A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression Prisons are conventionally institutions, which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime. Institutions are structures and mechanisms of Social order and Cooperation governing the Behavior of a Set of Individuals Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment

In popular parlance of many countries, the term jail (gaol) is considered synonymous with prison, although legally these are often distinct institutions: typically jails are intended to hold persons awaiting trials or serving sentences of less than one year, whereas prisons host prisoners serving longer sentences. Jail, or gaol (especially in Canada, Australia and NZ[http //www

A criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with a criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he or she is denied, refused or unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable to post bail. In the Parlance of Criminal justice, a suspect is a known person suspected of committing a Crime. In law an offence is a violation of the Penal law. An offence can range from a simple Misdemeanor (e Traditionally bail is some form of Property deposited or pledged to a Court in order to persuade it to release a suspect from jail, on the understanding This may also occur where the court determines that the suspect is at risk of absconding before the trial, or is otherwise a risk to society. A criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. A defendant or defender ( Δ in Legal shorthand) is any party who is required to answer the Complaint of a Plaintiff In Law, a verdict is the formal finding of fact made by a Jury on matters or questions submitted to the jury by a judge If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment. In Law, a conviction is the Verdict that results when a Court of law finds a Defendant guilty of a Crime. In Law, a sentence forms the final act of a Judge -ruled process and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function

Prisons may also be used as a tool of political repression to detain political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and "enemies of the state", particularly by authoritarian regimes. Political repression is the Persecution of an individual or group for political reasons particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity Prisoner of conscience (POC is a term coined by the human rights group Amnesty International in the early 1960s An enemy of the state is a person accused of certain Crimes against the State, such as Treason. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union In times of war or conflict, prisoners of war may also be detained in prisons. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units A prison system is the organizational arrangement of the provision and operation of prisons, and depending on their nature, may invoke a corrections system. Corrections in general refers to society's handling of persons after their conviction of a criminal offense Although people have been imprisoned throughout history, they have also regularly been able to perform prison escapes. A prison escape or prison break is where a prisoner leaves their Prison through unofficial or illegal ways while an effort is made to recapture them by their

Contents 1 History 2 Design and facilities 3 Types 3.1 Juvenile 3.2 Military 3.3 Political 3.4 Psychiatric 4 Rehabilitation 5 Population statistics 6 Prisons by country 6.1 Australia 6.2 Canada 6.3 France 6.4 Germany 6.5 India 6.6 Ireland 6.7 Jamaica 6.8 Japan 6.9 New Zealand 6.10 Poland 6.11 Turkey 6.12 United Kingdom 6.13 United States 7 Correspondence 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

History

For most of history, imprisoning has not been a punishment in itself, but rather a way to lock up criminals until corporal or capital punishment. Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain intended to Punish a person or change his/her behavior Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. There were prisons used for detention in Jerusalem in Old Testament times. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. ^[1] Dungeons were used to hold prisoners; those who were not killed or left to die there often became galley slaves or faced penal transportations. This is about European castles For other uses see Dungeon (disambiguation A dungeon is a place where Prisoners are kept " Galley slave " is a term used to refer to prisoners condemned (in an obsolete form of punishment to man the oars of a Galley. Transportation or penal transportation refers to the deporting of Convicted Criminals to a Penal colony, for example by France In other cases debtors were often thrown into debtor's prisons, until they paid their jailers enough money in exchange for a limited degree of freedom. In Economics a debtor is simply an entity that owes a Debt to someone else the entity could be an individual a firm a government or an organization A debtors' prison is a Prison for those who are unable to pay a Debt. Only in the 19th century did prisons as we know them today become commonplace.

The first "modern" prisons of the early 19th Century were sometimes known by the term "penitentiary" (a term still used by some prisons in the USA today): as the name suggests, the goal of these facilities was that of penance by the prisoners, through a regimen of strict disciplines, silent reflections, and maybe forced labor on treadwheels and the like. Penance is repentance of Sins as well as the proper name of the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession The word Treadmill, originally a type of mill operated by a person treading steps of a wheel to grind grain now designates a piece of indoor sporting equipment for running without This "Auburn system" of prisoner management was often reinforced by elaborate prison architectures, such as the separate system and the panopticon. The Auburn system (also known as the New York System) is a Penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day in groups and were kept in The Separate system is a form of Prison management its principle being to hold prisoners in Solitary confinement. The Panopticon is a type of Prison building designed by English architect Jeremy Bentham in 1785 It was not until the late 19th Century did rehabilitation through education and skilled labor become the standard goal of prisons.

