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A private university is a university that is run without the control of any government entity,[1] as opposed to public universities. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. Private universities are common in Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Chile, India, Iraq, Ireland, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Portugal, and the United States but do not exist in some countries. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Tuition fees at private universities tend to be much higher than at public universities. Tuition means instruction or teaching. In American English, the term tuition is often used to refer to a fee charged for educational instruction A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. [2]

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Australia

Bond University is Australia's first private university, founded in 1987. Bond University is a private University located in Robina, Queensland, Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. [3] It runs three semesters per year (correlating exactly with the Northern and Southern Hemispheres' schedules), which allows a student to complete a six semester degree in two years and an eight semester degree (e. g. Law) in under three years. [4]

Since Bond University's foundation, the University of Notre Dame Australia has also been founded as a private university, in 1989. The University of Notre Dame Australia (UNDA is a private Roman Catholic University established in 1990 in the Western Australian port They remain Australia's only private universities.

Melbourne University, a public university, owned a private university called Melbourne University Private from 1998 to 2005. The University of Melbourne is a Public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. Melbourne University Private (MUP was a private University spinoff founded by the University of Melbourne in Australia which operated from July 1998 to Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The private university was not successful, losing $A 20 000 000 over its life. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas

Austria

In Austria, institutions must be authorised by the state to legally grant academic degrees. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing In 1999, a federal law (Universitäts-Akkreditierungsgesetz) was passed to allow the accreditation of private universities. Educational accreditation is a type of Quality assurance process under which services and operations of an educational institution or program are evaluated by an external body The Akkreditierungsrat (accreditation council, [5]) evaluates applicants and issues recommendations to the responsible accreditation authority, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research.

Accreditations must be renewed regularly and can be withdrawn, e. g. in case of repeated academic misconduct. In 2003, the accreditation of International University Vienna was withdrawn. International University Vienna (IUV is a private institution located in Vienna, Austria, with a subsidiary in Kiev, ( Ukraine) In 2006, when the accreditation of IMADEC University expired, the accreditation council rejected the request for renewal. IMADEC University is a private business and Law school located in Vienna, Austria.

Austrian law demands private universities use the term Privatuniversität (literally "private university") within their German name, although the formal name in other languages, e. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. g. in English, is not regulated. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States While the legal definition of "private university" prohibits funding by the Republic of Austria, it still allows funding by other public bodies. Consequently, some of Austria's private universities are funded by provincial governments.

Accreditation of private universities started in 2001. Today, there are 12 private universities in Austria. Most of them are small (fewer than 1000 students) and specialised in only one or two fields of study:

Two former private universities are not accredited any more:

