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The President of Iran is the highest elected official in the Islamic Republic of Iran, second only to the Supreme Leader of Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The politics and government of Iran takes place in the framework of a Republic with an Islamic ideology The Constitution of the Islamic Republic The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit (fa علی حسینی خامنهای born 17 July 1939 also known as Ali Khamenei, is an Iranian Azeri politician and cleric Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدینژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Vice President of Iran is defined by article 124 of the Iranian constitution, as anyone appointed by the President to lead an organization related to the Presidential Parviz Davoodi (پرويز داوودي Parviz Dâvudi) (born 1952 in Tehran) is the current First Vice President of Iran (since September 11 The Assembly of Experts (also Assembly of Experts of the Leadership) of Iran ( Persian: مجلس خبرگان رهبری Majles-e-Khobregan or Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani ( Persian:اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafsanjānī) Hashemi Bahramani The Majlis of Iran ( Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی lit Ali Ardashir Larijani (علی اردشیر لاریجانی born 1958 is an Iranian philosopher politician and the chairman/speaker of the Iranian parliament. The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati Massah ( born 1926 in Esfahan) is an Iranian Ayatollah and political figure. The Expediency Discernment Council of the System ( is an administrative assembly appointed by the Supreme Leader and was created upon the revision to the Constitution Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani ( Persian:اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafsanjānī) Hashemi Bahramani A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Ali Akbar Davar and some of his contemporaries such as Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza Ayatollah Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi (آیتالله سید محمود هاشمی شاهرودی (Born 1948 in Najaf, Iraq) is an Iranian Supreme National Security Council (شورای عالی امنیت ملی is the National Security Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the current secretary of Saeed Jalili, also spelled as Said Jalilee, Said Jalili and Saiid Jalili ( born 1965 in Mashhad) is an Iranian politician and the City and Village Councils (full title is Provincial City District and Village Councils are local councils which are elected by public vote in all cities and villages throughout The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (نيروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ايران include the IRIA (ارتش جمهوری اسلامی Mostafa Mohammad Najjar ( is the defense minister of Iran. At 49 he is a veteran of the Revolutionary Guards since the establishment of the body in 1980 where he The Ministry of Intelligence and National Security ( Persian: وزارت اطلاعات و امنیت کشور Vezarat-e Ettela'at va Amniat-e Keshvar) is the Hojjatol-Islam Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ejeie (born in the Isfahan province circa 1956) is the current head of the Ministry of Intelligence in Iran The Iranian constitution prohibits the granting of petroleum rights on a concessionary basis or direct equity stake Gholam Hossein Nozari is the present Minister of Petroleum (or Oil Minister) of Iran. The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an Oil and Natural gas producer and distributor headquartered Roughly one-third of Iran 's total surface area is suited for farmland but because of poor soil and lack of adequate water distribution in many areas most of it is not under cultivation Mohammad Reza Eskandari is the Minister of Agriculture of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran) is the Central bank Iran elects on national level a Head of government (the president) a Legislature (the Majlis) and an " Assembly of Experts " (which The Iranian Assembly of Experts election of 2006 was held on December 15, 2006. The Iranian City and Village Councils election of 2006 took place on December 15, 2006. Legislative elections for Majlis of Iran were held on 14 March 2008, with a second round held on 25 April 2008. Iran is subdivided into thirty provinces ( Persian: استان ostān, plural استانها ostānhā) each governed from a local center The provinces of Iran further subdivided into counties called shahrestan ( Persian: شهرستان shahrestān) an area inside an ostan List of political parties in Iran Political parties in Iran gives information on the political parties in Iran. Foreign relations of Iran refers to inter-governmental connections between Iran and other countries Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran the president is responsible for the "functions of the executive," such as signing treaties, agreements etc. with other countries and international organizations; the national planning and budget and state employment affairs; appointing ministers, governors, and ambassadors subject to the approval of the parliament. [1]
Unlike many other countries, in Iran the president does not have control over foreign policy, the armed forces, nuclear policy, or the main economic policies of the Iranian state, which are under the control of the Supreme Leader. The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit [2]
The President is elected for a four-year term by the direct vote of the people and may not serve for more than two terms. The current president is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدینژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran
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Role in the state
Iran's president fulfills many of the classical functions of a head of state, such as accepting the credentials of ambassadors. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Since a change in the constitution removed the post of Prime Minister and merged most of the prime ministerial duties with the President's in 1989, the once figurehead Presidential post has become a position of significant government influence. Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era (when the country was internationally known In politics a figurehead, by Metaphor with the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship is a person who holds an important title or office yet executes little In addition, as the highest directly elected official in Iran, the President is responsive and responsible to public opinion in a way that the Supreme Leader is not. Although he is responsible to both people and the Supreme Leader, he is independent in his decisions and developing the policies of the government. The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit The two terms of President Mohammad Khatami serve as an example of how independently a president can act in the Islamic Republic. Seyyed Mohammad Khātamī ( سید محمد خاتمی, pronounced xɑːtæmiː}} (born September 29, 1943, in Ardakan, Yazd Khatami changed many of the policies of the regime without the assistance of the Supreme leader, who often announced his indifference to the changes.