Design and facilities

Male and female prisoners are typically kept in separate locations or separate prisons altogether. Prison accommodation, especially modern prisons in the developed world, are often divided into wings. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors A building holding more than one wing is known as a "hall".

Amongst the facilities that prisons may have are:

• A main entrance, which may be known as the 'gatelodge' or 'sally port' (stemming from old castle nomenclature)
• A chapel, mosque or other religious facility, which will often house chaplaincy offices and facilities for counselling of individuals or groups
• An 'education facility', often including a library, providing adult education or continuing education opportunities
• A gym or an exercise yard, a fenced, usually open-air-area which prisoners may use for recreational and exercise purposes
• A healthcare facility or hospital
• A segregation unit (also called a 'block' or 'isolation cell'), used to separate unruly, dangerous, or vulnerable prisoners from the general population, also sometimes used as punishment (see solitary confinement)
• A section of vulnerable prisoners (VPs), or protective Custody (PC) units, used to accommodate prisoners classified as vulnerable, such as sex offenders, former police officers, informants, and those that have gotten into debt or trouble with other prisoners
• A section of safe cells, used to keep prisoners under constant visual observation, for example when considered at risk of suicide
• A visiting area, where prisoners may be allowed restricted contact with relatives, friends, lawyers, or other people
• A death row in some prisons, a section for criminals awaiting execution
• A staff accommodation area, where staff and guards live in the prison, typical of historical prisons
• A service/facilities area housing support facilities like kitchens
• Industrial or agricultural plants operated with convict labour
• A recreational area consisting of a TV and pool table

Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution Adult education is the practice of teaching and educating adults Continuing education is an all encompassing term within a broad spectrum of post-secondary learning activities and programs The word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual Education of young men (see Gymnasium A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for Solitary confinement, colloquially referred to in American English as "the hole" or "the pound" (or in British English "the block" is a Punishment A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman) is a warranted employee of a Police force. Constant visual observation, often abbreviated to "constant visual" is a term used in various Mental Health Services, Prisons and Special For the Banana Yashimoto novel see Kitchen (novel A kitchen, is a room or part of a room (sometimes called "kitchen Multiple barriers, concertina wire, electrified fencing, secured and defensible main gates, armed guard towers, lighting, motion sensors, dogs, and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security. Concertina wire is a type of Barbed wire or Razor wire that is formed in large coils which can be expanded like a Concertina. An electric fence is a barrier that uses Electric shocks to deter animals or people from crossing a boundary A police dog is a Dog that is trained specifically to assist Police and similar law-enforcement personnel with their work Remotely controlled doors, CCTV monitoring, alarms, cages, restraints, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors

Modern prison designs, particularly those of high-security prisons, have sought to increasingly restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility while minimizing the corrections staffing needed to monitor and control the population. As compared to the traditional landing-cellblock-hall designs, many newer prisons are designed in a decentralized "podular" layout with individual self-contained housing units, known as "pods" or "modules", arranged around centralized outdoor yards in a "campus". The pods contain tiers of cells laid out in an open pattern arranged around a central control station from which a single corrections officer can monitor all of the cells and the entire pod. Control of cell doors, communications and CCTV monitoring is conducted from the control station as well. Movement out of the pod to the exercise yard or work assignments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times, or else prisoners may be kept almost always within their pod or even their individual cells depending upon the level of security. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry, commissary, educational materials, religious services and medical care can increasingly be brought to individual pods or cells as well. A commissary is someone Delegated by a Superior to execute a duty or an office in a formal legal context one who has received power from a legitimate superior authority

Conversely, despite these design innovations, overcrowding at many prisons, particularly in the U. S. , has resulted in a contrary trend, as many prisons are forced to house large numbers of prisoners, often hundreds at a time, in gymnasiums or other large buildings that have been converted into massive open dormitories.

Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them freer movement around the grounds to work or activities during the day.