Bangladesh

Private university system in Bangladesh started in 1992 and all the private universities in Bangladesh are established under the Private University Act 1992[5]. Anton Bruckner Private University for Music Drama and Dance (in German Anton Bruckner Privatuniversität für Musik Schauspiel und Tanz, common short forms are Anton Linz is the third largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich The Catholic-Theological Private University Linz is one of four universities in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, with approximately 500 students enrolled The Konservatorium Wien is a music conservatory in Vienna, Austria. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. PEF Private University of Management in Vienna was accredited by the Austrian Accreditation Council as a Private university in June 2002 Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Graz (etymologically from Slovene: Gradec IPA /gradeʦ/ "little castle" with a population of around 290000 as of 2008 (of which 252852 have principal New Design University (official German name Privatuniversität der Kreativwirtschaft is a Private university in St Sankt Pölten ( St Pölten) is the capital city of the Austrian State of Lower Austria. Hall in Tirol is a city in Tyrol, Austria. It is situated 10 km east of Innsbruck in the Innsbruck-Land district at, with a population of The Sigmund Freud University of Vienna (SFU was accredited as a private university by the Austrian Accreditation Council in August 2005. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Webster University Vienna is the Austrian branch of Webster University, and Webster's biggest campus outside the US The United States of America —commonly referred to as the International University Vienna (IUV is a private institution located in Vienna, Austria, with a subsidiary in Kiev, ( Ukraine) IMADEC University is a private business and Law school located in Vienna, Austria. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially During the early 90's government as well as the civil society of Bangladesh felt that existing public universities are not sufficient to meet the constantly increasing high demand of higher education in Bangladesh. Moreover, to maintain the quality education most of the reputed public universities kept themselves extremely selective and each year a large number of students failed to get admitted into the higher educational institutions. All those issues leaded them to permit private sectors to establish universities. On 9 August, 1992, the Private University Act (Act 34) 1992 was passed and with in the next few years a good number of private universities were established in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Sylhet. Dhaka (also known as Dacca ( Bangla: ঢাকা ɖʱaka is the Capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city Rajshahi ( Bangla: রাজশাহী is a city in Rajshahi District in northwestern Bangladesh. This article is about the city For the upazila or district or the administrative division see Sylhet Sadar Upazila or Sylhet District or Sylhet Division North South University (1992) was the first private university in Bangladesh. For other uses see NSU disambiguation North South University (নর্থসাউথ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় or NSU is an private Independent University, Bangladesh (1993), American International University-Bangladesh (1994), Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology(1995), East West University(1996 are some earliest private universities of the country. Independent University Bangladesh (ইনডিপেন্ডেন্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় or IUB is a private University located in American International University-Bangladesh (আমেরিকান ইন্টারন্যাশনাল ইউনিভার্সিটি-বাংলাদেশ (AIUB Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology ( Bangla: আহসানউল্লাহ্ This article is about the university in Dhaka Bangladesh For the university in Chicago see East-West University. In recent time some new private universities have started functioning in Bangladesh. Some of these are,University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh[ULAB](2002) Sylhet International University ;SIU(2001),),[SOUTH EAST UNIVERSITY,BANANI,DHAKA] (2002), [Uttara University] (2003), United International University (2003). United International University (ইউনাইটেড আন্তর্জাতিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় or ( UIU) is a private university The University Grant Commission is the monitoring body for all the private and public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grants Commission (UGC of Bangladesh was established on 16 December 1972 [6]

China

In the late 19th and early 20th century the first private universities in China were founded by missionaries, such as St. John's University and Aurora University in Shanghai, Yenching University in Beijing (Peking), and Ginling Women's University and University of Nanking in Nanjing (Nanking). Aurora University in Aurora Illinois, USA is a private Liberal arts college that admits both male and female students to four-year undergraduate master's and doctoral Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Yenching University ( was a notable University in Peking (Beijing in China Ginling College (also known as Ginling Women's University and Ginling Women's College of Arts and Sciences, 金陵女子文理学院 金陵女子大学 was a The University of Nanking (金陵大学 was a Christian University founded in 1888 in Nanjing, China. ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles During the Republican era, all public universities were all designated "National Universities". This article discusses history of the state which currently governs Taiwan Area. (This is still the case in Taiwan, where the Republic of China still exists e. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES g. National Taiwan University. National Taiwan University ( abbreviation NTU) is a national co-educational university located in Taipei City Taiwan )

All universities were made public following the 1949 revolution and the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The first private university in the PRC is Sanda University, founded in 1992 offering until 2001 only certificates and diplomas. Sanda University (上海杉达学院 was the first private university established in Shanghai (since all universities were made public immediately following the 1949 revolution As of 2002, it was officially allowed to offer undergraduate level courses, and now offers instruction in a variety of subjects as approved by the state.

Chile

In the 80s the government of Pinochet split up of Chile's few but large universities into minor private owned universities. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Chiles traditional universities lost almost all their campuses outside Santiago to these new universities. In Chile, the term universidades tradicionales (traditional universities is used to denote the group of universities founded before the 1980s Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Almost all Chilean's private universities are for-profit. Despite of a growing number of private universities, as of 2006, Chile's most prestigious universities continued to be two state owned universities.

