Primates[1] Fossil range: Late Cretaceous - Recent
Olive Baboon, an Old World monkey
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Primates Linnaeus, 1758
Range of the non-human primates
Families
15, See classification

A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the last category including humans. Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white Chalk cliffs of southern England The Olive Baboon ( Papio anubis) also called the Anubis Baboon, is a member of the family Cercopithecidae ( Old World monkeys. The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of Primates falling in the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the Clade Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands See also Evolution of mammals Eutheria ("true beast" are a group of Mammals consisting of Placental mammals plus all extinct Mammals The Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) are a Mammalian superorder based on molecular genetic sequence analyses and Retrotransposon presence/absence Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Lemurs make up the infraorder Lemuriformes and are members of a group of Primates known as Prosimians The term "lemur" is derived from the A monkey is any member of either the New World monkeys or Old World monkeys two of the three groupings of Simian Primates the third group being Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus ^[2] Primates are found all over the world. Non-human primates occur mostly in Central and South America, Africa, and South Asia. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a A few species exist as far north in the Americas as southern Mexico, and as far north in Asia as northern Japan. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

The order Primates was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, in the tenth edition of his book Systema Naturae,^[3] for the genera Homo (humans), Simia (other apes and monkeys), Lemur (prosimians) and Vespertilio (bats). Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus. Homo is the Genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives In his Systema Naturae of 1758 Carolus Linnaeus divided the Order Primates into four genera: Homo, Simia The Ring-tailed Lemur ( Lemur catta) is a relatively large Strepsirhine Primate, a Lemur belonging to the family Lemuridae. Vespertilio is a genus of bats in the Vespertilionidae family In the first edition of the same book (1735), he had used the name Anthropomorpha for Homo, Simia and Bradypus (sloths). The three-toed sloths are the only members of the Bradypus genus and the Bradypodidae family ^[4] In 1839, Henri-Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, following Linnaeus and imitating his nomenclature, established the orders Secundates (including the suborders Chiroptera, Insectivora and Carnivora), Tertiates (or Glires) and Quaternates (including Gravigrada, Pachydermata and Ruminantia),^[5] but these new taxa were not accepted. Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville ( September 12, 1777 - May 1, 1850) was a French Zoologist and Anatomist. An obsolete Order of Mammals created by Henri-Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1839 imitating Linnean nomenclature ( Primates) The order Insectivora (from Latin insectum "insect" and vorare "to eat" is a now-abandoned biological grouping within the The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre An obsolete Order of Mammals created by Henri-Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1839 imitating Linnean nomenclature ( Primates) Glires (Latin glīrēs, Dormice) is a Clade consisting of Rodents and lagomorphs ( Rabbits Hares and Pikas An obsolete Order of Mammals created by Henri-Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1839 imitating Linnean nomenclature ( Primates) The biological suborder Ruminantia includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing Mammals among them Cattle, goats Sheep, Deer

The Latin primas means "one of the first, excellent, noble" (nominative plural primates). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The English singular primate was derived via back-formation from the Latin inflected form. In Etymology, back-formation refers to the process of creating a new Lexeme (less precisely a new "word" by removing actual or supposed Affixes ^[6]

The Primates order is divided informally into three main groupings: prosimians, monkeys of the New World, and monkeys and apes of the Old World. Prosimians are the most primitive extant Primates they have characteristics similar to forms that were ancestral to Monkeys Apes and The New World monkeys are the four families of Primates that are found in Central and South America: Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae Catarrhini is a Parvorder of the Primates, one of the three major divisions of the Suborder Haplorrhini. The prosimians are species whose bodies most closely resemble that of the early proto-primates. The most well known of the prosimians, the lemurs, are located on the island of Madagascar and to a lesser extent on the Comoros Islands, isolated from the rest of the world. Lemurs make up the infraorder Lemuriformes and are members of a group of Primates known as Prosimians The term "lemur" is derived from the Madagascar is an island in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of southern Africa, east of Mozambique. The Comoros (ˈkɒməroʊz; جزر القمر Juzur al-Qumur) officially the Union of the Comoros (Union des Comores الإتّحاد القمريّ The New World monkeys include the familiar capuchin, howler, and squirrel monkeys. Howler monkeys ( Genus Alouatta monotypic in Subfamily Alouattinae) are among the largest of the New World monkeys The squirrel monkeys are the New World monkeys of the genus Saimiri. They live exclusively in the Americas. Discounting humans, the rest of the simians, the Old World monkeys and the apes, inhabit Africa and southern and central Asia, although fossil evidence shows many species existed in Europe as well. The simians ( Infraorder Simiiformes) are the "higher Primates quot familiar to most people the Monkeys and the Apes including The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of Primates falling in the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the Clade

According to fossil evidence, primitive ancestors of primates already existed in the late Cretaceous. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch is even more ancient (originating at least in the mid-Cretaceous). The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis ( MCH) is a technique in Molecular evolution to relate the divergence time of two Species They are now thought to be most closely related to flying lemurs and, more distantly, to treeshrews. The treeshrews (or tree shrews) are small Mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They probably have descended from Plesiadapiformes. Plesiadapiformes is an extinct order of Mammals It is either closely related to the Primates or a pre-cursor to them