See Panopticon for a historical prison design that has influenced modern designs. The Panopticon is a type of Prison building designed by English architect Jeremy Bentham in 1785

Types

Juvenile

Prisons for juveniles (people under 18) are known as young offenders institutes and hold minors who have been convicted, many countries have their own age of criminal responsibility in which children are deemed legally responsible for their actions for a crime. The defense of infancy is a form of defense known as an Excuse so that Defendants falling within the definition of an "infant" are excluded

See also: Juvenile delinquency

Military

Main article: Military prison

Prisons form part of military systems, and are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles Most Legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles such as A military prison is a Prison operated by the Military. Military prisons are used variously to house Prisoners of war, Enemy combatants, those An unlawful combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a Civilian who directly engages in armed conflict under the International Humanitarian Law A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking

Political

Main article: Political prisoner

Certain countries maintain or have in the past had a system of political prisons; arguably the gulags associated with Stalinism are best known. A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 The definition of what is and is not a political crime and a political prison is, of course, highly controversial.

Psychiatric

Main article: Psychiatric hospital

Some psychiatric facilities have characteristics of prisons, especially when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. A psychiatric hospital (previously called insane asylum, mental hospital; or derogatorily looney bin, nut house or Funny Farm) is Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of mental disorders. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as

Rehabilitation

Meta-analysis of previous studies shows that prison sentences do not reduce future offenses, when compared to non-residential sanctions. ^[2] This meta-analysis of one hundred separate studies found that post-release offenses were around 7% higher after imprisonment compared with non-residential sanctions, at statistically significant levels. Another meta-analysis of 101 separate tests of the impact of prison on crime found a 3% increase in offending after imprisonment. ^[3] Longer periods of time in prison make outcomes worse, not better; offending increases by around 3% as prison sentences increase in length. ^[4]

Effective rehabilitation programs reduce the likelihood of re-offense and recidivism. Recidivism ( IPA: /ɹɪˈsɪdɪvɪzm̩/ From recidive + ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring" from re- ^[5] Effective programs are characterised by three things: first, they provide more hours for people with known offense risk factors (the Risk Principle); secondly, they address problems and needs that have a proven causal link to offending (the Needs Principle); and thirdly, they use cognitive-behavioural approaches (the Responsivity Principle). Providing rehabilitation to people at lower risk of reoffending results in a 3% reduction in reoffending, while providing rehabilitation to people with a high risk of reoffending is three times as effective, resulting in a 10% reduction in subsequent offending. ^[6] Risk factors for reoffending are: age at first offense, number of prior offenses, level of family and personal problems in childhood and other historical factors, along with level of current needs related to offending. Those individuals who had many personal and family problems in childhood (particularly 19 or more), started offending before puberty, and have committed multiple priors are more likely to reoffend in future, according to longitudinal studies internationally. ^[7]

In support of the Needs Principle:
Programs that specifically target criminogenic needs (causal needs and problems), see a 19% reduction in reoffending. ^[8]

In support of the Responsivity Principle:
There is a 23% reduction in reoffending after participating in programs that use cognitive-behavioural methods to bring about changes in behaviour, thinking, and relationships. ^[9]

When all three of these principles are effectively applied, the impact on offending is a 26-32% reduction. ^[10][11] This is in comparison to a 3-7% increase in offending that is found with imprisonment.

Residential approaches—whether in prison or some other live-in option—tend to be less effective than non-residential approaches. ^[12] These researchers found that effective programs delivered in the community were followed by a 35% reduction in reoffending, whereas effective programs delivered in residential settings (such as prisons and halfway houses) were followed by a 17% reduction in reoffending. One very likely reason for this is that for teens and adults, mixing with antisocial peers increases the risk of offending. In prison or residences inmates spend a great deal of time with other people immersed in criminal pursuits and beliefs, whereas in community-based programs there is more opportunity to mix with people involved in constructive, law-abiding activities. Antisocial peers in prisons and residences can form a very powerful pressure group, subtly and not so subtly influencing the behavior of other inmates.

