Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Monotyping is a type of Printmaking made by Drawing or Painting on a smooth non-absorbent surface Each piece is not a copy but an original since it is not a reproduction of another work of art and is technically known as an impression. Painting or drawing, on the other hand, create a unique original piece of artwork. Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. In hot metal Typesetting, a matrix (often abbreviated to "mat" is a mould for casting the letters known as sorts used in Letterpress printing Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving Linocut is a Printmaking technique a variant of Woodcut in which a sheet of Linoleum (sometimes mounted on a wooden block is used for the relief surface Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil But there are many other kinds, discussed below. Works printed from a single plate create an edition, in modern times usually each signed and numbered to form a limited edition. In Printmaking, an edition is a number of prints struck from one plate usually at the same point in time In Printmaking, an edition is a number of prints struck from one plate usually at the same point in time Prints may also be published in book form, as artist's books. Artists' books are works of art realized in the form of a book A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.

Mount Fuji, from the Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, color woodcut by Katsushika Hokusai

Techniques

Overview

Printmaking techniques can be divided into the following basic families or categories:

• relief printing, where the ink goes on the original surface of the matrix. is the highest Mountain in Japan at.An Active volcano that last erupted in 1707–08 it straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and is an Ukiyo-e series of 46 large color woodblock prints by the Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849 For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving was a Japanese Artist, Ukiyo-e painter and Printmaker of the Edo period. A relief print is an image created by a Printmaking process such as Woodcut, where the areas of the matrix (plate or block that are to show printed black (typically Relief techniques include: woodcut or woodblock as the Asian forms are usually known, wood engraving, linocut and metalcut;
• intaglio, where the ink goes beneath the original surface of the matrix. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving For the use of the technique in art see Woodcut on the technique and Old master print for the history in Europe and Woodblock printing in Japan. Wood engraving is a Relief printing technique where the end grain of Wood is used as a medium for Engraving, thus differing from the older technique of Linocut is a Printmaking technique a variant of Woodcut in which a sheet of Linoleum (sometimes mounted on a wooden block is used for the relief surface Metalcut is a Relief Printmaking technique belonging to the category of Old master prints It was almost entirely restricted to the fifteenth century and Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo ɪn'tælɪəʊ is a family of Printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface known as the matrix or plate Intaglio techniques include: engraving, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, chine-collé and drypoint;
• planographic, where the matrix retains its entire surface, but some parts are treated to make the image. Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. Mezzotint is a Printmaking process of the intaglio family technically a Drypoint method Aquatint is an intaglio Printmaking technique a variant of Etching. Chine-collé is a special technique in Printmaking in which the image is transferred to a surface that is bonded to a heavier support in the printing process Drypoint is a Printmaking technique of the intaglio family in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix" with a hard-pointed "needle" Planographic printing means printing from a flat surface as opposed to a raised surface (as with Relief printing or incised surface (as with intaglio printing Planographic techniques include: lithography, monotyping, and digital techniques. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Monotyping is a type of Printmaking made by Drawing or Painting on a smooth non-absorbent surface
• stencil, including: screen-printing and pochoir
• Viscosity printing

Other types of printmaking techniques outside these groups include collography and foil imaging. A stencil is a Template used to draw or paint identical letters, Symbols, Shapes or Patterns every Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil A stencil is a Template used to draw or paint identical letters, Symbols, Shapes or Patterns every Viscosity printing is a multi-color Printmaking technique that incorporates principles of relief printing and intaglio printing Collography (sometimes spelled "collagraphy" is a Printmaking process in which materials are applied to a rigid substrate (such as cardboard or Wood In Art, foil imaging is a unique Printer making surface technique made possible by the invention of the Iowa Foil Printer which makes use of the commercial Foil Modern printing technology may be included such as Digital printers, photographic mediums and combination of both digital process and conventional processes. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Digital printing is the reproduction of Digital images on a physical surface

Many of these techniques can also be combined, especially within the same family. For example Rembrandt's prints are usually referred to as "etchings" for convenience, but very often include work in engraving and drypoint as well, and sometimes have no etching at all.

Woodcut

Main article: woodcut

Woodcut print by Edvard Munch. Gustave Baumann ( 1881, Magdeburg, Germany - 1971, Santa Fe, New Mexico) was a printmaker and painter and one Edvard Munch (mʉŋk December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, Printmaker

Woodcut, a type of relief print, is the earliest printmaking technique, and the only one traditionally used in the Far East. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving A relief print is an image created by a Printmaking process such as Woodcut, where the areas of the matrix (plate or block that are to show printed black (typically It was probably first developed as a means of printing patterns on cloth, and by the 5th century was used in China for printing text and images on paper. Woodcuts of images on paper developed around 1400 in Europe, and slightly later in Japan. These are the two areas where woodcut has been most extensively used purely as a process for making images without text.