Contents 1 Description and behaviour 1.1 General description 1.2 Skull 1.3 Eyes 1.4 Hands and feet 1.5 Limbs and vertebral column 1.6 Prehensile tail 1.7 Mouth and teeth 1.8 Nose 1.9 Sexual dimorphism 1.10 Color vision 1.11 Locomotion 1.12 Laughter 2 Habitat 3 Phylogeny 3.1 Close relations 4 Classification 4.1 Some prehistoric primates 4.2 Primate hybrids 5 Legal status 5.1 Animal testing 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Description and behaviour

General description

Primates have radiated in arboreal habitats and therefore retain many characteristics are adaptations to this environment. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus They can be either herbivorous or omnivorous. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary They have a primitive (unspecialized) body plan, 2 mammary glands, 1-2 young per pregnancy and a long gestation and developmental period. A body plan, or bauplan, is essentially the blueprint for the way the body of an organism is laid out Mammary glands are the organs that in Mammals produce Milk for the sustenance of the young Gestation is the carrying of an Embryo or Fetus inside a Female Viviparous Animal. Primates are frequently highly social, with flexible dominance hierarchies. Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes ^[7] New World species form monogamous pair bonds, and show substantial paternal care of young unlike most Old World monkeys. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. In Biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some Species between the Male and Female in a breeding pair The father is defined as the Male Parent of an offspring The Adjective "paternal" refers to father parallel to "maternal" for

Skull

Eyes

Primates have forward-facing colour binocular vision which was useful for the brachiating ancestors of humans, particularly for finding and collecting food, although recent studies suggest it was more useful in courtship. A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Binocular vision is vision in which both Eyes are used together Strepsirrhines have a postorbital bar, a bone which runs around the eyesocket, to protect their eyes, which is in contrast to the higher primates, haplorrhines, which have evolved fully enclosed sockets. The Clade Strepsirrhini is one of the two Suborders of Primates One of the most distinguishing characteristic of these 118 species is their Wet The postorbital bar is a bone which runs around the eyesocket of Strepsirrhine Primates This is in contrast to the higher primates Haplorrhine, which have The haplorrhines, the "dry-nosed" primates (the Greek name means "simple-nosed" are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the Prosimian ^[8]

Hands and feet

All primates have five digits on each limb (pentadactyly), with keratin nails on the anterior ends. In Biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits ( Fingers and Toes on the Hands feet, or sometimes Wings of a The ventral sides of the hands and feet have tactile pads on the distal phalanges. A tactile pad is an area of Skin that is particularly sensitive to Pressure, Temperature, or Pain. Distal Phalanges (single distal phalanx) are bones found in the limbs of most Vertebrate Skeletons In humans they are the finger They have opposable thumbs, which are a characteristic primate feature, but are not limited to this order; opossums, for example, also have opposing thumbs. The thumb is the medial -most digit of the hand The English adjective for thumb is pollical Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. These thumbs allow some species to use tools to perform some tasks. Some animals especially Primates, use tools to perform simple tasks such as getting food or Grooming. In primates, the combination of opposing thumbs, short fingernails (rather than claws) and long, inward-closing fingers is a relic of the ancestral practice of gripping branches, and has, in part, allowed some species to develop brachiation as a significant means of transportation. A finger is a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the Hands of Humans and other Primates Normally humans have five digits Brachiation (from "limb" or "branch" is a form of Arboreal locomotion in which Primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms Prosimians have clawlike nails on the second toes of their feet.

Limbs and vertebral column

The primate clavicle is retained as prominent element of the pectoral girdle, this allows the shoulder joint broad mobility. The pectoral girdle is the set of bones which connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton on each side The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the Shoulder joint, is a synovial Ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the Apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula, broad ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys (with caudal vertebrae greatly reduced, resulting in tail loss in some species). In Anatomy, the scapula, omo, or shoulder blade, is the Bone that connects the Humerus (arm bone with the Clavicle (collar In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species A vertebra (plural vertebrae) is an individual Irregular bone in the spinal or Vertebral column ( aka ischis a flexuous and flexible column

Prehensile tail

Old World monkeys are unlike apes in that most have tails, and unlike the New World monkeys in that their tails are never prehensile. A prehensile tail is the Tail of an Animal that has adapted to be able to grasp and/or hold objects Only the New World Atelidae family have prehensile tails. The Atelidae are one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised

Mouth and teeth

Primates have a shortened rostrum (snout). A rostrum ( Latin for "beak" is an anatomical structure resembling a bird's beak, such as the snout of a Crocodile or Dolphin ^[7] Prosimians are distinguished by their immobilized upper lips, moist tip to their nose and forward-facing lower front teeth. Primates have a considerably varied dental pattern. Dentition is the development of Teeth and their arrangement in the Mouth. Some primates have lost most of their incisors, although all retain at least one lower incisor. Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut" are the first kind of Tooth in Heterodont Mammals They are located in the Premaxilla In most strepsirhines, the lower incisors form a toothcomb which is thought to be used in grooming and possibly foraging. A comb is a device made of solid material generally flat always toothed and is used in hair care for straightening and cleaning hair or other fibers Old World monkeys also have eight premolars, compared with twelve in New World monkeys. The Old World species are divided into apes and monkeys depending on the number of cusps on their molars (apes have five—the "Y-5" molar pattern, Old World monkeys have only four in a bilophodont pattern). A hypocone evolved in early primate history, while the paraconid was lost, leaving both upper and lower teeth with a basically quadrate pattern. The hypocone is the name for a main Cusp found on the molars of the upper Dentition of Hominids. Primitively, primate molars were brachydont and tuberculosectorial, but they have become bunodont and quadrate in a number of modern forms. Brachydont is a type of Dentition characterized by low-crowned teeth ^[9]

Nose

Technically, the distinction of Old World monkeys from New World monkeys depends on the structure of the nose, and the distinction of Old World monkeys from apes depends on dentition. Dentition is the development of Teeth and their arrangement in the Mouth. In New World monkeys the nostrils face sideways, whilst in Old World monkeys, they face downwards.