Population statistics

As of 2006, it is estimated that at least 9. 25 million people are currently imprisoned worldwide. ^[13] It is believed that this number is likely to be much higher, in view of general under-reporting and a lack of data from various countries, especially authoritarian regimes. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union

In absolute terms, the United States currently has the largest inmate population in the world, with more than 2½ million^[14] or more than one in a hundred adults^[15] in prison and jails. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Although the United States represents less than 5% of the world's population, over 25% of the people incarcerated around the world are housed in the American prison system. Pulitzer Prize winning author Joseph T. Hallinan wrote in his book Going Up the River: Travels in a Prison Nation, "so common is the prison experience that the federal government predicts one in eleven men will be incarcerated in his lifetime, one in four if he is black. " In 2002, both Russia and China also had prison populations in excess of 1 million. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ^[16] By October 2006, the Russian prison population declined to 869,814 which translated into 611 prisoners per 100,000 population.

As a percentage of total population, the United States also has the largest imprisoned population, with 739 people per 100,000 serving time, awaiting trial or otherwise detained. ^[17]

In March 2007, the United Kingdom had 80,000 inmates (up from 73,000 in 2003 and 44,000 in 1985) in its facilities, one of the highest rates among the western members of the European Union (EU) (a record formerly held by Portugal). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The highest imprisonment rates among the larger EU members include that of Poland, which in August 2007 had about 90,000 inmates, i. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland e. 234 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants,^[18] while the highest rates are in the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania with estimated rates of 240, 292 and 333 respectively in 2006. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the ^[17]

The high proportion of prisoners in some developed countries is from various causes, but the attitude towards drug-taking plays a considerable part. In undeveloped countries, rates of incarceration are often lower, though this is not a rule. In general, such societies have less goods to steal and a more community based social system, with less judicial law-enforcement. Also their economies may not support the high cost of incarceration.

Prison population per 100,000 inhabitants^[13]

United States of America	Russian Federation	New Zealand	Australia	United Kingdom	Turkey	Canada	Germany	India	Italy	France	Vietnam	Sweden	Denmark	Japan	Iceland
756[19]	611	186	126	148	91	107	95	22	104	85	105	82	77	62	40

Prisons by country

Australia

Further information: List of Australian prisons, Immigration detention centres, and Mandatory detention in Australia

Many prisons in Australia were built by convict labour in the 1800s. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A convict is "a person found guilty of a Crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison" sometimes referred to in Slang During the 1990s, various state governments in Australia engaged private sector correctional corporations to build and operate prisons whilst several older government run institutions were decommissioned. Operation of Federal detention centres was also privatised at a time when a large influx of illegal immigrants began to arrive in Australia.

Canada

Further information: Correctional Service Canada

France

France has 188 prisons in mainland and the oversea territories. The Correctional Service of Canada ( French Service correctionnel du Canada) or CSC, is a Canadian government agency responsible for the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Statistics showed around 50,000 places on July 1, 2005 for around 60,000 prisoners.

• Official website
• Official statistic (2005)

JM France

Germany

Further information: Prisons in Germany

Germany has 194 prisons (of which 19 are open institutions). The prisons in Germany are run solely by the federal states, although governed by a federal law Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Official statistics showed 80,214 places on March 31, 2007. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. On the same day, there were 75,719 prisoners (of which 13,168 pre-trial; 60,619 serving sentences; 1,932 others, i. e. mainly civil prisoners; 4,068 were female). This is less than the highest value of 81,176 prisoners on March 31, 2003. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[20][21]

India

There are 1305 prisons in India (Central Jail 93. District Jail-257. Sub-Jail 850, Open Jail-2. Special jail 28. Women jail I?. Borstal Institution-13 and Juvenile and Lunatics Camps-13) having the authorized capacity of 214241. Against this authorized accommodation the actual prison population is 257235 which is dominated by the large chunk of under trial prisoners 1 e. . 73% This proportion of under trial prisoners is rapidly is on increase leading to overcrowding in Jail 20% in 1998 against 9. 33% in 1996. The percentage of women prisoners in total prison population Is increasing on rapid pace especially in Bihar. Madhya Pradesh. Gujrat. Orissa, Andhra Pradesh. Maharashtra and Mizoram, while in Delhi and Haryana it is slightly declining or static in comparison to the year 1996. The problem of overcrowding in jail Is not uniformly prevailing In all States IUTs. However is 3. 18%. We have the sanctioned Strength of 49030 of prison staff at various rank's out of which the present staff strength is ?round 40000. The ratio between the prison staff and the prison population is approximately 1:7. It means only one prison officer is available for 7 prisoners. while in UK 2 prison officers are available only for 3 prisoners. (Statistical profile of Prisons in India prepared by Bureau of Police Research and Development. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi as on 31. 12. 1998) ^[22]

