Citizendia

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Cover of PNAS
Cover of PNAS
Abbreviated titlePNAS, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
DisciplineAll sciences
LanguageEnglish
Edited byRandy Schekman
Publication details
PublisherNational Academy of Sciences (USA)
Publication history1914–present
Indexing
ISSN1091-6490
LCCN00-227001
CODENPNASA6
OCLC43473694
Links

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United States National Academy of Sciences. An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Randy Schekman is an American cell biologist at the University of California Berkeley and Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United CODEN – according to ASTM standard E250 – is a six character alphanumeric Bibliographic code, that provides concise unique and unambiguous identification The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science PNAS is an important scientific journal that printed its first issue in 1915 and continues to publish highly cited research reports, commentaries, reviews, perspectives, feature articles, colloquium papers, profiles, letters to the editor, and actions of the Academy. For a broader class of publications which include scientific journals see Academic journal. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Coverage in PNAS broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences. Although most of the papers published in the journal are in the biomedical sciences, PNAS recruits papers and publishes special features in the physical and social sciences and in mathematics. PNAS (abbreviated Proc Natl Acad Sci USA for referencing and indexing purposes[1][2]) is published weekly in print, and daily online in PNAS Early Edition CODEN: PNASC8. CODEN – according to ASTM standard E250 – is a six character alphanumeric Bibliographic code, that provides concise unique and unambiguous identification

Contents

History

PNAS was established by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1914, with its first issue published in 1915. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science The NAS itself had been founded in 1863, a private institution, but chartered by the U.S. Congress, with the goal to "investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses " By 1914, the Academy was well established.

Prior to the start of the journal, NAS published three volumes of organizational transactions, consisting mostly of minutes of meetings and annual reports. In accordance with the guiding principles established by Astronomer George Ellery Hale, the foreign secretary of NAS in 1914, PNAS publishes brief first announcements of Academy members' and foreign associates' more important contributions to research and of work that appears to a member to be of particular importance [1]. George Ellery Hale ( June 29 1868 &ndash February 21 1938) was an American solar Astronomer, born in Chicago

Editors

The first managing editor of the journal was mathematician Edwin Bidwell Wilson. Randy Schekman is an American cell biologist at the University of California Berkeley and Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Edwin Bidwell Wilson ( April 25 1879 – December 28 1964) was a Mathematician and Polymath.

Peer review

All research papers published in PNAS are peer-reviewed [2]. The standard mode is for papers to be submitted directly to PNAS rather than going through an Academy member. Members may handle the peer review process for up to 4 of their own papers per year--this is an open review process because the member selects and communicates directly with the referees. These submissions and reviews, like all for PNAS, are evaluated for publication by the PNAS Editorial Board. Members may also communicate up to 2 papers from non-members to PNAS each year. This is an anonymous review process in that the identities of the referees are not revealed to the authors. Referees are selected by the NAS member. [3][4][5]

Dual use papers and national security

In 2003, PNAS issued an editorial stating its policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences [3]. PNAS stated that it would "continue to monitor submitted papers for material that may be deemed inappropriate and that could, if published, compromise the public welfare. " This statement was in keeping with the efforts of several other journals. [6][7][8] In 2005 PNAS published an article titled "Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk" [4] despite objections raised by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS) is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting [9] The paper was published with a commentary by the president of the Academy at the time, Bruce Alberts, titled "Modeling attacks on the food supply" [5]. Dr Bruce Alberts (b 14 April 1938, Chicago) is an American Biochemist.

Impact

PNAS is widely read by researchers, particularly those involved in basic sciences, around the world. PNAS Online receives 11. 6 million hits per month [6]. The journal is notable for its policy of making research articles freely available online to everyone 6 months after publication (delayed open access), or immediately if authors have chosen the "open access" option (hybrid open access). Delayed open access journals are journals in which the free availability of the content is available but only after several months with the immediate availability being limited to A newly popular variation on Open access journals is the Hybrid Open Access Journal. Immediately free online access (without the 6-month delay) is provided for more than 140 developing countries and for some categories of papers such as colloquia. Abstracts, tables of contents, and online supporting information are free. Anyone can sign up to receive free tables of contents by email. [10]

Because PNAS is self-sustaining and receives no direct funding from the government or the National Academy of Sciences, the journal charges authors publication fees and subscription fees to offset the cost of the editorial and publication process. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science

The journal's impact factor for 2004 was 10. The impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the Citations to science and social science journals. 452, for 2005 was 10. 231, and 2006 was 9. 643 (as measured by Thomson ISI). The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960. PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal with 1,338,191 citations from 1994–2004 (the Journal of Biological Chemistry is the most cited journal over this period with 1,740,902 citations in total). The Journal of Biological Chemistry (often abbreviated JBC) is a Scientific journal founded in 1905 and published since 1925 by the American Society

Classic papers

PNAS has been the first to publish many scientific breakthroughs across disciplines, including the following papers:

Edwin Hubble (1929) A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae. Edwin Powell Hubble ( November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 15, 168-173.