Sexual dimorphism

Main article: Sexual dimorphism in non-human primates

Simians show some degree of sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism in non-human primates has long been observed in the Primate family with numerous studies performed to document and explain the phenomenon Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. Old World species (apes and some monkeys) often exhibit sexual dimorphism, which can also be found to a lesser degree in some New World species. Recent studies have mainly used the technique of comparative analysis to examine both the variation in the expression of the dimorphism among primates and the fundamental causes of sexual dimorphism. Primates usually have dimorphism in body mass^[10][11] and canine tooth size^[12][13] along with pelage and skin colour. Although many people prefer the less-ambiguous term body mass, the term body weight is overwhelmingly used in daily English speech and in biological and medical science contexts ^[14] The dimorphism in primates has been attributed to many factors:

• Mating system - Polygynous species are more sexually dimorphic than monogamous species, such as the New World monkeys. In Sociobiology and Behavioural ecology, a mating system is any of the ways in which animal societies are structured in relation to sexual behavior Polygyny (which comes from neo- Greek: πολύ poly "many" + γυνή gyny "woman" is a specific form of Polygamy, Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. ^[15] It is also associated with greater male gonadal investment than what is found in closely related monogamous species. The gonad is the organ that makes Gametes The gonads in males are the Testes and the gonads in Females are the Ovaries. ^[16][17]
• Size - Larger species are more sexually dimorphic than smaller species. ^[15]
• Habitat - Terrestrial species tend to be more sexually dimorphic than arboreal species. Arboreal is a word meaning "related to or resembling trees" It is possible that male-male competition in terrestrial species is more dependent on body size.
• Diet - Frugivores, for reasons that are not clear, are slightly more sexually dimorphic than folivores. A frugivore is an Animal that feeds primarily or in some cases exclusively on Fruit. In Zoology, a folivore is a Herbivore that specializes in eating Leaves. ^[17] Energy may be less of a constraint, or maybe females may be more clumped around an area of fruit trees.

Comparative analyses have substantiated the sexual selection hypotheses, and have generated a more complete understanding of the relationship between sexual selection, natural selection, and mating systems in primates. Sexual selection is the Theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by Intraspecific competition Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of Studies are helping to find the relative contribution of the various selective and non-selective mechanisms in sexual dimorphism evolution and expression. ^[18] These studies have shown that dimorphism is the product of changes in both male and female traits. Ontogenic scaling, where relative extension of a common growth trajectory occurs, may show some insight into the relationship between sexual dimorphism and growth patterns. ^[19] There is some evidence from the fossil record that suggests that there was convergent evolution of dimorphism, and some extinct hominids probably exceeded dimorphism of any living primate. Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes" including the extinct and extant Humans Chimpanzees

Color vision

Main article: Evolution of color vision in primates

Color vision in primates is unique in the evolution of most eutherian mammals. The evolution of Color vision in primates is unique compared to most Eutherian Mammals. Color vision is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the Wavelengths (or frequencies) of the Light they reflect or emit See also Evolution of mammals Eutheria ("true beast" are a group of Mammals consisting of Placental mammals plus all extinct Mammals Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands While our remote vertebrate ancestors possessed trichromacy, our nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost one of three cones in the retina at the time of dinosaurs. Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes Trichromacy is the condition of possessing three independent channels for conveying Color information derived from the three different cone types As an Animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the Daytime and being active at Night - the opposite of the diurnal In Biology, a warm-blooded Animal species is one whose members maintain thermal Homeostasis; that is they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant The vertebrate retina is a light sensitive part inside the inner layer of the Eye. Fish, reptiles and birds are therefore trichromatic while all mammals, with the exception of some primates and marsupials,^[20] are strictly dichromats. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Marsupials are an Infraclass of Mammals characterized by a distinctive pouch (called the marsupium) in which females carry their young through

Primates achieve trichromacy through color receptors (cone cells), with spectral peaks in the violet (short wave, S), green (middle wave, M), and yellow-green (long wave, L) wavelengths. Cone cells, or cones, are Photoreceptor cells in the Retina of the Eye which function best in relatively bright Light. As the name of a color violet (named after the flower violet) is used in two senses first referring to the color of Light at the short- Wavelength Photopsins (also known as iodopsins) are the Photoreceptor proteins found in the Cone cells of the Retina that are the basis of Color Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. Yellow is the Color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M (long and medium wavelength Cone cells of the Retina about equally All primates, however, are not capable of trichromacy. The catarrhines are routinely trichromatic, meaning that both males and females possess three opsins (pigments) sensitive to 430 nm, 530 nm, and 560 nm wavelengths. Opsins are a group of light-sensitive 35-55 kDa membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors of the Retinylidene protein family found in Photoreceptor cells A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a ^[21] Platyrrhines, on the other hand are non-routinely trichromatic; only a small population of platyrrhines are trichromats. ^[22]