Germany

In Germany, Witten/Herdecke University was the first private university, founded in 1982. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Witten/Herdecke University (UWH is a private university in Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. In the 1990s many private universities were newly founded and today, there are 63 private universities and universities of applied sciences in Germany. A Fachhochschule (plural Fachhochschulen) or University of Applied Sciences is a German type of University, sometimes specialized in certain topical areas However, all German private universities are relatively small and the 233 public universities in the country are therefore more important within the German higher education system. Witten/Herdecke University, with just over 1000 students, is also the largest private university in Germany. Most German private universities specialise in relatively few majors, most often in business and information technology related subjects. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support

There are also 43 so called church-run universities in Germany, founded and operated by churches. In most other countries they would be considered to be private universities since they are run without the control of a government entity. German law defined church-run universities as a third type of university besides public and private institutions. Church-run universities specialise in church music, nursing, religious education, social work, special needs education, curative/therapeutic education, philosophy and theology. Christian music is music that is written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health In Secular usage religious education is the Teaching of a particular Religion (although in England the term religious instruction would refer Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies Special Education is the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures adapted equipment and materials accessible settings and other interventions Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective One of the most outstanding is Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt. The Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt is a Roman Catholic university in Eichstätt, Bavaria, Germany. Another example is the Hochschule für Philosophie operated by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Hochschule is a School of Philosophy that provides a special offering in ethics and philosophy of religion. The Jesuit Faculty of Philosophy in Munich works with questions pertinent to the modern world by offering an informed perspective to the discussion.

Hungary

Hong Kong

India

In India, privately funded institutions are in existence since independence, but they were not recognised as private univeristies. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Many private universities (or institutions classified as universities by the University Grants Commission (India) or those that define themselves as university) have come up only recently. The University Grants Commission of India is a Union government body that provides funds for government-recognised universities and Colleges It Many of these universities offer multidisciplinary professional courses similar to state funded universities, however institutions offering single stream specialization programs are also in existence.

Manipal University, Manipal- Karnataka, is india's first private University. It has over 20 constituent colleges that offer over 180 programs in 14 disciplines. Manipal University is one of the few globally renowned private universities of India and is the preferred destination of students from over 55 countries. Manipal University, formerly known as Manipal Academy of Higher Education or MAHE for short is a deemed university in Manipal, Karnataka

Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), in Pilani, Rajasthan and Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, SRM University, Chennai are some of the other well respected private universities in India that are considered as being competitive with the Indian Institutes of Technology. Birla Institute of Technology & Science, (िबरला प्रौद्योिगकी एवं विज्ञान संस्थान िपलानी (known as BITS WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Pilani is a town in the Jhunjhunu District in Rajasthan, India and is the home to Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, ( Hindi: बिरला प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान मेसरा) (popularly known as BIT Mesra Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs, are a group of fourteen autonomous Engineering and Technology -oriented institutes of Higher education established Thapar University in Patiala, Punjab is a well known private engineering college of north India. Thapar University, (a Private university) previously known as Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (before 2007- was founded in 1956 by Karam WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. These universities have been awarded with the 5 star ranking by NAAC.

Many institutes Specializing in management education (like Xavier Labour Relations Institute, and The Indian Institute of Planning and Management) have been around since the 1940s and the 1970s respectively. The Indian Institute of Planning and Management (IIPM is a private educational institute in India that offers non-technical and non-professional bachelors and masters programmes Some of the noted private universities in western India are the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, and D. Y Patil University, Navi Mumbai

Vedanta University, near Bhubaneswar, Orissa will be India's first large multidisciplinary university. The vision Anil Agarwal, an Indian businessman who heads the London based Vedanta Resources corporation and Naveen Patnaik, Bhubaneswar ( Oriya: BUbEnSvr Hindi: भुवनेश्वर in Sanskrit and Oriya/oDiA "The Lord of the Universe" is the capital and Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. [8]. It will start functioning in 2008.

