Prince of Wales - Citizendia

This article is about the title Prince of Wales. For other uses, see Prince of Wales (disambiguation).

For the current holder of the title Prince of Wales, see Charles, Prince of Wales.

HRH The Prince Charles, the current Prince of Wales

Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru) is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom of Great Britain and before that the Kingdom of England). Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The current Prince of Wales is Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II

1 Roles and responsibilities
2 History
3 Heraldic insignia
4 Other titles and investiture
5 "Heir Apparent" vs. "Heir Presumptive"
6 List of Princes of Wales
7 References
8 See also
9 External links

Roles and responsibilities

The Prince of Wales currently has no formal role or responsibility that has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated by the Monarchy. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy Prince Charles, as the 21st holder of the title has created the following three roles for himself:^[1]

Undertaking royal duties in support of The Queen
Working as a charitable entrepreneur
Promoting and protecting nationalisation, virtues and excellence.

History

For most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller states. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Prior to the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any given time was generally known as King of the Britons. The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry The Britons or Brythons were the indigenous Celtic speaking people of what is now England, Wales and southern Scotland, whose In the 12th century and the 13th century, this title evolved into that of Prince of Wales. In Latin, the new title was "Princeps Wallie", while in Welsh it was "Tywysog Cymru". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The literal translation of "Tywysog" is "Leader" (The verb tywys means to lead, which shares a common root with the modern Irish for prime minister, the Taoiseach). Tywysog is Welsh for a ruling Prince or King ( brenin) which gradually superseded the latter term as a formal title in the High Middle Ages The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the

Only a handful of native princes had their claim to be Prince of Wales recognized by the English Crown. In 1218, Llywelyn the Great had the title bestowed upon him and his successors by his half-brother-in-law, the 11-year old Henry III. Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was born about 1173 the son of Iorwerth ap Owain and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of Gwynedd until his death Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 In 1240, the title was inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn and, in 1246, by his nephew Llywelyn the Last (or Llywelyn ap Gruffydd). Descent Born at Castell Hen Blas Coleshill Bagillt in Flintshire, he was the only son of Llywelyn the Great by his wife Joan (daughter Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffydd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senena ferch Rhodri Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffydd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senena ferch Rhodri In 1282, Llywelyn was 'deposed' by Edward I of England and the Prince of Wales title became dormant. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost

Although Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was the last native Prince of Wales recognized by the English Crown, it is Owain Glyndŵr whom many Welsh people regard as being the last native Prince. Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffydd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senena ferch Rhodri Owain Glyndŵr (pronounced 'owain glin'dwr or Owain Glyn Dŵr, Anglicised by Shakespeare into Owen Glendower (c The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry On September 16, 1400, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters and it was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Welsh nationalism is a political and cultural movement that emerged during the nineteenth century Henry IV (3 April 1367 &ndash 20 March 1413 was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399&ndash1413

The tradition of investing the heir of the monarch of Britain with the title of "Prince of Wales" began in 1301, when King Edward I of England, having completed the conquest of Wales, gave the title to his heir, Prince Edward (later King Edward II of England). Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film.

According to a famous legend, the king had promised the rebellious Welsh natives that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of English" and then produced his infant son to their surprise (and presumable chagrin). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English (some versions of the legend include lack of knowledge in both languages as a requirement). Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and However, Edward II certainly was born at Caernarfon while his father was campaigning in Wales, and like all infants, could not at the time speak English. Caernarfon (the original Welsh spelling is now almost always used in preference to the anglicised forms "Caernarvon" or "Carnarvon" is a

Since 1301, the Prince of Wales has usually been the eldest living son of the King or Queen Regnant of England (subsequently of Great Britain, 1707, and of the United Kingdom, 1801). The word "living" is important. Following the death of Prince Arthur, the Prince of Wales, Henry VII invested his second son, the future Henry VIII, with the title--although only after it was clear that Arthur's wife, Catherine of Aragon, was not pregnant. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina The title is not automatic; it merges into the Crown when a prince accedes to the throne, or lapses on his death leaving the sovereign free to re-grant it should another candidate qualify, such as an heir-apparent other than the eldest living son, such as that deceased eldest son's eldest son (for example, George III). George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places

The Principality of Wales, nowadays, is always conferred along with the Earldom of Chester. Chester is the County town of Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77040 The convention began in 1399; all previous Princes of Wales also received the earldom, but separately from the Principality. Indeed, before 1272 a hereditary and not necessarily royal Earldom of Chester had already been created several times, eventually merging in the crown each time. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. The earldom was recreated, merging in the Crown in 1307 and again in 1327. Its creations since have been associated with the creations of the Principality of Wales.