Howler monkeys have reinvented routine trichromatism through a recent gene duplication of the red-green opsin gene. Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a Gene; it may occur as an error in Homologous ^[23] This has allowed trichromacy for both sexes, the X chromosome has gained two loci to house both the green allele and the red allele. Howler monkeys are perhaps the most folivorous of the New World monkeys. Fruits are not part of their diet, and the type of leaves they consume (young, nutritive, and digestible), are detectable only by a red-green signal. Field work exploring the dietary preferences of howler monkeys suggest that routine trichromacy was environmentally selected for. ^[22]

Locomotion

Various species of primates move by brachiation, bipedalism, leaping, arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism, climbing or knuckle walking. Brachiation (from "limb" or "branch" is a form of Arboreal locomotion in which Primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms Bipedalism is a form of Terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs Jumping or leaping is an ability that most Humans and many Animals share to some degree Quadrupedalism (from Latin meaning "four legs" is a form of land animal locomotion using four legs. UserStan Shebs for a timetable --> Climbing is the activity of using one's hands and feet (or Gorillas and Chimpanzees use a style of Locomotion called knuckle-walking, where they walk on all fours with the fingers of their forelimbs held

Most prosimians are arboreal quadrupedalists and climbers. Many are also terrestrial quadrupedalists, while some are leapers. Most monkeys are both arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalists and climbers. Gibbons are brachiators. Chimps, orangutans, and gorillas all knuckle walk, and can move bipedally for short distances. Humans are the only fully bipedal species.

Laughter

Laughter may not be confined or unique to humans, despite Aristotle's observation that "only the human animal laughs". But some behavioural psychologists argue that self-awareness of one's situation, or the ability to identify with somebody else's predicament, are prerequisites for laughter, so animals do not laugh like humans do.

Chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact, such as wrestling, play chasing, or tickling. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. Gorillas, the largest of the living Primates are ground-dwelling Herbivores that inhabit the Forests of Africa. The orangutans are two Species of great apes known for their intelligence long arms and reddish-brown hair This is documented in wild and captive chimpanzees. Chimpanzee laughter is not readily recognizable to humans as such, because it is generated by alternating inhalations and exhalations that sound more like breathing and panting. The differences between chimpanzee and human laughter may be the result of adaptations that have evolved to enable human speech. There are instances in which non-human primates have been reported to have expressed joy. One study analyzed and recorded sounds made by human babies and Bonobos (a species of chimpanzee) when they were tickled. It found although the Bonobo's laugh was a higher frequency, the laugh followed the same spectrographic pattern of human babies to include as similar facial expressions. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body such as the armpits and belly. The enjoyment of tickling in chimpanzees does not diminish with age. ^[24]

Habitat

Primates evolved from arboreal animals and many modern species live mostly in trees and hardly ever come to the ground. Arboreal is a word meaning "related to or resembling trees" Other species are partially terrestrial, such as baboons and the Patas Monkey. Terrestrial animals are Animals that live predominantly or entirely on land as compared with Aquatic animals which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e The baboons are African Old World monkeys belonging to the genus Papio, part of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The Patas Monkey ( Erythrocebus patas) is a ground-dwelling Monkey distributed over West Africa, and into East Africa. Only a few species are fully terrestrial, such as the Gelada and Humans. The Gelada ( Theropithecus gelada) sometimes called the Gelada Baboon, is a Species of Old World monkey found only in the Ethiopian Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats, including rain forests, mangrove forests, and mountain forests to altitudes of over 3000 m. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. Although most species are generally shy of water, a few are fine swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas, including the Proboscis Monkey, De Brazza's Monkey and Allen's Swamp Monkey, which even developed small webbing between its fingers. The Proboscis Monkey ( Nasalis larvatus) also known as the Monyet Belanda (in Malay) the Bangkatan (in Indonesian) or simply De Brazza's Monkey ( Cercopithecus neglectus) is an Old World monkey that gets its name from French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. Allen's Swamp Monkey ( Allenopithecus nigroviridis) is the Primate species that is categorized in its own genus Allenopithecus in the Some primates, such as the Rhesus Macaque and the Hanuman Langur, can exploit human-modified environments and even live in cities. The Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta) often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys Adult males measure The gray langurs are a group of Old World monkeys and make up the entirety of the Genus Semnopithecus.

Phylogeny

In older classifications, the Primates were divided into two superfamilies: Prosimii and Anthropoidea. The Ring-tailed Lemur ( Lemur catta) is a relatively large Strepsirhine Primate, a Lemur belonging to the family Lemuridae. The Clade Strepsirrhini is one of the two Suborders of Primates One of the most distinguishing characteristic of these 118 species is their Wet The Prosimii included all of the prosimians: all of Strepsirrhini plus the tarsiers. Prosimians are the most primitive extant Primates they have characteristics similar to forms that were ancestral to Monkeys Apes and The Anthropoidea contained all of the simians. The simians ( Infraorder Simiiformes) are the "higher Primates quot familiar to most people the Monkeys and the Apes including