The artist draws a sketch either on a plank of wood, or on paper which is transferred to the wood. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Traditionally the artist then handed the work to a specialist cutter, who then uses sharp tools to carve away the parts of the block that he/she does not want to receive the ink. The raised parts of the block are inked with a brayer, then a sheet of paper, perhaps slightly damp, is placed over the block. A brayer is a hand roller used in Printmaking techniques to spread ink or to offset an image from a plate to paper Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging The block is then rubbed with a baren or spoon, or is run through a press. Baren (馬連、馬楝 is a Japanese tool used in Printmaking processes such as Woodcut or Linoleum. A spoon is a Utensil consisting of a small shallow bowl at the end of a handle used primarily for serving and eating Liquid, or semi-liquid foods and solid foods If in color, separate blocks are used for each color.

Engraving

Main article: Engraving

"Melencolia I", engraving by Albrecht Dürer, one of the most important printmakers. Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it Melencolia I, sometimes known as Melancholia I (using the modern spelling is an Engraving by the German Renaissance master Albrecht Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker

The process was developed in Germany in the 1430s from the engraving used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork. A goldsmith is a Metalworker who specializes in working with Gold and other Precious metals usually in modern times to make Jewelry. Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin to cut the design into the surface of a metal plate, traditionally made of copper. Burin from the French burin meaning "cold Chisel " has two specialised meanings for types of tools in English one meaning a Steel Engraving using a burin is generally a difficult skill to learn.

Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. Other tools such as mezzotint rockers, roulets and burnishers are used for texturing effects.

To make a print, the engraved plate is inked all over, then the ink is wiped off the surface, leaving only ink in the engraved lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the engraved lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the printing plate shows much sign of wear.

In the 20th century, copper-plate engraving was revived as a serious art form by Josef Hecht and Stanley William Hayter. Stanley William Hayter, CBE (born 27 December 1901, Hackney, London, England died 4 May 1988, Paris

Etching

"The sleep of Reason creates monsters", etching and aquatint by Francisco Goya

Main article: Etching

Etching is part of the intaglio family (along with engraving, drypoint, mezzotint, and aquatint. For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo ɪn'tælɪəʊ is a family of Printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface known as the matrix or plate Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it Drypoint is a Printmaking technique of the intaglio family in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix" with a hard-pointed "needle" Mezzotint is a Printmaking process of the intaglio family technically a Drypoint method Aquatint is an intaglio Printmaking technique a variant of Etching. ) The process is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470-1536) of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking. Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470, Kaufbeuren – 1536, Augsburg) was a German artist who is widely believed to have been the first to use Etching soon came to challenge engraving as the most popular printmaking medium. Its great advantage was that, unlike engraving which requires special skill in metalworking, etching is relatively easy to learn for an artist trained in drawing.

The Three Crosses, etching by Rembrandt

Etching prints are generally linear and often contain fine detail and contours. For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. Lines can vary from smooth to sketchy. An etching is opposite of a woodcut in that the raised portions of an etching remain blank while the crevices hold ink. In pure etching, a metal (usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy ground. The artist then scratches off the ground with a pointed etching needle where he wants a line to appear in the finished piece, so exposing the bare metal. The plate is then dipped in a bath of acid, or has acid washed over it. The acid "bites" into the metal, where it is exposed, leaving behind lines to the plate. The remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate, and the printing process is then just the same as for engraving.

Mezzotint

Main article: Mezzotint

An intaglio variant of engraving where the plate first is roughened evenly all over; the image is then brought out by scraping smooth the surface, creating the image by working from dark to light. Mezzotint is a Printmaking process of the intaglio family technically a Drypoint method It is possible to create the image by only roughening the plate selectively, so working from light to dark.

Mezzotint is known for the luxurious quality of its tones: first, because an evenly, finely roughened surface holds a lot of ink, allowing deep solid colors to be printed; secondly because the process of smoothing the texture with burin, burnisher and scraper allows fine gradations in tone to be developed.

The mezzotint printmaking method was invented by Ludwig von Siegen (1609-1680). Ludwig von Siegen (1609 ? Utrecht &ndash c 1680 ? Wolfenbüttel, Germany was a German soldier and amateur Engraver, who invented the The process was especially widely used in England from the mid-eighteenth century, to reproduce portraits and other paintings.