Heraldic insignia

The "Prince of Wales' Feathers". The Prince of Wales's feathers is the Heraldic badge of the Prince of Wales. This Heraldic badge of the Heir Apparent is derived from the ostrich feathers borne by Edward, the Black Prince. In Heraldry, a badge is an Emblem or Personal device used to indicate allegiance to or property of an individual or family The Ostrich ( Struthio camelus) is a large Flightless bird native to Africa (and formerly the Middle East) Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376 popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward The German motto "Ich dien" means "I serve. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group "

As heir apparent to the reigning sovereign, the Prince of Wales bears the Royal Arms differenced by a white label of an appropriate number of points. An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official Coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. In Heraldry, cadency is any systematic way of distinguishing similar coats of arms belonging to members of the same Family. Normally this is three points, like any eldest son, but could be five in the case of the Prince of Wales being grandson of the sovereign (as with George II and the future George III). George II may refer to George II of Abkhazia (916-960 George II of Georgia (1072-1089 Yuri II, also known George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places To represent Wales he bears the Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales, crowned with the heir-apparent's crown, on an inescutcheon-en-surtout. This was first used by the future King Edward VIII in 1910, and followed by the current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles. ^[2]

He has a badge of three ostrich feathers (which can be seen on the reverse of all decimal British two pence coins dated up to 2008); it dates back to the Black Prince and is his as the English heir even before he is made Prince of Wales. In Heraldry, a badge is an Emblem or Personal device used to indicate allegiance to or property of an individual or family The Prince of Wales's feathers is the Heraldic badge of the Prince of Wales. Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376 popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward

In addition to these symbols used most frequently, he has a special standard for use in Wales itself. Moreover, as Duke of Rothesay he has a special coat of arms for use in Scotland (and a corresponding standard); as Duke of Cornwall the like for use in the Duchy of Cornwall. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. Representations of all three may be found at List of British flags. This is a list of Flags that have either been in use or are currently used by the United Kingdom and related territories

For theories about the origin of the ostrich feather badge and of the motto "Ich dien", see Edward, the Black Prince. The Ostrich ( Struthio camelus) is a large Flightless bird native to Africa (and formerly the Middle East) A badge is a device, patch or accoutrement which is presented or displayed to indicate some feat of service a special accomplishment a symbol of authority granted by taking A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376 popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward

Other titles and investiture

The Principality of Wales and Earldom of Chester must be created, and are not automatically acquired like the Dukedom of Cornwall, which is the Heir Apparent's title in England, and the Dukedom of Rothesay, Earldom of Carrick, and High Stewardship of Scotland, which are the Heir Apparent's titles in Scotland. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For the Irish title of the same name see the Earl of Carrick (Ireland. The title of High Steward or Great Steward was given in the 12th century to Walter Fitzalan, whose descendants became the Stewart family An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The dignities are not hereditary, but may be re-created if the Prince of Wales predeceases the King. For example, when Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales predeceased King George II, his eldest son, Prince George (the future George III) was created Prince of Wales. The Prince Frederick Prince of Wales (Frederick Louis 1 February 1707 &ndash 31 March 1751) was a member of the Hanoverian and George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The heir apparent is only Duke of Cornwall if he is the sovereign's eldest living son; hence the future George III, grandson of George II, did not receive this title. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( See Duke of Cornwall for more details. The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England.

If holder of the Dukedom of York, the traditional title for the monarch's second son, becomes Heir Apparent on the death of an older brother, he is entitled to retain that title. For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage Prince Henry (later Henry VIII), Prince Charles (later Charles I) and Prince George (later George V) were all second sons, and were therefore already Duke of York when they received the Principality of Wales. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution.