In modern, cladistic reckonings, the Primate order is also a true clade. The suborder Strepsirrhini, the "wet-nosed" primates, split off from the primitive primate line about 63 million years ago (mya). The Clade Strepsirrhini is one of the two Suborders of Primates One of the most distinguishing characteristic of these 118 species is their Wet The rhinarium is the wet naked surface around the Nostrils of the Nose in most mammals In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". The seven strepsirhine families are the four related lemur families and the three remaining families that include the lorises, the Aye-aye, the galagos, and the pottos. Lemurs make up the infraorder Lemuriformes and are members of a group of Primates known as Prosimians The term "lemur" is derived from the Loris is the common name for the Strepsirrhine Primates of the subfamily Lorinae in family Lorisidae. The Aye-aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a Strepsirrhine native to Madagascar that combines Rodent -like teeth with a long thin middle Galagos, also known as bushbabies, bush babies or nagapies (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans) are small Nocturnal The Potto ( Perodicticus potto) is a Strepsirrhine Primate from the Lorisidae family ^[1] Older classification schemes wrap the Lepilemuridae into the Lemuridae and the Galagidae into the Lorisidae, yielding a three-two family split instead of the four-three split as presented here. The sportive lemurs are the medium sized Primates that make up the Lepilemuridae family Lemuridae is a family of Prosimian Primates native to Madagascar, and one of four families commonly known as Lemurs These animals Galagos, also known as bushbabies, bush babies or nagapies (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans) are small Nocturnal Lorisidae (or sometimes Loridae) is a family of Strepsirrhine Primates The lorids are all slim Arboreal animals and include the ^[1] Other lineages of lower primates inhabited Earth. During the Eocene, most of the northern continents were dominated by two dominant groups, the adapids and the omomyids. The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in Adapids (members of the taxon Adapidae) are a diverse group of extinct primates that primarily radiated during the Eocene epoch between about 55 and 34 million years Omomyids (members of the family Omomyidae) are a diverse group of extinct primates that radiated during the Eocene epoch between about 55 and 34 million The former is considered a member of Strepsirrhini, but it does not have a tooth-comb like modern lemurs. A comb is a device made of solid material generally flat always toothed and is used in hair care for straightening and cleaning hair or other fibers The latter was related closely to tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. Adapids survived until 10 mya; omomyids on the other hand perished 20 million years earlier.

The Aye-aye is difficult to place in Strepsirrhini. ^[1] Its family, Daubentoniidae, could be a lemuriform primate and its ancestors split from lemur line more recently than the lemurs and lorises split, about 50 mya. Otherwise it is sister to all of the other strepsirrhines, in which case in evolved away from the main strepsirrhine line between 50 and 63 mya.

The suborder Haplorrhini, the "dry-nosed" primates, is composed of two sister clades. The Emperor Tamarin ( Saguinus imperator) is a Tamarin allegedly named for its resemblance to the German emperor Wilhelm II. The New World monkeys are the four families of Primates that are found in Central and South America: Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae The haplorrhines, the "dry-nosed" primates (the Greek name means "simple-nosed" are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the Prosimian ^[1] The prosimian tarsiers in family Tarsiidae (monotypic in its own infraorder Tarsiiformes), represent the most primitive division at about 58 mya. Prosimians are the most primitive extant Primates they have characteristics similar to forms that were ancestral to Monkeys Apes and Tarsiers are Prosimian Primates of the genus Tarsius, a Monotypic genus in the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the Tarsiers are Prosimian Primates of the genus Tarsius, a Monotypic genus in the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the The Simiiformes infraorder contains the two parvorders: the New World monkeys in one, and the Old World monkeys, humans and the other apes in the other. The simians ( Infraorder Simiiformes) are the "higher Primates quot familiar to most people the Monkeys and the Apes including The New World monkeys are the four families of Primates that are found in Central and South America: Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of Primates falling in the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the Clade Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus ^[1] This division happened about 40 mya. However about 30 mya, three groups split from the main haplorrhine lineage. One group stayed in Asia and are closest in kin to the "dawn monkey" Eosimias. Eosimias is the genus of two known early Old World Primates that was discovered in 1994 in China. The second stayed in Africa, where they developed into the Old World primates. The third rafted to South America to become the New World monkeys. Mysteriously the aboriginal Asian Haplorrhini vanished from record once Africa collided with Eurasia 24 mya. Apes and monkeys spread into Europe and Asia. Close behind came lorises and tarsiers, also African castaways. The first hominid fossils were discovered in Northern Africa and date back 7 mya. Modern humans did not appear until 0. 2 mya, eventually becoming the most prevalent primate and mammal on Earth.

The discovery of new species happens at a rate of a few new species each year, and the evaluation of current populations as distinct species is in flux. Colin Groves listed about 350 species of primates in Primate Taxonomy in 2001. Colin Groves is Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. ^[25] The recently published third edition of Mammal Species of the World (MSW3) lists 376 species. ^[1] But even MSW3's list falls short of current understanding as its collection cutoff was in 2003, and a number publications since then have pushed the number of species up to 405. Notable new species not listed in MSW3 include the Bemaraha Woolly Lemur (Avahi cleesei) (named after British actor and lemur enthusiast John Cleese) and the GoldenPalace.com Monkey (whose name was put up for auction). The Bemaraha Woolly Lemur ( Avahi cleesei) also known as Cleese's Woolly Lemur, is a Species of Woolly lemur native to western Madagascar The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Lemurs make up the infraorder Lemuriformes and are members of a group of Primates known as Prosimians The term "lemur" is derived from the John Marwood Cleese (ˈkliːz born 27 October, 1939) is a British Actor, Comedian, Writer, Film producer The GoldenPalacecom Monkey ( Callicebus aureipalatii, "aureipalatii" meaning "of the Golden Palace" is a Titi, a kind of New