Ireland

In Ireland, a private university (more commonly known as a private college) is one that is not funded by the state, and therefore not covered by the free-fees initiative. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. All universities, Institutes of Technology, Colleges of Education, as well as the National College of Ireland and some religious institutions are publicly funded and therefore covered by free-fees. This is a list of Colleges and universities in the Republic of Ireland, some colleges are constituent colleges of universities A Regional Technical College ( RTC) is a type of College in Ireland now replaced by an Institute of Technology ( IT) In the United States and Canada, a school of education (or college of education; ed school) is a division within a University that National College of Ireland, wwwncirlie is committed to advancing knowledge in its specialist areas of business human resource management accountancy finance computing and community There are few private colleges, and they are highly specialised, such as Griffith College Dublin, Dorset College and Dublin Business School. History and General Information Griffith College in Dublin ( GCD) (Coláiste Uí Ghríofa is a Private college located on the former Griffith Dublin Business School (DBS incorporating Portobello College is the largest independent college in Ireland.

Iraq

See Private Universities in Iraq

Japan

As of 2007, there are 568 private universities, while there are 87 national universities and 89 public universities. There are 18 private universities in Iraq which are called University Colleges They are Ahlulbait University College Al Rafidain University As of 2007 there are 87 in Japan, while there are 89 Public universities and 568 Private universities. A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. [9]. Private universities thus account for about 3/4 of all universities in Japan. Like public and national universities, many private universities use National Center Test for University Admissions as an entrance exam. The is a type of Standardized test used by public and some private universities in Japan. An entrance examination is an Examination that many educational institutions use to select students for admission

Lebanon

There are 19 private universities in Lebanon. [10] Among theses universities, two are internationally acknowledged, namely, the American University of Beirut and the Lebanese American University. The American University of Beirut (AUB الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت is a private independent University in Beirut, Lebanon. Lebanese American University is an American institution operating in Lebanon. [11] The languages of teaching in private universities are mainly French and English, while Arabic is widely used in religious universities and Armenian in the Armenian university. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The first university opened in Lebanon was the Syrian Protestant College in 1866 (Became the American University of Beirut in 1921). It was founded by Daniel Bliss a Protestant missionary. The second university opened in Lebanon was the, Université Saint-Joseph, founded by the Jesuits in 1875. Université Saint-Joseph (USJ is a private higher institute of education founded by the Jesuits in 1875 in Beirut, Lebanon, known The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands there is one private university named Nyenrode. Nyenrode Business Universiteit, also spelled as Nijenrode, is a prestigious Dutch business school and only private University. This University is founded in 1946 and still active as a Graduate School for Business. You can get your master degree in Management and do an MBA. Both programmes are though in English. Recently they merged with the institute for CPA education and they share their facilities. the Nyenrode Business University also contains a campus and highly active student life. In the Netherlands this is unique. The Dutch HBOs (universities of applied science) count more private institutes like the Nootenboom University for Business and the IVA for the Automotive industry.

Pakistan

Main article: Higher Education Commission of Pakistan

The Higher Education Commission (HEC), formerly the University Grant Commission, is the primary regulator of higher education in Pakistan. The Higher Education Commission ( HEC) formerly the University Grant Commission is the primary regulator of higher education in Pakistan It also facilitates the development of higher educational system in Pakistan[1]. Its main purpose is to upgrade the List of universities in Pakistan to be world-class centres of education, research and development. The following is a list of major universities in Pakistan, organized by subnational entities and lists only those universities that are recognised by the Higher

The HEC is also playing a leading role towards building a knowledge based economy in Pakistan by giving out hundreds of doctoral scholarships for education abroad every year. In spite of the criticism of HEC, its creation has also had a positive impact on higher education in Pakistan. In their two year report for 2004 to 2006 it is mentioned that according to the Institute of Scientific Information, the total number of publications appearing in the 8,000 leading journals indexed in the web of Science arising out of Pakistan in 2005 was 1,259 articles, representing a 41% increase over the past two years and a 60% increase since the establishment of HEC in 2002. In addition the HEC digital library now provides access to over 20,000 leading research journals, covering about 75% of the world's peer reviewed scientific journals.

Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan: Aga Khan University established in 1983; and Lahore University of Management Sciences established in 1985. The Aga Khan University (AKU is a Coeducational Research University spread over three continents The Lahore University of Management Sciences, usually referred to by its Acronym LUMS, is a University located in Lahore, Pakistan By 1997, however, there were 10 private universities and in 2001-2002, this number had doubled to 20. In 2003-2004 Pakistan had a total of 83 private degree granting institutions.

The rapid expansion of private higher education is even more remarkable if we look at the number of institutions established on a year-by-year basis. In 1997, for instance, three private institutions were established; in 2001 eleven new private institutions were opened; and in 2002 a total of 29 private sector institutions sprung up.

The HEC website also points to a 40% increase in enrollment in universities in Pakistan over the last two years, which it attributes to efforts on its part to encourage higher education in the country.

Portugal

Main article: Higher education in Portugal

The oldest non-state-run university, the Universidade Católica Portuguesa - UCP (Catholic University of Portugal), a catholic private university (concordatory status) with branches in the cities of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Viseu, and Figueira da Foz, was founded before the others, in 1967, and officially recognized in 1971. Higher education in Portugal is divided into two main subsystems University and Polytechnic education The Catholic University of Portugal ( Universidade Católica Portuguesa, pron. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". A concordat usually refers to an agreement between the Apostolic See and a Government of a certain country on religious matters although it is also used Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese Vişeu is also a River in northern Romania. Viseu (viˈzew is both a city (capital of the Figueira da Foz ( pron fi'gɐjɾɐ dɐ fɔʃ also known as Figueira for short is a city of the district of Coimbra, in Portugal. UCP offers some well-recognized degrees and is reputed for law and business management degrees it awards at its Lisbon and Porto branches. After the Carnation Revolution of 1974, in the 1980s and 1990s, a boom of educational private institutions was experienced in Portugal and many private universities started to open. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon Most private universities had a poor reputation and were known for making it easy for students to enter and also to get high grades. In 2007, several of those private universities or their heirs, were investigated and faced compulsory closing (for example, the infamous Independente University closing and the Moderna University scandals) or official criticism with recommendations that the state-managed investigation proposed for improving their quality and avoid termination. Independente University (in Portuguese Universidade Independente or UnI for short was a Private university, headquartered in Moderna University ( Universidade Moderna) was a Portuguese Private university headquartered in Lisbon, with departments in Setúbal In the mid-2000s, within the Bologna process, a reorganization of higher education was started which included more stringent regulations for private education and expanded state policies with regard to private education quality assurance and educational accreditation. The purpose of the Bologna process (or Bologna accords is to create the European higher education area by making Academic degree standards and quality assurance standards Educational accreditation is a type of Quality assurance process under which services and operations of an educational institution or program are evaluated by an external body In general, the private higher education institutions were often considered the schools of last resort for underachieving applicants who didn't score enough points in the admission examinations to enter the main public institutions. Nearly open-admission policies have hurt private universities' reputation and the actual quality of their alumni. Without large endowments like those received, for example, by many US private universities and colleges which are attractive to the best scholars, researchers and students, the private higher education institutions of Portugal, with a few exceptions, do not have neither the financial support nor the academic profile to reach the highest teaching and research standards of the top Portuguese public universities. This is a list of Portuguese institutions providing Higher education. In addition, the private universities have faced a restrictive lack of collaboration with the major enterprises which, however, have developed fruitful relationships with many public higher education institutions. Most Portuguese private universities specialise in a limited number of fields, most often in the social sciences and humanities. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative

United Kingdom

The private university/public university split does not fit the United Kingdom university system very well. British universities have institutional autonomy, which is well respected as it has developed over centuries, but in the first half of the 20th century they came to rely on the government for most of their funding. The only two universities which are wholly privately financed are University of Buckingham and Richmond University, both of which have a low profile within the UK and cater largely to overseas students[12] (although Richmond University does not itself award UK degrees). The University of Buckingham is the only Private university in the United Kingdom. Richmond The American International University in London is a private liberal arts and professional studies university

United States

In the U. S. , most of the prestigious universities and colleges, including the universities belonging to the Ivy League, are private, operated as nonprofit organizations. The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage While most liberal arts colleges are likewise private, there are also some public liberal arts colleges. Liberal arts colleges in the United States are institutions of Higher education in the United States. The Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges (COPLAC is a Consortium of state-supported liberal arts colleges. Some private universities are closely affiliated with religious organizations (e. g. , the University of Notre Dame) and some are directly operated by religious organizations (e. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in g. , Brigham Young University).