John F. Nash (1950) Equilibrium points in n-person games. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 36, 48-49.

Linus Pauling, & Robert Corey (1951) Atomic coordinates and structure factors for two helical configurations of polypeptide chains. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 235-240.

Linus Pauling & Robert Corey (1951) The structure of synthetic polypeptides. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 241-250.

Linus Pauling & Robert Corey (1951) The pleated sheet, a new layer configuration of polypeptide chains. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 251-256.

Linus Pauling & Robert Corey (1951) The structure of feather rachis keratin. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 256-261.

Linus Pauling & Robert Corey (1951) The structure of hair, muscle, and related proteins. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 261-271.

Linus Pauling & Robert Corey (1951) The structure of fibrous proteins of the collagen-gelatin group. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 272-281.

Linus Pauling & Robert Corey (1951) The polypeptide-chain configuration in hemoglobin and other globular proteins. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 282-285.

Linus Pauling & Robert Corey & Herman Branson (1951) The structure of proteins: two hydrogen-bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain. Linus Carl Pauling (February 28 1901 – August 19 1994 was an American Scientist, Peace activist, Author and educator. Robert Brainard Corey (August 19 1897 – April 23 1971 was an American biochemist mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet Herman Russell Branson ( August 14, 1914 - June 7, 1995) was an African American physicist best known for his research on Protein Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 235-240.

Julian Schwinger (1951) On the Green’s functions of quantized fields. Julian Seymour Schwinger ( February 12, 1918 &ndash July 16, 1994) was an American Theoretical physicist. I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 452–455.

Julian Schwinger (1951) On the Green’s functions of quantized fields. Julian Seymour Schwinger ( February 12, 1918 &ndash July 16, 1994) was an American Theoretical physicist. II. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 37, 455–460.

Robert Briggs & Thomas J. King (1952) Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs’ eggs. Robert Briggs ( December 10, 1911 — March 4, 1983) was a scientist who in 1952 together with Thomas J Thomas J King ( 1921 - October 25, 2000) was an American Biologist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 38, 455-463.

Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl (1958) The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli. Matthew Stanley Meselson (b May 24, 1930) is an American Geneticist and molecular biologist whose research was important in showing how DNA replicates Dr Franklin William Stahl (born October 8, 1929) is an American molecular biologist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 44, 671–682.

Kathleen Danna & Daniel Nathans (1971) Specific cleavage of Simian Virus 40 DNA by restriction endonuclease of Hemophilus influenzae. Daniel Nathans ( October 30, 1928 &ndash November 16, 1999) was an American Microbiologist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 2913-2917.

Frederick Sanger, S Nicklen, AR Coulson (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and twice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5463-5467.

Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert (1977) New method for sequencing DNA. Allan Maxam is one of the pioneers of Molecular genetics. He was one of the contributors to develop a DNA sequencing method at Harvard University, while Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, and Molecular biology pioneer Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 560-564.

Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J (1979) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 76, 4350-4354.

References

  1. ^ List of journals. PubMed. PubMed is a free search engine for accessing the MEDLINE database of citations and abstracts of biomedical research articles Retrieved on 2007-09-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire.
  2. ^ CAplus Core Journal Coverage List. American Chemical Society. The American Chemical Society ( ACS) is a Learned society ( Professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry Retrieved on 2007-09-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire.
  3. ^ Information for authors from the PNAS website. PNAS website.
  4. ^ Alan Fersht (May 3, 2005). "Editorial: How and why to publish in PNAS". PNAS 102 (18): pp. 6241-6242.  
  5. ^ Eugene Garfield (September 7, 1987). Eugene "Gene" Garfield (born September 16 1925 in New York City) is an American Scientist, one of the founders of Bibliometrics Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) "Classic Papers from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences". Essays of an Information Scientist 10.  
  6. ^ Harmon, Amy. "Journal Editors to Consider U.S. Security in Publishing", New York Times, February 16, 2003.  
  7. ^ Fauber, John (February 16, 2003), “Science articles to be censored in terror fight”, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, <http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=118767> . The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning Broadsheet printed in Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA
  8. ^ Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. (February 18, 2003). "PNAS policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences". PNAS 100 (4): 1463. doi:10.1073/pnas.0630514100. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  9. ^ "Provocative report on bioterror online", The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 29, 2005. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the only major daily Newspaper in Atlanta Georgia, USA and its suburbs.  
  10. ^ PNAS electronic table of contents. PNAS website for signup and setting management.

External links

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