Following the reversion to the Earldom of Chester to the crown, in 1254 Henry III passed the Lordship of Chester (but not the title of Earl) to his son Edward, who as Edward I bestowed the Earldom of Chester on his son Edward when he created him the first Prince of Wales in 1301. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. The Dukedom of Cornwall was first created by Edward III for his son Edward, the Black Prince in 1337. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376 popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward

The Earldom of Carrick merged into the crown of Scotland with the accession in 1306 of the Earl of Carrick, Robert the Bruce, who transferred the title to his son David in 1328 (the title became automatically subsidiary to the Dukedom of Rothesay in 1469); the High Stewardship merged into the crown with the accession of Robert, 7th High Steward of Scotland as Robert III in 1371; the Dukedom of Rothesay was created by Robert III of Scotland for his son David in 1398. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February Robert III redirects here Robert Curthose of Normandy is also sometimes known as Robert III or Robert II Robert III redirects here Robert Curthose of Normandy is also sometimes known as Robert III or Robert II David Stewart ( October 24 1378 &ndash March 26, 1402) was the heir to the throne of Scotland from 1390 and the first Duke of All three of these titles merged into the English (and subsequently British) crown with the accession of James VI of Scotland as James I of England in 1603, with the first Prince of Wales to receive them being his son Henry Frederick. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales.

Princes of Wales may be invested, but investiture is not necessary to be created Prince of Wales. Peers were also invested, but investitures for peers ceased in 1621, during a time when peerages were being created so frequently that the investiture ceremony became cumbersome. Most investitures for Princes of Wales were held in front of Parliament, but in 1911, the future Edward VIII was invested in Caernarvon Castle in Wales. Caernarfon Castle (Castell Caernarfon was constructed at Caernarfon in Gwynedd, north-west Wales, by King Edward I of England, following his The present Prince of Wales was also invested there, in 1969. During the reading of the letters patent creating the Prince, the Honours of the Principality of Wales are delivered to the Prince. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right The Honours of the Principality of Wales are the Crown Jewels used at the investiture of Princes of Wales. The coronet of the heir-apparent bears four-crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by a single arch (the Sovereign's crowns are of the same design, but use two arches). The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily A gold rod is also used in the insignia; gold rods were formally used in the investitures of dukes, but survive now in the investitures of Princes of Wales only. Also part of the insignia are a ring, a sword and a robe.

"Heir Apparent" vs. "Heir Presumptive"

The title Prince of Wales is given only to the heir apparent—that is, a male who cannot be displaced in the succession to the throne by any future birth. This would be the eldest son of the monarch, or, if he is deceased, his eldest son, and so on, or if the monarch's son has died without issue, the monarch's second eldest son, etc.

A daughter or sibling of the sovereign who is currently next in line to the throne is not the "heir apparent" because they would be displaced in the succession by any future legitimate son of the sovereign: they are instead the "heir presumptive" and cannot therefore take the title of Prince of Wales (or Princess in their own right). Hence there was no heir apparent during the reign of George VI, who had no sons: Princess Elizabeth was an heir presumptive, and was hence not eligible to be titled Princess of Wales (the option of bestowing that title on her was considered and rejected). For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II