Close relations

The Primate order lies in a tight clustering of related orders (the Euarchontoglires) within the Eutheria, a subclass of Mammalia. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) are a Mammalian superorder based on molecular genetic sequence analyses and Retrotransposon presence/absence See also Evolution of mammals Eutheria ("true beast" are a group of Mammals consisting of Placental mammals plus all extinct Mammals Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Recent molecular genetic research on primates, flying lemurs, and treeshrews has shown that the two species of flying lemur (Dermoptera) are more closely related to the primates than the treeshrews of the order Scandentia, even though the treeshrews were at one time considered primates. The treeshrews (or tree shrews) are small Mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. The treeshrews (or tree shrews) are small Mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. These three orders make up the Euarchonta clade. The Euarchonta are a Superorder of Mammals containing four orders: the Dermoptera or colugos the Scandentia or treeshrews the extinct A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor This clade combines with the Glires clade (made up of the Rodentia and Lagomorpha) to form the Euarchontoglires clade. Glires (Latin glīrēs, Dormice) is a Clade consisting of Rodents and lagomorphs ( Rabbits Hares and Pikas Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must The lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two families, the Leporidae ( Hares and Variously, both Euarchonta and Euarchontoglires are ranked as superorders. Also, some scientists consider Dermoptera a suborder of Primates and call the "true" primates the suborder Euprimates (Hoffstetter, 1978) ^[26] .

Euarchontoglires	Glires Rodentia (rodents) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Euarchonta Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (flying lemurs) †Plesiadapiformes Primates

Classification

• ORDER PRIMATES
  • Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
    • Infraorder Lemuriformes
      • Superfamily Cheirogaleoidea
        • Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs (30 species)
      • Superfamily Lemuroidea
        • Family Lemuridae: lemurs (19 species)
        • Family Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs (22 species)
        • Family Indriidae: woolly lemurs and allies (14 species)
    • Infraorder Chiromyiformes
      • Family Daubentoniidae: Aye-aye (1 species)
    • Infraorder Lorisiformes
      • Family Lorisidae: lorises, pottos and allies (9 species)
      • Family Galagidae: galagos (19 species)
  • Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
    • Infraorder Tarsiiformes
      • Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers (8 species)
    • Infraorder Simiiformes
      • Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
        • Family Cebidae: marmosets, tamarins, capuchins and squirrel monkeys (56 species)
        • Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis) (7 species)
        • Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris (41 species)
        • Family Atelidae: howler, spider and woolly monkeys (24 species)
      • Parvorder Catarrhini
        • Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
          • Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys (135 species)
        • Superfamily Hominoidea
          • Family Hylobatidae: gibbons or "lesser apes" (13 species)
          • Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes (7 species)

Some prehistoric primates

• Adapis, an adapid
• Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, an early haplorrhine
• Australopithecus, ape-like human ancestor
• Branisella boliviana, an early New World monkey
• Dryopithecus, an early ape
• Eosimias, an early catarrhine
• Gigantopithecus, the largest ape
• Godinotia, an adapid
• Megaladapis, a giant lemur
• Notharctus, an adapid
• Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a possible ancestor of large apes
• Plesiopithecus teras, a relative of lorises and galagos
• Pliopithecus, ancestor of the modern gibbons
• Protopithecus brasiliensis, a giant New World monkey
• Sahelanthropus tchadensis, a possible ancestor of humans
• Sivapithecus, an early ape
• Teilhardina, the earliest haplorrhines
• Victoriapithecus, an early Old World monkey

