended Skidmore College and received her Ph Olson of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and other collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI is a private nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of all aspects of marine science and engineering and The Sargasso Sea is an elongated region in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean surrounded by Ocean currents. Flow cytometry is a technique for counting examining and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid The first culture of Prochlorococcus was isolated in the Sargasso Sea in 1988 (strain SS120) and shortly another strain was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea (strain MED). In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways The name Prochlorococcus[4] originated from the fact it was originally assumed that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll b containing bacteria, called prochlorophytes, but it is now known that prochlorophytes form several separate phylogenetic groups within the cyanobacteria subgroup of the bacteria kingdom. A phylogenetic tree, also called an evolutionary tree, is a tree showing the Evolutionary relationships among various biological Species or other The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have

Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known photosynthetic organisms: Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just 0. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. 5 to 0. 8 micrometres across. Possibly they are also the most plentiful species on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Worldwide, there are estimated to be 100 octillion (1029) individuals. Names of numbers larger than a quadrillion are almost never used for reasons discussed further below [5] Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40°N and 40°S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient poor) regions of the oceans[6]. An oligotrophic Ecosystem or environment is one that offers little to sustain Life.

The light harvesting pigment complement of Prochlorococcus is unique, consisting predominantly of divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a (Chl a2) and b (Chl b2) and lacking monovinyl chlorophylls. Prochlorococcus occupies two distinct niches, leading to the nomenclature of the low light (LL) and high light (HL) groups [7], which vary in pigment ratios (LL possess a high ration of chlorophyll b2: a2 and HL low b2: a2), light requirements, nitrogen and phosphorus utilization, copper and virus sensitivity. These "ecotypes" can be differentiated on the basis of the sequence of their ribosomal RNA gene. Within a Species, an ecotype is a genetically unique Population that is adapted to its local environment Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) is the central component of the Ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. Recently the genomes of several strains of Prochlorococcus have been sequenced [8][9].

References

  1. ^ P. W. Johnson & J. M. Sieburth (1979). Chroococcoid cyanobacteria in the sea: a ubiquitous and diverse phototrophic biomass. Limnology and Oceanography 24: 928–935.  
  2. ^ W. W. C. Gieskes & G. W. Kraay (1983). Unknown chlorophyll a derivatives in the North Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean revealed by HPLC analysis. Limnology and Oceanography 28: 757–766.  
  3. ^ S. W. Chisholm, R. J. Olson, E. R. Zettler, J. Waterbury, R. Goericke & N. Welschmeyer (1988). A novel free-living prochlorophyte occurs at high cell concentrations in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature 334: 340–343. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869  
  4. ^ Sallie W. Chisholm, S. Sallie W (Penny Chisholm is a biological oceanographer She attended Skidmore College and received her Ph L. Frankel, R. Goericke, R. J. Olson, B. Palenik, J. B. Waterbury, L. West-Johnsrud & E. R. Zettler (1992). Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp. : an oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote containing divinyl chlorophyll a and b. Archives of Microbiology 157: 297–300.  
  5. ^ DGF. NASA. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program
  6. ^ F. Partensky, W. R. Hess & D. Vaulot (1999). Prochlorococcus, a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63: 106–127. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews is an Academic journal published by the American Society for Microbiology.  
  7. ^ N. J. West & D. J. Scanlan (1999). Niche-partitioning of Prochlorococcus in a stratified water column in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 2585–2591. Applied and Environmental Microbiology is an Academic journal published by the American Society for Microbiology.  
  8. ^ G. Rocap, F. W. Larimer, J. Lamerdin, S. Malfatti, P. Chain, N. A. Ahlgren, A. Arellano, M. Coleman, L. Hauser, W. R. Hess, Z. I. Johnson, M. Land, D. Lindell, A. F. Post, W. Regala, M. Shah, S. L. Shaw, C. Steglich, M. B. Sullivan, C. S. Ting, A. Tolonen, E. A. Webb, E. R. Zinser & S. W. Chisholm (2003). Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation. Nature 424: 1042–1047. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 doi:10.1038/nature01947. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  9. ^ A. Dufresne, M. Salanoubat, F. Partensky, F. Artiguenave, I. M. Axmann, V. Barbe, S. Duprat, M. Y. Galperin, E. V. Koonin, F. Le Gall, K. S. Makarova, M. Ostrowski, S. Oztas, C. Robert, I. B. Rogozin, D. J. Scanlan, N. Tandeau de Marsac, J. Weissenbach, P. Wincker, Y. I. Wolf & W. R. Hess (2003). Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 10020–10025. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United doi:10.1073/pnas.1733211100. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

Further reading

See also

External links

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