List of Princes of Wales

Prince of Wales as independent title

Picture	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death	Other titles while Prince of Wales	Princess of Wales
	Llywelyn ab Iorwerth	N/A father was Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd	c. Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was born about 1173 the son of Iorwerth ap Owain and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of Gwynedd until his death Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd or Iorwerth Drwyndwn (1145-1174 meaning "the broken-nosed" was a legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd 1173	1218	April 11, 1240		Prince of Gwynedd, Prince of Southern Powys	Joan
	Dafydd ap Llywelyn	N/A father was Llywelyn ab Iorwerth	c. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Gwynedd (pr) is one of several Welsh Successor states that emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain. Before the Norman Conquest of Wales was completed in 1282 Wales consisted of a number of independent Kingdoms, the most important being Gwynedd, Powys Joan Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon, (c 1188 &ndash February 2, 1237) was the wife of Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Wales and Descent Born at Castell Hen Blas Coleshill Bagillt in Flintshire, he was the only son of Llywelyn the Great by his wife Joan (daughter Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was born about 1173 the son of Iorwerth ap Owain and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of Gwynedd until his death 1208	11 April 1240	February 25, 1246		Prince of Gwynedd, Prince of Southern Powys	Isabella de Braose
	Llywelyn ap Gruffydd	N/A father was Gruffydd ap Llywelyn	c. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Gwynedd (pr) is one of several Welsh Successor states that emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain. Before the Norman Conquest of Wales was completed in 1282 Wales consisted of a number of independent Kingdoms, the most important being Gwynedd, Powys Isabella de Braose (c 1222 &ndash c 1248 was the daughter of William de Braose 10th Baron Abergavenny, and his wife Eva Marshal (daughter of William Marshal Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffydd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senena ferch Rhodri Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c 1200 &ndash March 1, 1244) was the illegitimate son of Llywelyn the Great ("Llywelyn Fawr" 1223	February 25, 1246	December 11, 1283 killed in battle, Wales conquered by English		Prince of Gwynedd	Eleanor de Montfort
Picture	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death	Other titles while Prince of Wales	Princess of Wales

Prince of Wales as title of English Heir-apparent

Picture	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became Heir to the Throne	Created Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death	Other titles while Prince of Wales	Princess of Wales
	Edward of Caernarfon later Edward II	Edward I	April 25, 1284	November 16, 1272	February 7, 1301	July 7, 1307 became King	September 21, 1327	Count of Ponthieu, Earl of Chester	–
	Edward of Windsor later Edward III	Edward II	November 13, 1312		–	January 25, 1327 became King	June 21, 1377	Count of Ponthieu, Earl of Chester	–
	Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince	Edward III	June 15, 1330		12 May 1343^[3]	June 8, 1376		Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall	Joan of Kent
	Richard of Bordeaux later Richard II	Edward III	January 6, 1367	June 8, 1376	November 20, 1376^[3]	June 22, 1377 became King	February 14, 1400	Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester	–
	Henry of Monmouth later Henry V	Henry IV	September 16, 1387	September 30, 1399	October 15, 1399^[3]	March 21, 1413 became King	August 31, 1422	Duke of Lancaster, Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester	–
Picture	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became Heir to the Throne	Created Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death	Other titles while Prince of Wales	Princess of Wales

Owain Glyndwr

Picture	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death	Other titles while Prince of Wales	Princess of Wales
	Owain Glyndwr	N/A	1359	September 16, 1400	c. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Gwynedd (pr) is one of several Welsh Successor states that emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain. Eleanor de Montfort Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon ( 1252 - 19 June 1282) was a daughter of Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester and For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. The County of Ponthieu was a province of Normandy centered on the mouth of the Somme, and its counts played an important role in the early history of Normandy The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. The County of Ponthieu was a province of Normandy centered on the mouth of the Somme, and its counts played an important role in the early history of Normandy The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376 popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. Joan Countess of Kent ( September 29, 1328 &ndash August 7, 1385) known to history as The Fair Maid of Kent, was the first Richard II (6 January 1367 &ndash ca 14 February 1400 was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Henry V (16 September 1386 &ndash 31 August 1422 was one of the most significant English warrior kings of the 15th century Henry IV (3 April 1367 &ndash 20 March 1413 was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399&ndash1413 Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne There were several Dukes of Lancaster in the 14th and early 15th Centuries The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Owain Glyndŵr (pronounced 'owain glin'dwr or Owain Glyn Dŵr, Anglicised by Shakespeare into Owen Glendower (c Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers 1415 conquest	c. 1416	Tywysog of Powys Fadog, Lord of Glyndyfrdwy and Lord of Cynllaith Owain	Margaret Hanmer