Primate hybrids

In The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication Charles Darwin noted: "Several members of the family of Lemurs have produced hybrids in the Zoological Gardens. The Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) are a Mammalian superorder based on molecular genetic sequence analyses and Retrotransposon presence/absence Glires (Latin glīrēs, Dormice) is a Clade consisting of Rodents and lagomorphs ( Rabbits Hares and Pikas Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must The lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two families, the Leporidae ( Hares and The Euarchonta are a Superorder of Mammals containing four orders: the Dermoptera or colugos the Scandentia or treeshrews the extinct The treeshrews (or tree shrews) are small Mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Plesiadapiformes is an extinct order of Mammals It is either closely related to the Primates or a pre-cursor to them The Clade Strepsirrhini is one of the two Suborders of Primates One of the most distinguishing characteristic of these 118 species is their Wet Lemurs make up the infraorder Lemuriformes and are members of a group of Primates known as Prosimians The term "lemur" is derived from the Cheirogaleidae is the family of Strepsirrhine Primates that contains the various dwarf and mouse lemurs Cheirogaleidae is the family of Strepsirrhine Primates that contains the various dwarf and mouse lemurs Lemuroidea is the superfamily of Strepsirrhine Primates that contains many of the Lemur species including True lemurs Sportive lemurs Lemuridae is a family of Prosimian Primates native to Madagascar, and one of four families commonly known as Lemurs These animals The sportive lemurs are the medium sized Primates that make up the Lepilemuridae family The Indridae (also spelled Indriidae) are a family of Strepsirrhine Primates They are medium to large sized Lemurs with only four teeth in The Aye-aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a Strepsirrhine native to Madagascar that combines Rodent -like teeth with a long thin middle The Aye-aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a Strepsirrhine native to Madagascar that combines Rodent -like teeth with a long thin middle Lorisiformes are a group of Primates found throughout Africa and Asia. Lorisidae (or sometimes Loridae) is a family of Strepsirrhine Primates The lorids are all slim Arboreal animals and include the Galagos, also known as bushbabies, bush babies or nagapies (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans) are small Nocturnal The haplorrhines, the "dry-nosed" primates (the Greek name means "simple-nosed" are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the Prosimian Tarsiers are Prosimian Primates of the genus Tarsius, a Monotypic genus in the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the Tarsiers are Prosimian Primates of the genus Tarsius, a Monotypic genus in the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the The simians ( Infraorder Simiiformes) are the "higher Primates quot familiar to most people the Monkeys and the Apes including The New World monkeys are the four families of Primates that are found in Central and South America: Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae The Cebidae form one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised The Night monkeys, also known as the Owl monkeys or Douroucoulis, are the members of the Genus Aotus of New World monkeys The Pitheciidae are one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised The Atelidae are one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised Catarrhini is a Parvorder of the Primates, one of the three major divisions of the Suborder Haplorrhini. The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of Primates falling in the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the Clade The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of Primates falling in the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the Clade Gibbons are the small Apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family is divided into four genera based on their Diploid Chromosome Aegyptopithecus, also called the Dawn Ape, is an early Fossil Catarrhine that predates the divergence between Hominoids (apes The Genus Australopithecus ( Latin australis "of the south" Greek πίθηκος pithekos "ape" Branisella boliviana is an extinct species of New World monkey from the Salla formation of what is now Bolivia during the late Oligocene Dryopithecus was a Genus of Apes that is known from localities ranging from Eastern Africa into Eurasia. Eosimias is the genus of two known early Old World Primates that was discovered in 1994 in China. Gigantopithecus is an extinct Genus of Ape that existed from roughly one million years to as recently as three-hundred thousand years ago Godinotia is an extinct Genus of Lemur -like Prosimians belonging to the Adapidae family Megaladapis is the Genus of three extinct species of Primates that once inhabited the island of Madagascar. Notharctus was an early Primate that inhabited Europe and North America 50 million years ago Pierolapithecus catalaunicus is an extinct species of Primate which lived about 13 million years ago during the Miocene in what is now Hostalets Pliopithecus is a Genus of Extinct Primates of the Miocene and the Pliocene. Sahelanthropus tchadensis is a Fossil Ape that lived approximately 7-6 Million years ago. Sivapithecus is a Genus of Extinct Primates Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus dated from 12 Teilhardina was an early Marmoset -like Primate that lived in Europe, North America and Asia during in the Early Victoriapithecus macinnesi was a Primate. It was described from a single Fossil specimen the oldest Old World monkey Skull fossil Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Lemurs make up the infraorder Lemuriformes and are members of a group of Primates known as Prosimians The term "lemur" is derived from the "

Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration and are identified either by song or genetics. Gibbons are the small Apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family is divided into four genera based on their Diploid Chromosome These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Zoo gibbons usually come from the black market pet trade in Southeast Asia, which transported gibbons across countries all over the region. As a result, perhaps as much as 95% of zoo gibbons are of unknown geographic origin. As most zoos rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, it is unfortunately common for gibbons to be misidentified and housed together. For example, some collections' supposedly pure breeding pairs were actually mixed pairs or hybrids from previous mixed pairs. The hybrid offspring were sent to other gibbon breeders and led to further hybridization in captive gibbons. Within-genus hybrids also occur in wild gibbons where the ranges overlap (Agile Gibbons and Pileated Gibbons x Lar Gibbons, Agile Gibbons x Müller's Bornean Gibbon, Yellow-cheeked Gibbons x Northern White-cheeked Gibbons). The Agile Gibbon ( Hylobates agilis) also known as the Black-handed Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The Pileated Gibbon ( Hylobates pileatus) is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The Lar Gibbon ( Hylobates lar) also known as the White-handed Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The Agile Gibbon ( Hylobates agilis) also known as the Black-handed Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family Müller's Bornean Gibbon ( Hylobates muelleri) also known as the Grey Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The Yellow-cheeked Gibbon ( Nomascus gabriellae) also called the Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon, the Golden-cheeked Crested Gibbon or the Buffed-cheeked

Intergeneric gibbon hybridizations are only known to have occurred in captivity. Silvery Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) and Müller's Bornean Gibbon (H. The Silvery Gibbon ( Hylobates moloch) is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family muelleri) have hybridized with Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) in captivity - a female Siamang produced hybrid "Siabon" offspring on two occasions when housed with a male gibbon; only one hybrid survived. The Siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) is a tailless Arboreal, black furred Gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand

Anubis Baboons and Hamadryas Baboons have hybridized in the wild where their ranges meet. The Olive Baboon ( Papio anubis) also called the Anubis Baboon, is a member of the family Cercopithecidae ( Old World monkeys. The Hamadryas Baboon ( Papio hamadryas) is a Baboon from the Old World monkey family A Rheboon is a captive-bred Rhesus Macaque/Hamadryas Baboon hybrid with a baboon-like body shape and macaque-like tail. The Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta) often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys Adult males measure The baboons are African Old World monkeys belonging to the genus Papio, part of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The macaques (məˈkæk constitute a genus ( Macaca, /məˈkækə/ of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae.

