In theology and philosophy, probabilism (from Latin probare, to test, approve) holds that in the absence of certainty, probability is the best criterion. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Probability is the likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen
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Theology
In moral theology, especially Catholic, it refers especially to the view in casuistry that in difficult matters of conscience one may safely follow a doctrine that is probable, for example is approved by a recognized Doctor of the Church, even if the opposite opinion is more probable. Probabilism, in Catholic Moral theology, provides a way of answering the question about what to do when Ethics is a branch of Philosophy dealing with right and wrong in human behavior Casuistry (ˈkæʒuːɨstri is an Applied ethics term referring to case-based Reasoning. Conscience is a hypothesized Ability or faculty that distinguishes whether our actions are right or wrong Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals
This view was advanced by the Spanish theologian Bartolomé de Medina (1527 - 1581) and defended by many Jesuits such as Luis Molina (1528 - 1581). Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Bartolomé de Medina, Spanish Theologian, was born in Medina, Spain in 1527 The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Luis de Molina (September 1535 Cuenca, Spain - October 12, 1600, Madrid, Spain was a Spanish Jesuit It was heavily criticised by Blaise Pascal in his Provincial Letters as leading to moral laxity. Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher The Lettres provinciales ( Provincial letters) are a series of eighteen letters written by French Philosopher and Theologian Blaise Opposed to probabilism is probabiliorism (Latin probabilior, "more likely"), which holds that when there is a preponderance of evidence on one side of a controversy one is obliged to follow that side, and tutiorism (Latin tutior, "safer"), which holds that in case of doubt one must take the morally safer side. Probabilism, in Catholic Moral theology, provides a way of answering the question about what to do when Probabilism, in Catholic Moral theology, provides a way of answering the question about what to do when A more radical view, "minus probabilissimus", holds that an action is permissible if a single opinion allowing that action is available, even if the overwhelming weight of opinion proscribes it.
Philosophy
In philosophy the term is applied to that practical doctrine which gives assistance in ordinary matters to one who is skeptical in respect of the possibility of real knowledge: it supposes that though knowledge is impossible, a man may rely on strong beliefs in practical affairs. This view was held by the skeptics of the New Academy (see skepticism and Carneades. In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences Carneades (Καρνεάδης (c 214 – 129 BC) was a radical Skeptic born in Cyrene and the first of the Philosophers to pronounce ).
Academic skeptics accept probabilism, while Pyrrhonian skeptics do not. Pyrrhonism, or Pyrrhonian skepticism, was a school of Skepticism founded by Aenesidemus in the first century BC and recorded by Sextus Empiricus
See also
Sources and references
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. Aequiprobabilism, also spelled Æquiprobabilism, is one of several doctrines in moral theology opposed to Probabilism. Compensationism is one of several theological doctrines opposed to Probabilism. Probabilism, in Catholic Moral theology, provides a way of answering the question about what to do when The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia Probabilism (1911)
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), ch. 4
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