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Musical eras
Prehistoric
Ancient (before AD 500)
Early (500 - 1760)
Common practice (1600 - 1900)
Modern and contemporary (1900 - present)

In the history of music, prehistoric music (previously called primitive music) is all music produced in preliterate cultures (prehistory), beginning somewhere in very late geological history. Ancient music is Music that developed in literate Cultures replacing Prehistoric music. Early music is commonly defined as European classical music from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque. The common practice period, in the history of European Art music (broadly called Classical music) spanning the Baroque, Classical, and At the turn of the 20th century classical music was characteristically late Romantic in style while at the same time the Impressionist movement spearheaded by Claude Debussy Contemporary classical music can be understood as belonging to a period that started in the mid-1970s with the retreat of modernism. Music is found in every known Culture, past and present varying wildly between times and places Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" Geological history describes geological events that account for the Stratigraphy, Petrology and structure (see Structural geology) seen in rocks or Prehistoric music is followed by ancient music in most of Europe (1500 BCE) and later musics in subsequent European-influenced areas, but still exists in isolated areas. Ancient music is Music that developed in literate Cultures replacing Prehistoric music.

Prehistoric music thus technically includes all of the world's music that has existed before the advent of any currently-extant historical sources concerning that music, for example, traditional Native American music of preliterate tribes and Australian Aboriginal music. American Indian music is the Musics that are shared by or that distinguish American Indian Tribes and First Nations. Indigenous Australian music includes the music of Australian aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders who are collectively called Indigenous Australians; it incorporates However, it is more common to call the "prehistoric" music of non-European continents, especially that which still survives, as folk, indigenous or traditional music. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous

Contents

Origin of music

The origin of music is not known as it occurred prior to the advent of recorded history. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Some suggest that the origin of music likely stems from naturally occurring sounds and rhythms. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of Human music may echo these phenomena using patterns, repetition and tonality. A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence A pattern, from the French patron, is a theme of recurring events or objects sometimes referred to as elements of a set Tonality is a system of Music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center" or tonic. Even nowadays, some cultures have certain instances of their music intending to imitate natural sounds. The imitation of Natural sounds in various cultures is a diverse phenomenon In some instances, this feature is related to shamanistic beliefs or practice. Shamanism in various cultures shows great diversity In some cultures the music or songs related to shamanistic beliefs or practice may intentionally mimic natural sounds, sometimes [1][2] It may serve also entertainment (game)[3][4] or practical (luring animals in hunt)[3] functions.

Even aside from the bird song, monkeys have been witnessed to beat on hollow logs. A monkey is any member of either the New World monkeys or Old World monkeys two of the three groupings of Simian Primates the third group being Although this might serve some purpose of territorialism, it suggests a degree of creativity and seems to incorporate a call and response dialogue. Territorialism was a Jewish political movement calling for creation of a sufficiently large and compact Jewish territory (or territories not necessarily in the Land of A dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog) is a reciprocal Conversation between two or more entities. See: zoomusicology. Zoomusicology is a field of Musicology and Zoology or more specifically zoosemiotics.

It is possible that the first musical instrument was the human voice itself, which can make a vast array of sounds, from singing, humming and whistling through to clicking, coughing and yawning. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with Speech. Human whistling is the production of Sound by means of a constant stream of air from the mouth Clicks are speech sounds such as English tsk! tsk! used to express disapproval or the tchick! used to spur on a horse In Medicine, a cough ( Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defence Reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages A yawn (from the Middle English yanen, an alteration of yonen or yenen, which in turn comes from the Old English geonian (See Darwin's Origin of Species on music & speech. ) The oldest known Neanderthal hyoid bone with the modern human form has been dated to be 60,000 years old,[5] predating the oldest known bone flute by 10,000 years; but since both artifacts are unique the true chronology may date back much further. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from The hyoid bone ( lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a Bone in the Neck, and is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its

Most likely the first rhythm instruments or percussion instruments involved the clapping of hands, stones hit together, or other things that are useful to create rhythm and indeed there are examples of musical instruments which date back as far as the paleolithic, although there is some ambiguity over archaeological finds which can be variously interpreted as either musical or non-musical instruments/tools. A clap is the sound made by striking together two flat surfaces as in the body parts of humans or animals Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" Examples of paleolithic objects which are considered unambiguously musical are bone flutes or pipes; paleolithic finds which are open to interpretation are pierced phalanges (usually interpreted as 'phalangeal whistles'), objects interpreted as bullroarers, and rasps.

Music can be theoretically traced to prior to the Oldowan era of the Paleolithic age, the anthropological and archeological designation suggests that music first arose (amongst humans) when stone tools first began to be used by hominids. Oldowan (earlier spelled Olduwan or sometimes Oldawan) is an anthropological designation for an industrial complex of Stone tools used by The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The noises produced by work such as pounding seed and roots into meal is a likely source of rhythm created by early humans. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!.