The private higher education sector in the United States also includes proprietary or for-profit institutions, which are operated as businesses by individual owners or corporations. Proprietary colleges are American for-profit colleges and universities For-profit schools are Educational institutions that are run by private profit-seeking Companies or Organizations, selling education to those who want to

Like government-operated institutions, private universities are eligible for educational accreditation, but some private universities (primarily religious institutions and proprietary colleges) are not accredited (see list of unaccredited institutions of higher learning), and their degrees are not formally recognized. Educational accreditation is a type of Quality assurance process under which services and operations of an educational institution or program are evaluated by an external body Due to the dynamic nature of many unaccredited institutions there can never be a complete list of unaccredited institutions Some are simply diploma mills. A diploma mill (also known as a degree mill) is an organization that awards Academic degrees and Diplomas with substandard or no academic study and without

Private universities are not limited by the restrictions on government action in the same way that public universities are. For example, religious institutions can expressly forward their religious beliefs and teach that other religions are incorrect. Private universities also generally have a freer hand in setting admissions policies than public institutions. E. g. , universities in the Ivy League historically based their selections on many factors other than academic performance, including "lineage," "character", and "personal" characteristics. The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. [13] In recent years, however, many private universities have been making an effort to appeal to and recruit academically talented students from underprivileged backgrounds.

The U. S. system of education has also been exported to other countries. Private universities such as the American University in Cairo and the American University of Afghanistan typically offer a liberal arts curriculum to their students. The American University in Cairo (AUC is a private university located in Cairo, Egypt. The American University of Afghanistan ( ( AUAF) located in Kabul, Afghanistan, is the nation’s first private not-for-profit institution of higher

References

  1. ^ Fishbine, Glenn. Laureate Education Inc is an education services company based in Baltimore Maryland, which owns a number of For-profit colleges and online universities A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. (2002) The Investor's Guide to Nanotechnology & Micromachines. John Wiley & Sons. p. 42. ISBN 0-471-44355-7.
  2. ^ Tottie, Gunnel. (2001) Introduction to American English Blackwell Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 0-631-19792-3.
  3. ^ Burrows, Toby & Philip G. Kent. (1993) Serials Management in Australia and New Zealand. Haworth Press. p. 19. ISBN 1-56024-453-4.
  4. ^ Princeton Review. (2004) Guide to Studying Abroad. The Princeton Review. p. 105. ISBN 0-375-76371-6.
  5. ^ Private University Act, 1992 in Bangladesh
  6. ^ University Grant Commission, Bangladesh
  7. ^ Diane Stone, “Market Principles, Philanthropic Ideals and Public Service Values: The Public Policy Program at the Central European University”, PS: Political Science and Politics, July 2007: 545—551.
  8. ^ Wells, Georgia. (2005) "New Indian university modeled after Stanford. " The Stanford Daily, July 27, 2006 [1]
  9. ^ 日本の大学　学校基本調査速報データ (Japanese) (2006). Retrieved on 2007-12-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
  10. ^ Lebanese Ministry of Higher Education Website (in Arabic) [2]
  11. ^ Education in Lebanon, CSRD report, Lebanese American University, 2004 [3]
  12. ^ Diane Stone, ‘Principles and Pragmatism in the 'Privatisation' of British Higher Education’, Policy and Politics, 26 (3) July 1998: 255-71.
  13. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm. (2005) "Getting In: the social logic of Ivy League admissions. " The New Yorker, October 10, 2005 [4]
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