Different macaque species can interbreed. In "The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication" Charles Darwin wrote: A Macacus, according to Flourens, bred in Paris; and more than one species of this genus has produced young in London, especially the Macacus rhesus, which everywhere shows a special capacity to breed under confinement. Hybrids have been produced both in Paris and London from this same genus. The Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata) has interbred with the introduced Taiwanese Macacque (M. The Japanese Macaque ( Macaca fuscata) also known as the Snow Monkey, is a terrestrial Old World monkey species native to Japan, although The Formosan Rock Macaque ( Macaca cyclopis) is a Macaque living in Taiwan and has been introduced to Japan. cyclopis) when the latter escaped into the wild from private zoos.

Various hybrid monkeys are bred within the pet trade, for example:

• Hybrid capuchin monkeys e. g. Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella) x Weeper Capuchin (C. The Tufted Capuchin ( Cebus apella) also known as Brown Capuchin or Black-capped Capuchin is a New World Primate from South The Weeper Capuchin, Cebus olivaceus, is a Capuchin monkey from South America. olivaceus)
• Liontail Macaque x Pigtail Macaque hybrids
• Rhesus Macaque x Stumptail Macaque hybrids. The Lion-tailed Macaque ( Macaca silenus) is an Old World monkey that lives only in the Western Ghats of South India. The Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta) often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys Adult males measure The Stump-tailed Macaque ( Macaca arctoides) also called the Bear Macaque, is a species of Macaque found in Southern Asia.

Among Old World monkeys, natural hybridization is not uncommon. The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of Primates falling in the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the Clade There numerous field reports of hybrid monkeys and detailed studies of zones where species overlap and hybrids occur.

Among the great apes, Sumatran and Bornean orangutans are considered separate species with anatomical differences, producing sterile or poorly fertile hybrids. The Sumatran Orangutan ( Pongo abelii) is the rarer of the two species of Orangutans Living and endemic to Sumatra island of Indonesia, they are The Bornean Orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, is a species of Orangutan native to the island of Borneo. The orangutans are two Species of great apes known for their intelligence long arms and reddish-brown hair Hybrid orangutans are genetically weaker, with lower survival rates than pure animals.

Legal status

See also: Non-human primate experiments and International trade in primates

Humans are recognized as persons and protected in law by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights^[27] and by all governments, though to varying degrees. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection ( BUAV) is a British animal protection group based in London UK which campaigns for the complete abolition of all The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais Non-human primates are not classified as persons. The status of non-human primates has generated much debate, particularly through the Great Ape Project ^[28] which argues for the personhood of the non-human members of the family Hominidae. The Great Ape Project (GAP founded in 1993 is an international organization of Primatologists Psychologists Ethicists and other experts who advocate In 1995 Ignaas Spruit, director of Leiden (Netherlands) based Pro-Primates organization, went farther, as he proposed that some rights should be recognized to all non-human primates. ^[29] In the same way, the American anthropologist Earnest Albert Hooton, enlarging the sense of the famous quote by Terence, used to say "Primas sum: primatum nil a me alienum puto", that is to say: “I am a primate; nothing about primates is outside of my bailiwick”. Earnest Albert Hooton ( November 20, 1887, Clemansville Wisconsin &ndash May 3, 1954, Cambridge Massachusetts) was a Publius Terentius Afer (195/185&ndash159 BC better known as Terence, was a Playwright of the Roman Republic. ^[30]

Animal testing

Thousands of primates are used every year around the world in scientific experiments because of their psychological and physiological similarity to humans. Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Chimpanzees, baboons, marmosets, macaques, and green monkeys are most commonly used in these experiments. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. The baboons are African Old World monkeys belonging to the genus Papio, part of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. Marmosets are New World monkeys of the genus Callithrix, which contains 18 species The macaques (məˈkæk constitute a genus ( Macaca, /məˈkækə/ of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. Scientific research involving Non-human primates (NHPs includes Drug pre-clinical Toxicology studies studies of Infectious disease In the European Union, around 10,000 were used in 2004, with 4,652 experiments conducted on 3,115 non-human primates in the UK alone in 2005. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in ^[31] As of 2004, 3,100 non-human primates were living in captivity in the United States, in zoos, circuses, and laboratories, 1,280 of them being used in experiments. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A zoological garden, shortened to zoo, is an institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity A circus is most commonly a traveling company of performers that may include acrobats, Clowns trained animals trapeze acts Hoopers, tightrope walkers A laboratory (informally lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific Research, Experiments and ^[28] European campaign groups such as the BUAV are seeking a ban on all primate use in experiments as part of the European Union's current review of existing law on animal experimentation. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection ( BUAV) is a British animal protection group based in London UK which campaigns for the complete abolition of all The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

See also

• Arboreal theory
• Primatology

References

External links

• High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases
• Primate Info Net
• Primates in scientific experimentation
• Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University
• Chimpanzee Facial Expression & Vocalizations
• EUPRIM-Net: European Primate Network
• A chimpanzee laughter sample.
• Ape differences from monkeys.
• Images of Primates.
• PrimateImages: Natural History Collection

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