Prehistoric music varies greatly in style, function, general relation to culture, and complexity. A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic The Timbila music of the Chopi is considered one of the most complex preliterate musics. Mozambique is a former Portuguese Colony, and its native Folk musics have been highly influenced by Portuguese forms The Chopi are an Ethnic group of Mozambique. They have traditionally lived primarily in the Zavala region of southern Mozambique in the Inhambane

The oldest flutes

The oldest flute may be the disputed "Neanderthal flute" found in the Slovenian cave Divje Babe I in 1995 by the Slovene paleontologist Ivan Turk of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (acronym SASA) (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti sl ''SAZU'' is a National academy of Slovenia, which It is estimated to be about 43,000 years old and was found in the fifth Mousterian level (Middle Paleolithic). Mousterian is a name given by archaeologists to a style of predominantly Flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, The artifact is a hollow femur of a juvenile cave bear containing holes. The femur is the thigh bone In Humans, it is the longest, most voluminous and strongest Bone. Whether it is truly a musical instrument or simply a carnivore-chewed bone is a matter of ongoing debate.

During the estimated time of its origin, neither the technology of working bones nor the necessary artistic (symbolic) behaviour are supposed to have been developed, although weak signals exist for both.

The earliest unambiguously musical bone pipe is from Geissenklösterle in Germany, dates to about 36,000BP and is associated with modern humans. [6]

The oldest known wooden flutes were discovered near Greystones, Ireland, in 2004. Greystones (Na Clocha Liatha is a coastal town in County Wicklow, Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world A wood-lined pit contained a group of six flutes made from yew wood, between 30 and 50cm long, tapered at one end, but without any finger holes. They may once have been strapped together[7].

Oldest Chinese flutes

In 1986 several gudi (literally "bone flutes") were found in Jiahu in Henan Province, China. The Jiahu gudi (贾湖骨笛 is the oldest known musical instruments from China dating back to around 6000 B Jiahu ( 賈湖 Pinyin: Jiǎhú was the site of a Neolithic Yellow River settlement based in the central plains of ancient China They date to about 6,000 BC. They have between 5 and 8 holes each and were made from the hollow bones of a bird, the red-crowned crane. The Red-crowned Crane ( Grus japonensis) also called the Japanese Crane or Manchurian Crane, is a large crane and is the second rarest crane At the time of the discovery, one was found to be still playable. The bone flute plays both the five- or seven-note scale of Xia Zhi and six-note scale of Qing Shang of the ancient Chinese musical system. Chinese musicology is the academic study of traditional Chinese music.

Cycladic culture

Further information: Cycladic culture

On the island of Keros (Κέρος), two marble statues from the late Neolithic culture called Early Cycladic culture (2900 BC-2000 BC) were discovered together in a single grave in the 19th century. Cycladic civilization (also known as Cycladic culture or The Cycladic period) is an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean Keros (Κέρος is an uninhabited Greek Island in the Cyclades about southeast of Naxos. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Cycladic civilization (also known as Cycladic culture or The Cycladic period) is an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean They depict a standing double flute player and a sitting musician playing a triangular-shaped lyre or harp. The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. The harpist is approximately 23 cm (nine inches) high and dates to around 2700-2500 BC. He expresses concentration and intense feelings and tilts his head up to the light. The meaning of these and many other figures is not known; perhaps they were used to ward off evil spirits or had religious significance or served as toys or depicted figures from mythology.

The discovery of this and similar pieces (they are very simplified and abstract in form) in the late 19th century had considerable influence on the sculpture of the early 20th century, for example on that by modernists such as Picasso and Modigliani. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Amedeo Clemente Modigliani ( July 12, 1884 &ndash January 24, 1920) was an Italian Artist of Jewish heritage

Earliest musical notation

Main article: Ancient music

The world's oldest known song is approximately 3,400 years old and written in Hurrian on a clay tablet found at the site of the city of Ugarit in the early 1950s. Ancient music is Music that developed in literate Cultures replacing Prehistoric music. The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Ugarit ( Ugaritic: ʼugrt; Hebrew:; Arabic:) (modern Ras Shamra رأس شمرة ("top/head/cape of the wild Fennel Due to the lack of confirmatory material, translations of the text differ, although all current interpretations agree that the music is diatonic. On some interpretations the music consists of two melodic lines and utilises both major and minor thirds, on other interpretations the music consists of one melodic line (is monophonic) with a rhythmic accompaniment. In Music, monophony is the simplest of textures, consisting of Melody without accompanying Harmony.

The First Delphic Hymn is the earliest unambiguous surviving example of notated music from anywhere in the world. The Delphic Hymns are two musical compositions from Ancient Greece, which survive in substantial fragments

See also

External links

Notes

  1. ^ Hoppál 2006: 143
  2. ^ Diószegi 1960: 203
  3. ^ a b Nattiez: 5
  4. ^ Deschênes 2002
  5. ^ B. Arensburg, A. M. Tillier, B. Vandermeersch, H. Duday, L. A. Schepartz & Y. Rak (April 1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone". Nature 338 (338): 758-760. doi:10.1038/338758a0. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ http://www.mus.cam.ac.uk/~ic108/lithoacoustics/BAR2002/BARpreprint.pdf
  7. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s1105308.htm

References

Further reading

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