Aquatint

Main article: Aquatint

A technique used in Intaglio etchings. Aquatint is an intaglio Printmaking technique a variant of Etching. Like etching, aquatint technique involves the application of acid to make marks in a metal plate. Where the etching technique uses a needle to make lines that retain ink, aquatint relies on powdered rosin which is acid resistant in the ground to create a tonal effect. Rosin, formerly called colophony or Greek pitch ( Pix græca) is a solid form of Resin obtained from Pines and some other Plants The rosin is applied in a light dusting by a fan booth, the rosin is then cooked until set on the plate. At this time the rosin can be burnished or scratched out to affect its tonal qualities. The tonal variation is controlled by the level of acid exposure over large areas, and thus the image is shaped by large sections at a time.

Goya used aquatint for most of his prints.

Drypoint

Main article: Drypoint

A variant of engraving, done with a sharp point, rather than a v-shaped burin. Drypoint is a Printmaking technique of the intaglio family in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix" with a hard-pointed "needle" Burin from the French burin meaning "cold Chisel " has two specialised meanings for types of tools in English one meaning a Steel While engraved lines are very smooth and hard-edged, drypoint scratching leaves a rough burr at the edges of each line. This burr gives drypoint prints a characteristically soft, and sometimes blurry, line quality. Because the pressure of printing quickly destroys the burr, drypoint is useful only for very small editions; as few as ten or twenty impressions. To counter this, and allow for longer print runs, electro-plating (here called steelfacing) has been used since the nineteenth century to harden the surface of a plate.

The technique appears to have been invented by the Housebook Master, a south German fifteenth century artist, all of whose prints are in drypoint only. Master of the Housebook and Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet are two names used for an Engraver and painter working in South Germany in Among the most famous artists of the old master print: Albrecht Dürer produced 3 drypoints before abandoning the technique; Rembrandt used it frequently, but usually in conjunction with etching and engraving.

Lithography

Main article: Lithography

La Goulue, Lithograph poster by Toulouse-Lautrec. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface George Wesley Bellows ( August 12 or August 19, 1882 - January 8, 1925) was an American painter, known for his Pierre Bonnard (3 October 1867 &ndash 23 January 1947 was a French painter and Printmaker, a founding member of Les Nabis. Honoré Daumier ( February 26, 1808 &ndash February 10, 1879) was a French Printmaker, Caricaturist, Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Maurits Cornelis Escher (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972 usually referred to as M Dulah Marie Evans, later Dulah Evans Krehbiel (1875-1951 was an American painter, Printmaker, Illustrator, and Photographer Ellsworth Kelly (b Newburgh, New York, May 31, 1923) is an American painter and sculptor associated with Hard-edge painting Willem de Kooning (April 24 1904 – March 19 1997 was an Abstract expressionist painter born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Edvard Munch (mʉŋk December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, Printmaker Emil Nolde (7 August 1867 – 13 April 1956 was a German painter and Printmaker. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Bertrand-Jean Redon, better known as Odilon Redon ( April 20, 1840 &ndash July 6, 1916) was a Symbolist painter and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman Marie Čermínová ( September 21 1902, Prague &ndash November 9 1980, Paris) known as Toyen, was a Czech Stow Wengenroth (1906-1978 was an American Artist and Lithographer, born in 1906 in Brooklyn New Louise Weber ( July 13 1866 &ndash January 30, 1929) was a French Can-can dancer who performed under the Stage Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman

Lithography is a technique invented in 1798 by Alois Senefelder and based on the chemical repulsion of oil and water. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Johann Alois Senefelder ( 6 November 1771, Prague &ndash 26 February 1834, Munich) was an Austrian Actor Repulsion is a 1965 Film directed by Roman Polanski on a scenario by Gerard Brach and Roman Polanski An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A porous surface, normally limestone, is used; the image is drawn on the limestone with a greasy medium. In Mathematics, specifically in Topology, a surface is a Two-dimensional Manifold. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Acid is applied, transferring the grease to the limestone, leaving the image 'burned' into the surface. Gum arabic, a water soluble substance, is then applied, sealing the surface of the stone not covered with the drawing medium. The stone is wetted, with water staying only on the surface not covered in grease-based residue of the drawing; the stone is then 'rolled up', meaning oil ink is applied with a roller covering the entire surface; since water repels the oil in the ink, the ink adheres only to the greasy parts, perfectly inking the image. A sheet of dry paper is placed on the surface, and the image is transferred to the paper by the pressure of the printing press. Lithography is known for its ability to capture fine gradations in shading and very small detail.