Modern princes of Wales

Name	Heir of	Birth	Became Heir to the Throne	Created Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death	Other titles while Prince of Wales	Princess of Wales
Edward of Westminster	Henry VI	October 13, 1453		March 15, 1454^[3]	April 11, 1471 Father deposed	May 4, 1471	Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester	Anne Neville
Edward of the Sanctuary later Edward V	Edward IV	November 4, 1470	April 11, 1471	June 26, 1471^[3]	April 9, 1483 became King	1483?	Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester	–
Edward of Middleham	Richard III	1473	1483	August 24, 1483^[3]	April 9, 1484		Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester, Earl of Salisbury	–
Arthur	Henry VII	September 20, 1486		November 29, 1489	April 2, 1502		Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester	Catherine of Aragon
Henry, Duke of York later Henry VIII	Henry VII	June 28, 1491	April 2, 1502	February 18, 1504^[3]	April 22, 1509 became King	January 28, 1547	Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester, Duke of York	–
Edward later Edward VI	Henry VIII	October 12, 1537		October 1537	January 28, 1547 became King	July 6, 1553	Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester	–
Henry Frederick	James I	February 19, 1594	March 24, 1603	June 4, 1610^[3]	November 6, 1612		Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	–
Charles later Charles I	James I	November 19, 1600	November 6, 1612	November 4, 1616^[3]	March 27, 1625 became King	January 30, 1649	Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick, Duke of York	–
Charles later Charles II	Charles I	May 29, 1630		declared c. Powys Fadog or Powys Maelor was the northern portion of the former princely realm of Powys which split in two following the death of Madog ap Maredudd of Glyndyfrdwy (pronounced glɨ̞nˈdəvrdʊɨ approximately "glin-DUVR-dooy" or sometimes Glyn Dyfrdwy is a village in the modern county of Denbighshire Margaret Hanmer (c 1370 &ndash c 1420 sometimes known by her Welsh name of Marred ferch Dafydd, was the wife of Owain Glyndŵr and was thus technically Princess of Wales is a Courtesy title held by the wife of the Prince of Wales since the first "English" Prince of Wales in 1283 Edward of Westminster, also known as Edward of Lancaster ( 13 October 1453 &ndash 4 May 1471) was the only Prince of Wales Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Anne Neville (11 June 1456 &ndash 16 March 1485 was Queen consort of King Richard III of England 1483-1485 Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Edward of Middleham, also known as Edward Plantagenet (c 1473 &ndash 9 April 1484) was the only son of King Richard III of England Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Earl of Salisbury is a title in the that has been created several times in British history Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502 was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore heir to the throne Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. For the Irish title of the same name see the Earl of Carrick (Ireland. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. For the Irish title of the same name see the Earl of Carrick (Ireland. For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the 1638-1641^[3]	January 30, 1649 title abolished (became King 1660)	February 6, 1685	Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	–
James Francis Edward Stuart	James II	June 10, 1688		c. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. For the Irish title of the same name see the Earl of Carrick (Ireland. Prince James Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart " The Old Pretender " or " The Old Chevalier " 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766 was the James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem July 4, 1688^[3]	December 11, 1688 Father deposed	January 1, 1766	Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	–
George Augustus later George II	George I	November 10, 1683	August 1, 1714	September 27, 1714	June 11, 1727 became King	October 25, 1760	Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	Caroline of Ansbach
Frederick Louis	George II	February 1, 1707	June 11, 1727	January 8, 1729^[3]	March 31, 1751		Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
George William Frederick later George III	George II	June 4, 1738	March 31, 1751	April 20, 1751	October 25, 1760 became King	January 29, 1820	Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Chester	–
George Augustus Frederick later George IV	George III	August 12, 1762		August 19, 1762^[3]	January 29, 1820 became King	June 26, 1830	Prince Regent, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	Caroline of Brunswick
Albert Edward later Edward VII	Victoria	November 9, 1841		December 8, 1841	January 22, 1901 became King	May 6, 1910	Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick, Earl of Dublin	Alexandra of Denmark
George later George V	Edward VII	June 3, 1865	January 22, 1901	November 9, 1901	May 6, 1910 became King	January 20, 1936	Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of York, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick, Earl of Inverness	Mary of Teck
Edward later Edward VIII* and then Duke of Windsor*	George V	June 23, 1894	May 6, 1910	June 23, 1910	January 20, 1936 became King	May 28, 1972	Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	–
Charles	Elizabeth II	November 14, 1948	February 6, 1952	July 26, 1958	Incumbent		Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick	Lady Diana Spencer; Camilla Shand (latter does not use title "Princess of Wales")