• Official website

Ireland

Most jails in the Republic of Ireland were built in the 19th century, including Kilmainham Gaol (no longer in use), Mountjoy Prison and Portlaoise Prison. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Kilmainham Gaol ( Príosún Chill Mhaighneann) is a former Prison, located in Kilmainham in Dublin, which is now a museum Mountjoy Prison ( (founded as Mountjoy Gaol) nicknamed The Joy, is a closed medium security Prison located in Phibsboro in the centre of Portlaoise Prison is a maximum security Prison located in Portlaoise, Co A new €30m prison is planned at Thornton Hall to replace Mountjoy.

Jamaica

Further information: Prisons in Jamaica

Japan

Further information: Penal system of Japan

New Zealand

Further information: Department of Corrections (New Zealand) and List of correctional facilities in New Zealand

New Zealand currently maintains 19 prisons around the country. The Department of Corrections (in Māori, Ara Poutama Aotearoa) is a state sector organisation of New Zealand. Correctional facilities ( Prisons) in New Zealand (as at July 2005) are as follows The Department of Corrections has an annual budget of NZD$748 million and assets worth over NZD$1. The New Zealand dollar ( sign: $; code: NZD) is the Currency of New Zealand. The New Zealand dollar ( sign: $; code: NZD) is the Currency of New Zealand. 7 billion. Official statistics show (as of June 30, 2007) that there are currently 7,605 prisoners within the New Zealand correctional system. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island (5,490 Sentenced Prisoners and 1,552 Remanded Prisoners) + 5,795 staff. Breakouts are only at 0. 15 per 100 prisoners and there is a rate of only 15% positive drug results during random drug testing in NZ prisons. ^[23]

Poland

As of the end of August 2007, Poland officially declared 90,199 prisoners (13,374 pre-trial; 76,434 serving sentences; 391 others; 2,743 prisoners were female), giving an imprisonment rate per 100,000 inhabitants of about 234. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The overpopulation rate (number of prisoners held compared to number of places for prisoners) was estimated by the official prison service as 119%. ^[18]

The growth rate of imprisonment in Poland during 2006-2007 was approximately 4% annually, based on the August 2007 estimate of 90,199 prisoners and the June 2005 estimate of 82,572 prisoners. ^[24]

Turkey

Prisons in Turkey are classified as closed, semi-open and open prisons. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Closed prisons are separated into different kinds according to its structure and the number of the prisoners held. Examples are A type, B type, E type and F type. F types are the ones in which high penalty prisoners are held. Most which are being built today are L types that are for low penalty prisoners.

United Kingdom

Further information: Scottish Prison Service, Northern Ireland Prison Service, Her Majesty's Prison Service, United Kingdom prison population, and List of United Kingdom prisons

United States

Further information: Prisons in the United States

Correspondence

Research indicates that inmates who maintain contact with family and friends in the outside world are less likely to offend and usually have an easier reintegration period back into society. The Scottish Prison Service (SPS ( Scottish Gaelic: Seirbheisean nam prìosan Albanach) an executive agency of the Scottish Government tasked The Northern Ireland Prison Service ( Seirbhís Phríosúin na Tuaisceart Éireann is an executive agency of the Northern Ireland Office (NIO established on 1 April 1995 "HM Prison" redirects here For prisons in Australia see List of Australian prisons. The United Kingdom has three distinct legal systems with a separate prison system in each List of prisons in the United Kingdom lists all current and a number of historical Prisons in the United Kingdom. Prisons in the United States are operated under strict authority of both the federal and state governments as Incarceration is a Concurrent power Many institutions encourage friends and families to send letters, especially when they are unable to visit regularly. However, guidelines exist as to what constitutes acceptable mail, and these policies are strictly enforced.