The President nominates the members of government to the Majlis (parliament). The Majlis of Iran ( Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی lit He has the power to dismiss any of the government members. The president appoints the secretary of national security council as well as the governors of the provinces and ambassadors of the Islamic Republic to other countries. Until recently, he had the power of appointing mayors of cities. However, the power was given to the cities local assemblies which are directly elected by the people and are directed by the parliament. City and Village Councils (full title is Provincial City District and Village Councils are local councils which are elected by public vote in all cities and villages throughout
The President formulates the foreign policy through the National Security Council and after seeking Supreme Leader's approval. These policies are usually executed by Minister of Foreign Affairs in terms of general relationships with other nations and by Secretary General of the Security Council. The latter executes more important and critical issues such as the Nuclear Energy policies and huge economy decisions.
According to the constitution, the president can be dismissed and removed from office in two ways. First, when a judge reports a criminal record for the president and in this case, the Supreme Leader has the power to remove him from office. The other is when the Majlis decides his political ineligibility and again asks the Supreme Leader to remove him from office. This law was activated when the parliament voted against Iran's first president, Abolhassan Banisadr, and Ayatollah Khomeini removed him from office. Abol-hassan Banisadr ( Persian: ابوالحسن بنیصدر born 22 March 1933) was the first President of Iran, following the 1979
Qualifications and election
The President of Iran is elected for a four year term in a national election by universal adult suffrage for everyone of at least 18 years of age. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office [3] Candidates for the presidency must be approved by the 12-member Council of Guardians. The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and Half of the Council's members are appointed by the Supreme Leader and are intended to preserve the values of the Islamic Republic.
According to the constitution of Iran candidates for presidency must possessing the following qualifications:
- Iranian origin;
- Iranian nationality;
- administrative capacity and resourcefulness;
- a good pastrecord;
- trustworthiness and piety; and
- convinced belief in the fundamental principles of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the official madhhab of the country. [4]
It is also alleged that
- Most of Iran's clerical elite demand that the candidate be male, but this is still a contentious issue (women have attempted to run before).
Within these guidelines the Council vetoes candidates who are deemed unacceptable. A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. The approval process is considered to be a check on the president's power, and usually amounts to a small number of candidates being approved. In the 1997 election, for example, only four out of 238 presidential candidates were approved by the council. Iranian presidential election of 1997 took place on May 23, 1997, which resulted in an unpredicted win for the reformist candidate Mohammad Khatami. Western observers have routinely criticized the approvals process as a way for the Council and Supreme Leader to ensure that only conservative and like-minded Islamic fundamentalists can win office. However, the council rejects the criticism, citing approval of reformists in previous elections. The Iranian reform movement (Persianاصلاح طلبان or the Reforms Front (Persian جبههٔ اصلاحات also known as 2nd of Khordad Front (Persian The council rejects most of the candidates stating that they are not "a well-known political figure", a requirement by the current law.
The President must be elected with a simple majority of the popular vote. A runoff election may be required to achieve this. The two-round system (also known as the second ballot or runoff voting) is a Voting system used to elect a single winner The President serves for a term of four years and is eligible for a second term.
Presidential council
According to the Iranian constitution, when the President dies or is impeached, a special provisional Presidential Council temporarily rules in his place until an election can be held. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic
The President automatically becomes the Head of Council of Cultural Revolution and the Head of Council of National Security. The Cultural Revolution (1980-1987 (in Persian انقلاب فرهنگي was a period following the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran where the academia of Iran was Supreme National Security Council (شورای عالی امنیت ملی is the National Security Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the current secretary of
List of Presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1980-Present)
| Name | Born-Died | Took Office | Left Office | Political Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abolhassan Banisadr | 1933- | 4 February 1980 | 22 June 1981 (impeached) | No Party |
| Provisional Presidential Council | 22 June 1981 | 2 August 1981 | ||
| Mohammad Ali Rajai | 1933-1981 | 2 August 1981 | 30 August 1981 (assassinated) | Islamic Republic Party (Hezb-e-Jomhouriy-e-Eslami) |
| Provisional Presidential Council | 30 August 1981 | 13 October 1981 | ||
| Ali Khamenei | 1939- | 13 October 1981 | 3 August 1989 | Islamic Republic Party (Hezb-e-Jomhouriy-e-Eslami) until 1987, Combatant Clergy Association (Jame'e-ye Rowhaniyat-e Mobarez) since 1987 |
| Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani | 1934- | 3 August 1989 | 3 August 1997 | Combatant Clergy Association (Jame'e-ye Rowhaniyat-e Mobarez) |
| Mohammad Khatami | 1943- | 3 August 1997 | 3 August 2005 | Association of Combatant Clerics (Majma-e Rowhaniyun-e Mobarez) |
| Mahmoud Ahmadinejad | 1956- | 3 August 2005 | Present | Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (E'telaf-e Abadgaran-e Iran-e Eslami) |
See also
References
- ^ Iran - Constitution Chapter IX, section 1 & 2 of the constitution
- ^ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Accessed 5-23-2008, (see also Article 110 of the constitution)
- ^ http://www.ilna.ir/shownews.asp?code=385408&code1=15
- ^ Constitution of Iran Article 115 - Qualifications
External links
- The President's Office
- Iran's Presidential Office of Scientific and Industrial Studies
- Ahmadinejad's blog
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