A variant is photo-lithography, in which the image is captured by photographic processes on metal plates; printing is carried out in the same way.

Screen-printing

Main article: Screen-printing

Screen-printing (also known as "screenprinting", "silk-screening", or "serigraphy") creates bold color using a stencil technique. Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil Stencil printing is arguably the oldest form of graphic arts.

The first time man placed his hand against a cave wall and blew ash and dried blood against it was the first time a stencil was used. Around 500 BC in Japan, artists were gluing human hair between pieces of paper to create floral stencils which were used with brushes to tamp color. The hair was later replaced with a silk mesh (hence the name “silk screen”). Stencils were even used to print the bold red crosses on the shields and cuirasses of the crusading knights, but it wasn’t until the turn of the century that silk screen printing became industrialized and was used in the printing of fabrics and textiles throughout the western world. After that, it was only a matter of time before artists such as Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol began experimenting with the technique for artistic purposes. Roy Fox Lichtenstein (October 27 1923 &ndash September 29 1997 was a prominent American Pop artist his work heavily influenced by both popular advertising and For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol

In screen printing, the artist draws or paints an image on a piece of paper or plastic (film can also be used). The image is cut out creating a stencil (keep in mind that the pieces which are cut away are the areas that will let ink through). A stencil is a Template used to draw or paint identical letters, Symbols, Shapes or Patterns every A screen is made of a piece of fabric (originally silk) stretched over a wood or aluminium frame. The stencil is fixed to the screen.

Modern technology uses direct and indirect photo emulsions which are UV sensitive. This means that the artist’s renderings on transparent film can be exactly reproduced on the nylon screen coated with light sensitive (UV) emulsion. The light sensitive emulsion fills in the entire screen, the transparent film upon which the artist has drawn is laid upon the screen and both are placed in the exposure unit. Where the light passes through the transparent film, the emulsion is exposed and hardens. Where the artist's markings on the film stop the light, the emulsion is NOT exposed and releases upon washing, creating a stencil on the screen that exactly reproduces the artist’s markings to the finest detail.

The screen is then placed on top of almost any substrate, paper, glass, fabric, golf balls, etc. Ink is then placed across the top length of the screen. A squeegee (rubber blade) is used to spread the ink across the screen, over the stencil, and through the open mesh onto the paper/fabric below. A squeegee or squilgee is an onomatopoetically -named Tool with a flat smooth Rubber blade used to remove or control the flow of liquid on a The screen is lifted once the image has been transferred onto the paper/fabric, which is replaced with the next, unprinted, substrate. Colors are added layer by layer and each color requires a separate stencil on a separate screen. The screen can be re-used after cleaning.

Digital prints

Digital prints refers to editions of images created with a computer using drawings, other prints, photographs, light pen and tablet, and so on. István Horkay (b December 25 1945 Budapest) is a Hungarian painter After graduating from the School of Fine Arts in Budapest in 1964 Horkay was These images can be printed to a variety of substrates including paper and cloth or plastic canvas. Accurate color reproduction is key to distinguishing high quality from low quality digital prints. Metallics (silvers, golds) are particularly difficult to reproduce accurately because they reflect light back to digital scanners. High quality digital prints typically are reproduced with very high-resolution data files with very high-precision printers. The substrate used has an effect on the final colors and cannot be ignored when selecting a color palette.

Digital images can be printed on standard desktop-printer paper and then transferred to traditional art papers (Velin Arch or Stonehenge 200gsm, for example). One way to transfer an image is to place the printout face down upon the art paper and rub Wintergreen oil upon the back of the print, and pass it through a press.

Digital prints that are stored and sold electronically are problematic when it comes to authorship of the print and the protection of pecuniary interests. Adobe Systems tried to overcome the digital edition problem with their Adobe Reader application. Adobe Systems Incorporated (pronounced a-DOE-bee əˈdoʊbiː ( is an American Computer software company headquartered in San Jose California

Electronic images are truly multiple originals as they rely upon code to produce the image and every copy is actually the writing of code upon a disk or reproduction of code. Prints produced via any other medium are copies and not truly original unless a process of manual editing of the final result or plate is applied.