Mail sent to inmates in violation of prison policies can cost inmates "gain time" and even lead to punishment. Most Department of Corrections websites provide detailed information regarding mail policies. These rules can even vary within a single prison depending on which part of the prison an inmate is housed. For example, death row and maximum security inmates are usually under stricter mail guidelines for security reasons. Death row is a term that refers to the section of a Prison that houses individuals awaiting execution. Supermax is the name used to describe "control-unit" Prisons or units within prisons which represent the most secure levels of

There have been several notable challenges to prison corresponding services. The Missouri Department of Corrections (DOC) stated that effective June 1, 2007, inmates would be prohibited from using pen pal websites citing concerns of fraud. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Pen pals (or penpals or pen friends) are People who regularly write to each other particularly via Postal mail. Service providers such as WriteAPrisoner.com, together with the ACLU, plan to challenge the ban in Federal Court. WriteAPrisonercom is an online Business that posts personal profiles and requests for legal assistance for inmates The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Similar bans on an inmate's rights or a website's right to post such information has been ruled unconstitutional in other courts, citing First Amendment freedoms. ^[25] Since most DOCs already post inmate information on their websites, critics claim this is a moot point. Inmates' ability to mail letters to other inmates has been limited by the courts. ^[26] Inmate correspondence with members of society is typically encouraged because of the positive impact it can have on inmates, albeit under the guidelines of each institution and availability of letter writers.

See also

Anton Praetorius (early prison reformer) Community service Department of Corrections Dispute Resolution Jailhouse lawyer Kishka (prison cell) Penal labour Penology Prison abolition movement Prison education Prison escape Prison officer Prison reform Prison religion Prison sexuality (homosexuality and abuse in prisons) Prisoner's dilemma Prisoners' rights Punishment Rehabilitation Supermax Prison

Specific prisons List of prisons List of notable prisons Correctional Facilities of Ontario, Canada Types of imprisonments False imprisonment House arrest Life imprisonment Protective custody Remand Solitary confinement Types of prisons Boot camp Borstal Death Row Jail Youth detention center Panopticon Penal colony Political prison Private prisons Roundhouse Supermax Village lock-up Prison-related crime Gassing Game Prison Tycoon

References

Further reading

• David Denborough, Beyond the Prison: Gathering Dreams of Freedom, Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications 1996.
• Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, New York: Random House 1975. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Discipline and Punish The Birth of the Prison is a book written by the philosopher Michel Foucault.
• James (Jim) Bruton, Big House: Life Inside a Supermax Security Prison, Voyageur Press (July, 2004), hardcover, 192 pages, ISBN 0-89658-039-3
• George Jackson, Soledad brother, ISBN 978-1556522307. George Jackson ( September 23, 1941 &ndash August 21, 1971) was a Black American militant who became a member of the Black Panther
• Paula C. Johnson, Inner Lives: Voices of African American Women in Prison, New York University Press 2004.
• Marek M. Kaminski (2004) Games Prisoners Play. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11721-7
• Ted Conover. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing. Knopf, 2001. Trade paperback, 352 pages, ISBN 0-375-72662-4
• Mark L. Taylor. The Executed God: The Way of the Cross in Lockdown America. Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0-8006-3283-4
• Heinz Sobota, Der Minus-Mann. Heyne Verlag 1980, ISBN 345301111

Stover H, "Overview study. An assistance to drug users in European prisons, "EMCDDA", 2001, 305p, ISBN: 1 902114 03 5

External links

• Prison Statistics - US Bureau of Justice Statistics
• Home Office, UK - Justice and prisons
• Wil S. Hylton. "Sick on the Inside: Correctional HMOs and the coming prison plague". Harper's Magazine, August 2003.
• World Prison Population List (fourth edition) UK Home Office, 2003. The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for security and order ISSN 1473-8406. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
• "Blogs from prison", 2006. Summary of a cultural extension workshop in a juvenile detention facility.
• Peter Kropotkin, "In Russian and French Prisons". Online book. This is a criticism of the existence of prisons. simple sv:Häxte

Title: Overview study. An assistance to drug users in European prisons. Editor(s) Stover H Publisher: Lisbon: EMCDDA Publication Year: 2001 Pagination: 305p ISBN: 1 902114 03 5 Call No. MO4, HK, VH4 Document Type Book Notes includes bibliographical references. A5, ringbound Full Text http://www.hipp-europe.org/downloads/england-prisonsanddrugs (abridged) Keywords [ prevalence ] [ communicable disease by infectious agent ] [ AOD prevention ] [ harm reduction ] [ prison-based health service ] [ drug-free zoning ] [ European Union ] [ prison ]

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