Sociologist Jean Baudrillard has had a large influence upon digital printmaking with theories expounded on in Simulacra and Simulation. Jean Baudrillard ( July 29, 1929   – March 6, 2007) (ʒɑ̃ bo Simulacra and Simulation ( Simulacres et Simulation in French) is a philosophical Treatise by Jean Baudrillard

Foil imaging

Main article: Foil imaging

In art, foil imaging is a printmaking technique made using the Iowa Foil Printer, developed by Virginia A. Myers from the commercial foil stamping process. In Art, foil imaging is a unique Printer making surface technique made possible by the invention of the Iowa Foil Printer which makes use of the commercial Foil Virginia A Myers (born 1927 is an American artist professor and inventor Foil stamping, typically a commercial print process is the application of pigment or metallic foil a special film-backed material to paper where a heated die is stamped onto the foil This uses gold leaf and acrylic foil in the printmaking process.

Color

Printmakers apply color to their prints in many different ways. Often color in printmaking that involves etching, screenprinting, woodcut, or linocut is applied by either using separate plates, blocks or screens or by using a reductionist approach. Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil Linocut is a Printmaking technique a variant of Woodcut in which a sheet of Linoleum (sometimes mounted on a wooden block is used for the relief surface In multiple plate color techniques, a number of plates, screens or blocks are produced, each providing a different color. Each separate plate, screen, or block will be inked up in a different color and applied in a particular sequence to produce the entire picture. On average about 3 to 4 plates are produced, but there are occasions where a printmaker may use up to seven plates. Every application of another plate of color will interact with the color already applied to the paper, and this must be kept in mind when producing the separation of colors. The lightest colors are often applied first, and then darker colors successively until the darkest.

The reductionist approach to producing color is to start with a lino or wood block that is either blank or with a simple etching. Upon each printing of color the printmaker will then further cut into the lino or woodblock removing more material and then apply another color and reprint. Each successive removal of lino or wood from the block will expose the already printed color to the viewer of the print.

With some printing techniques like chine-collé or monotyping the printmaker may sometimes just paint into the colors they want like a painter would and then print. Chine-collé is a special technique in Printmaking in which the image is transferred to a surface that is bonded to a heavier support in the printing process Monotyping is a type of Printmaking made by Drawing or Painting on a smooth non-absorbent surface

The subtractive color concept is also used in offset or digital print and is present in bitmap or vectorial software in CMYK or other color spaces. A subtractive color model explains the mixing of Paints Dyes Inks and natural colorants to create a range of Colors where each such color Digital printing is the reproduction of Digital images on a physical surface CMYK (short for '''c'''yan, '''m'''agenta, '''y'''ellow, and k ey ( Black) and often referred to as process color

Protective printmaking equipment

Protective clothing is very important for printmakers who engage in etching and lithography (closed toed shoes and long pants). In the past, many printmakers did not live far past 35 to 40 years of age because of their exposure to various acids, solvents, particles, and vapors inherent in the printmaking process.

Whereas in the past printmakers put their plates in and out of acid baths with their bare hands, today printmakers use rubber gloves. They also wear industrial respirators for protection from caustic vapors. A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful Dusts fumes vapors and/or Gases Respirators come in a wide range of types and sizes Most acid baths are built with ventilation hoods above them.

Often, an emergency cold shower or eye wash station is nearby in case of acid spillages, as well as soda ash- which neutralizes most acids. Some printmakers wear goggles when dealing with acid.

Protective respirators and masks should have particle filters, particularly for aquatinting. As a part of the aquatinting process, a printmaker is often exposed to rosin powder. Rosin, formerly called colophony or Greek pitch ( Pix græca) is a solid form of Resin obtained from Pines and some other Plants Rosin is a serious health hazard, especially to printmakers who, in the past, simply used to hold their breath using an aquatinting booth.

Barrier cream is often used upon a printmaker's hands both when putting them inside the protective gloves and if using their hands to wipe plates (wipe ink into the grooves of the plate and remove excess).

Sterile plasters and bandages should always be available to treat cuts and scrapes. In Medicine, a wound is a type of Injury in which the Skin is torn cut or punctured (an open wound or where blunt force trauma For example, zinc plates can be extremely sharp when their edges are not beveled.

See also

• Banhua, Chinese printmaking
• Artist's proof
• Edition
• Line engraving
• Iowa Biennial Exhibition & Archive of Contemporary Prints
• Old master print
• Ukiyo-e
• Shin hanga
• Sosaku hanga
• Viscosity printing

Some major printmakers

Main article List of Printmakers - by period, nationality and technique

Printmakers by nationality

• Etchers by nationality
• Engravers by nationality
• Printmakers by nationality

References

• What is a Print?, from the Museum of Modern Art
• Bamber Gascoigne: How to Identify Prints: A Complete Guide to Manual and Mechanical Processes from Woodcut to Inkjet (ISBN 0-500-28480-6)

Suggested reading

• Griffiths, Antony, Prints and Printmaking, British Museum Press, 2nd ed, 1996 ISBN 0-7141-2608-X
• Ivins, William Jr. Prints and Visual Communication. Banhua (Chinese 版[[wikt 画|画]] is the Chinese umbrella term for any printed art objects and especially for those made in the Chinese style An artist's proof is at least in theory an impression of a print taken in the Printmaking process to see the current printing state of a plate while the plate (or In Printmaking, an edition is a number of prints struck from one plate usually at the same point in time This article currently covers the history of line engraving until ca The Iowa Biennial Exhibition and Archive (TIBEA began in 2004 as an international survey of contemporary miniature printmaking with its initial exhibition held at the University An old master print is a work of art produced by a Printing process within the Western tradition (European or New World "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th The shin hanga (literally new prints) Art movement in early 20th century Japan, during the Taishō and Shōwa periods revitalized The' Sosaku hanga' (literally creative prints Art movement in early 20th century Japan during the Taishō and Shōwa periods advocated the principles Viscosity printing is a multi-color Printmaking technique that incorporates principles of relief printing and intaglio printing List of Printmakers Artists who engaged significantly in Printmaking. Hans Baldung known as Hans Baldung Grien/Grün (c 1480 - 1545 Jacques Callot (c 1592 - 1635 was a Baroque Printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine (an independent state on the North-Eastern Werner Drewes (1899-1985 was a German-American painter and Printmaker, born in 1899 in Canig, Germany. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker Maurits Cornelis Escher (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972 usually referred to as M Stanley William Hayter, CBE (born 27 December 1901, Hackney, London, England died 4 May 1988, Paris Mauricio Lasansky (born October 12, 1914 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is one of the few modern artists who have limited their works almost exclusively Edvard Munch (mʉŋk December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, Printmaker Rolf (Emil Rudolf Nesch ( January 7, 1893 in Esslingen Germany - October 27, 1975 in Oslo Norway) was a German-Norwegian Frank Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter and Printmaker. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Stow Wengenroth (1906-1978 was an American Artist and Lithographer, born in 1906 in Brooklyn New Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; November 12 1840–November 17 1917 was a French artist most famous as a sculptor. Mary Stevenson Cassatt ( May 22, 1844 &ndash June 14, 1926) was an American painter and Printmaker. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth Bamber Gascoigne (born 24 January 1935 in London) is a British Television presenter and Author. William Mills Ivins Jr (1881 &ndash 1961 was curator of the department of prints at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from its founding in 1916 Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953. ISBN 0-262-59002-6
• Gill Saunders and Rosie Miles Prints Now: Directions and Definitions Victoria and Albert Museum (May 1, 2006) ISBN 1-85177-480-7

External links

History, glossaries

• Thompson, Wendy. "The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques". In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000 – . (October 2003)
• André Béguin's dictionary;enormous dictionary of terms, relating more to the printing than the creation of the image
• Another glossary - for modern prints
• Print Australia Reference Library Catalogue
• Print Australia - The original printmaking portal
• Large list of links to museum etc. online images of prints
• Bill Fisher's Links
• Judging the Authenticity of Prints by The Masters by art historian David Rudd Cycleback

Organisations etc

• UnitTwentyFive London Based Print Studio
• Bellebyrd - The Print Australia blogspot
• Lyrebyrd - The Print Australia discussion forum
• Philagrafika, a printmaking organization in Philadelphia organizing an international festival of the printed image in 2010
• The Print Center, a gallery and non profit art center dedicated to printmaking and photography in Philadelphia
• Southern Graphics Council - largest membership organization, focused on printmaking, in US
• Iowa Biennial - Exhibition & Archive of Contemporary Prints
• Site dedicated to the activity of printmaking and thinking creatively. Includes footage of well-known artists working at Crown Point Press in San Francisco.
• Birmingham Printmakers - A non-profit workshop in Digbeth, Birmingham. It is available to all artists, specialist and non-specialist printmakers.
• California Society of Printmakers
• Frans Masereel Center - Belgium, Kasterlee - International Artist In Residence, Contemporary Prints
• Early and Fine Printing Collection, Birmingham Central Library, England
• Site devoted to printmaking, lithography and tehniques
• Prints Now: Directions & Definitions. Prints & Books. Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan