Archaeology and geology continue to reveal the secrets of prehistoric Scotland, uncovering a complex and dramatic past before the Romans brought Scotland into the scope of recorded history. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Obviously, throughout this period there was no such thing as Scotland or a national identity. Successive human cultures tended to be spread across Europe or further afield, but focussing on this particular geographical area helps to find out about the origin of the remains and monuments that are still widespread, and to understand the background to the history of Scotland. The history of Scotland begins around 10000 years ago when Humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last
The extent of open countryside untouched by intensive farming, together with past availability of stone rather than timber, has given Scotland a wealth of accessible sites where the ancient past can be seen. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
History of Scotland  |
|---|
| Chronological Eras |
| Prehistoric Scotland |
| Scotland in the Early Middle Ages |
| Scotland in the High Middle Ages |
| Wars of Scottish Independence |
| Scotland in the Late Middle Ages |
| Scottish Reformation |
| Scotland in the Early Modern Era |
| Scottish Enlightenment |
| Scotland in the Modern Era |
| Dynasties and Regimes |
| House of Alpin (843–878) & (889–1040) |
| House of Moray (1040–1058) |
| House of Dunkeld (1058–1286) |
| House of Balliol (1292–1296) |
| House of Bruce (1306–1371) |
| House of Stuart (1371–1707) |
| Act of Union (1707) |
| Topical |
| Art history |
| Colonial history |
| Culture |
| Economic history |
| Historiography |
| Literary history |
| Military history |
| Politics |
| Timeline of Scottish history |
| Scottish portal |
Contents |
The deep prehistory of Scotland
Scotland is geologically alien to Europe, comprising a lost sliver of the ancient continent of Laurentia (which later formed the bulk of North America). The history of Scotland begins around 10000 years ago when Humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Early Middle Ages, a period which corresponds in part with Early Historic Scotland and the Later Iron Age, is that era of Scottish pre-history and The history of Scotland in the High Middle Ages covers Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th The history of Scotland in the Late Middle Ages might be said to be dominated by the twin themes of crisis and transition The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments The House of Alpin is the name given to the kin-group which ruled in Pictland and then the Kingdom The so-called House of Moray is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the succession of rulers whose base was at the region of Moray and who ruled sometimes The so-called House of Dunkeld, in Scottish Gaelic Dùn Chailleann (meaning Fort of the Caledonii or of the Caledonians) is a historiographical and genealogical The House of Balliol was a Picard and Anglo-Norman family who began to rule some estates in England in the reign of William Rufus. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into The history of Scottish visual art which we can take to mean the visual art produced within the modern political boundary of Scotland since the earliest times forms a distinctive Scottish colonization of the Americas consisted of a number of failed or abandoned Scottish settlements in North America, a colony at Darien, The culture of Scotland refers to the peculiar cultural norms of Scotland and the Scottish people, particularly in relation to the more general British Scottish historiography refers to the sources and critical methods used by scholars to come to an understanding of the history of Scotland. Scottish literature is Literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers. Historically Scotland has a long military tradition that predates the Act of Union with England. Current situation The largest party is the Scottish National Party, which campaigns for Scottish independence. This Timeline outlines the main events in Scottish history. 1st century - 7th century c The geology of Scotland is unusually varied for a country of its size with a large number of differing geological features Laurentia (also known as the North American craton) like all Craton land was created as continents moved about the surface of the Earth During the Cambrian period the crustal region which became Scotland formed part of the continental shelf of Laurentia, then still south of the equator. The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with Laurentia was separated from the continent of Baltica (which later became Scandinavia and the Baltic region) by the diminishing Iapetus Ocean. Baltica redirects here For the Russian beer, see Baltika Breweries Baltica is a name applied by geologists to a late- Proterozoic, Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Baltic Seven Islandsgif|right|thumb|330px|A contemporary transnational Euroregion encompasses the islands of the Baltic countries The Iapetus Ocean was an Ocean that existed in the Southern Hemisphere between Laurentia ( Scotland and North America) and Baltica The two ancient continents moved toward one another through the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, with tectonic folding during the Silurian pushing the first Scottish land above water. The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic era, and covers the time between 488 The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 The final collision occurred during the Devonian period, with the Scottish segment of the Laurentian plate smashing into Avalonia (which contained what is now most of England and Wales), a motile subcontinent which had previously joined with Baltica. The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to million years ago. Avalonia was an ancient Microcontinent or Terrane whose history formed much of the older rocks of Western Europe, Atlantic Canada and parts of the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This impact threw up a massive chain of mountains (at least as tall as the present-day Alps) and saw the formation of the granitic West Highland and Grampian mountain chains and (through the Carboniferous) a period of volcanic activity in central and eastern Scotland. This article is about a mountain range in Scotland for other uses see Grampians. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 During the Permian and Triassic periods, with the Iapetus Ocean entirely closed, Scotland lay near the centre of the Pangaean supercontinent. The Permian is a geologic period and system that extends from 299 The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago Pangaea, Pangæa or Pangea (pænˈdʒiːə from παν pan, meaning entire, and Γαῖα Gaea, meaning Earth in With the advent of the Tertiary, a constructive plate boundary became active between Laurentia and Eurasia, pushing the two apart (and parting Scotland from Laurentia forever). The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately This recession opened the Atlantic Ocean for the first time, and the consequent subduction zone at the western plate margin led to a renewed period of vulcanism, this time on Scotland's west coast, producing fresh mountains on Skye, Jura, Mull, Rùm, and Arran. Skye or the Isle of Skye ( Scottish Gaelic An t-Eilean Sgitheanach əɲ tʰʲelan s̪kʲiə Jura ( Scottish Gaelic Diùra) is an Island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland, situated adjacent and to the north-east of Islay The Isle of Mull (or simply Mull; Muile in Scottish Gaelic) is the second largest Island of the Inner Hebrides, off the Rùm (rˠuːm a Scottish Gaelic name often Anglicised to Rum) is one of the Small Isles of the Inner Hebrides, in the district of The Isle of Arran ( Scots Gaelic: Eilean Arainn) is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, with an area of 430 km² (167 square
This tectonic activity produced the basis of Scotland's topography: ancient mountains in the North and South of the country, partially eroded by 400 million years of water and ice with a wide fertile valley between them, and a newer, wilder western terrain. With Scotland now in the northern temperate zone, it was subjected to numerous glaciations in the Neogene and Quaternary periods, the ice sheets and their attendant glaciers carving the landscape into a typical postglacial one, overdeeping river valleys into the characteristic U-shape and leaving the upland areas covered with glacial corries and dramatic pyramidal peaks. Overview The term Quaternary ("fourth" was proposed by Giovanni Arduino in 1759 for alluvial deposits in the Po river valley in northern In lowland areas the ice deposited rich fields of fertile glacial till and eroded the softer material surrounding the extinct volcanoes (particularly the older Carboniferous ones), leaving many crags. A crag (sometimes spelled cragg, or in Scotland craig) is a rocky hill or mountain generally isolated from other high ground
Before modern humans
During the last interglacial, around 130,000 - 70,000 BC, there were times when climate in Europe was warmer than it is today, and after the Neanderthals came to prominence there was another mild spell around 40,000 BC. An interglacial is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature that separates Glacial periods within an Ice age. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Neanderthal sites have been found in the south of England, and it is possible that early humans made their way to Scotland, though no traces have been found.
Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and it was only after the ice retreated that Scotland again became habitable, around 9600 BC.
Hunter-gatherers
As the climate improved mesolithic hunter-gatherers extended their range into Scotland. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting
An early settlement at Cramond, near what is today Edinburgh, has been dated to around 8500 BC. Cramond is a seaside Village now part of suburban Edinburgh, Scotland, located in the north-west corner of the city at the mouth of the River Almond Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. The 9th millennium BC marks the beginning of the Neolithic period Pits and stakeholes suggest a hunter-gatherer encampment, and microlith stone tools made at the site predate finds of similar style in England. A microlith is a small stone tool typically knapped of Flint or Chert, usually about three centimetres long or less They are typically one Centimetre Although no bones or shells had survived the acid soil, numerous carbonised hazelnut shells indicate cooking in a similar way to finds at other Mesolithic period sites including the slightly earlier Star Carr and Britain's oldest house, the Howick house in Northumberland dated to 7600 BC, where post holes indicate a very substantial construction, and the finds are interpreted as being a permanent residence for hunting people. Star Carr is a Mesolithic archaeological site in North Yorkshire, England. The Howick house Mesolithic site was found when an amateur archaeologist noticed flint tools eroding out of a sandy cliff face near the village of Howick in Northumberland Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west In the 8th millennium BC, Agriculture becomes widely practiced in the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia. This suggests that hunter-gatherers could also have settled down in Scotland.
Other sites on the east coast and at lochs and rivers, and large numbers of rock shelters and shell middens around the west coast and islands, build up a picture of highly mobile people, often using sites seasonally and having boats for fishing and for transporting stone tools from sites where suitable materials are found. A midden, also known as a kitchen midden, or a shell heap, is a dump for domestic waste. Finds of flint tools on Ben Lawers and at Glen Dee (a mountain pass through the Cairngorms) show that these people were capable of travelling well inland across the hills.
At a rock shelter and shell midden at Sand, Applecross on Wester Ross facing Skye, excavations have shown that around 7500 BC people had tools of bone, stone and antler, were living off shellfish, fish and deer using pot-boiler stones as a cooking method, were making beads from seashells and had ochre pigment and used shellfish which can produce purple dye. Sand is the site of a major archaeological excavation on the Inner Sound coast of the Applecross Peninsula in Western Scotland, to the north of the small Ross and Cromarty Committee area (1996-date Ross and Cromarty lieutenancy area (1996-date Skye or the Isle of Skye ( Scottish Gaelic An t-Eilean Sgitheanach əɲ tʰʲelan s̪kʲiə In the 8th millennium BC, Agriculture becomes widely practiced in the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia.
Farmers and monument builders
Neolithic farming brought permanent settlements. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos ||-||-||-| Skara Brae (ˈskɑrə ˈbreɪ is a large stone-built Neolithic settlement located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of mainland Orkney Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos At Balbridie in Aberdeenshire crop markings were investigated and ditches and post holes found revealing a massive timber-framed building dating to about 3600 BC. Balbridie is the site of a Neolithic timber-house in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, situated in the south Deeside near the B9077 road. Aberdeenshire (Siorrachd Obar Dheathain is one of the 32 unitary Council areas in Scotland. An almost identical building was excavated at Claish near Stirling. At the islet of Eilean Domhnuill, Loch Olabhat on North Uist, Unstan ware pottery suggests a date of 3200-2800 BC for what may be the earliest crannog. Armit identifies the islet of Eilean Dòmhnuill, Loch Olabhat on North Uist, Scotland as what may be the earliest Crannog. North Uist ( Scottish Gaelic: Uibhist a Tuath) is an island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Unstan ware is the name used by Archaeologists for a type of finely made and decorated Neolithic pottery from the 4th millennium BC For Canada's organic brewery see Crannóg Ales A crannóg is an artificial island usually originally built in lakes rivers and estuarine waters and most often
The remainder of this section focuses mainly on the Orkney Islands, where there is a Neolithic landscape rich in sites amazingly preserved by prevalent use of the local stone which appears on the shore ready split into convenient building slabs. Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north This is only a selection of highlights and there are many other examples across the country, often under the care of Historic Scotland. Historic Scotland is an Executive agency of the Scottish Government, responsible for historic monuments in Scotland.
At the wonderfully well preserved stone house at Knap of Howar on the Orkney island of Papa Westray (occupied from 3500 BC to 3100 BC) the walls stand to a low eaves height, and the stone furniture is intact. At Knap of Howar on the Orkney island of Papa Westray, a Neolithic farmstead has been wonderfully well preserved and is claimed to be the oldest preserved Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Papa Westray also known as Papay, is one of the Orkney Islands in Scotland, with a population of 65 at the time of the 2001 Census now increased to The 35th century BC in the Near East sees the gradual transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Events c 3100 BC — Narmer (Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt into one country he rules this new country from Memphis Evidence from middens shows that the inhabitants were keeping cattle, sheep and pigs, farming barley and wheat and gathering shellfish as well as fishing for species which have to be line caught using boats. Finely made and decorated Unstan ware pottery links the inhabitants to chambered cairn tombs nearby and to sites far afield including Balbrindi and Eilean Domhnuill. Unstan ware is the name used by Archaeologists for a type of finely made and decorated Neolithic pottery from the 4th millennium BC A chambered cairn is a burial monument usually constructed during the Neolithic, consisting of a Cairn of stones inside which a sizeable (usually stone chamber Armit identifies the islet of Eilean Dòmhnuill, Loch Olabhat on North Uist, Scotland as what may be the earliest Crannog.
The houses at Skara Brae on the Mainland of the Orkney Islands are very similar, but grouped into a village linked by low passageways. ||-||-||-| Skara Brae (ˈskɑrə ˈbreɪ is a large stone-built Neolithic settlement located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of mainland Orkney Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north This settlement was occupied from about 3000 BC to 2500 BC. The 30th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC The 25th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2500 BC to 2401 BC Pottery found here is of the grooved ware style which is found across Britain as far away as Wessex. Most Neolithic cultures in Britain are best identified by the pottery remains which they left West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation.
About 6 miles (10km) from Skara Brae, grooved ware pottery was found at the Standing Stones of Stenness (originally a circle) which lie centrally in a close group of three major monuments. The surviving Standing Stones of Stenness form an impressive Neolithic monument on the mainland of Orkney, Scotland. Maeshowe, the finest example of the passage grave type of chambered cairn (radiocarbon dated to before 2700 BC) lies just to the east. Maeshowe (or Maes Howe) is a Neolithic Chambered cairn and Passage grave situated on mainland Orkney, Scotland. passage grave (sometimes hyphenated or passage tomb is a tomb usually dating to the Neolithic, where the burial chamber is reached along a distinct passage A chambered cairn is a burial monument usually constructed during the Neolithic, consisting of a Cairn of stones inside which a sizeable (usually stone chamber The magnificent Ring of Brodgar circle of standing stones is across a bridge immediately to the north. The Ring of Brodgar (or Brogar) is a Neolithic Henge and Stone circle in Orkney, Scotland. This circle was one of the first to be analysed by Professor Alexander Thom to establish the likely use of standing stones as astronomical observatories. Professor Alexander Thom (1894–1985 was a Scottish engineer most famous for his theory of the Megalithic yard and his studies of Stonehenge and Another Neolithic village has been found nearby at Barnhouse Settlement, and the inference is that these farming people were the builders and users of these mysterious structures. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The recently discovered Neolithic Barnhouse Settlement is sited by the shore of Loch of Harray, Orkney Mainland, Scotland, not far from the
As with the standing stones at Callanish on Lewis and other standing stones across Scotland, these monuments form part of the Europe wide Megalithic culture which also produced Stonehenge in Wiltshire and the stone rows at Carnac in Brittany. Callanish, to give its English approximation( Scottish Gaelic: Calanais) is a village (township on the West Side of the Isle of Lewis, in the Lewis ( Leòdhas ʎɔːɣəs̪ ( Norse: Ljoðhús "home Stonehenge is a Prehistoric Monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye Carnac ( Breton = Karnag) is a commune beside the Gulf of Morbihan on the south coast of Brittany in the Morbihan Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into
The widespread connections these people had is shown by offerings imported from Cumbria and Wales left on the sacred hilltop at Cairnpapple Hill, West Lothian, as early as 3500 BC. Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy Cairnpapple Hill is a Hill with a dominating position in central lowland Scotland with views from coast to coast West Lothian ( Lodainn an Iar in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary Council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area. The 35th century BC in the Near East sees the gradual transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age.
Bronze age
The cairns and Megalithic monuments continued into the Bronze age, which saw metals as an additional material rather than a replacement for flint. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for However there was a decline in both the building of large new structures and in the total area under cultivation from about 2500 B. C. [1]
The Clava cairns and standing stones near Inverness show complex geometries and astronomical alignments, with smaller perhaps individual tombs instead of the communal Neolithic tombs. The Clava cairn is a type of Bronze Age circular Chamber tomb Cairn, named after the group of 3 cairns at Balnuaran of Clava, to the east of Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland.
Mummies dating from 1600-1300 B. A mummy is a Corpse whose Skin and Flesh have been preserved by either intentional or Incidental exposure to Chemicals extreme C. have been discovered at Cladh Hallan on South Uist. Cladh Hallan is an archaeological site on the island of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides in Scotland. South Uist ( Scottish Gaelic: Uibhist a Deas) is an Island of the Outer Hebrides in Scotland.
Hill forts were introduced, such as Eildon hill near Melrose in the Scottish Borders which goes back to around 1000 BC and which accommodated several hundred houses on a fortified hilltop. A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement Not to be confused with Eldon Hill, England Eildon Hill lies just south of Melrose Scotland in the Scottish Borders, overlooking the The Scottish Borders, often referred to simply as the Borders, is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. Excavation at Edinburgh Castle found late Bronze Age material from about 850 BC. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Events and trends 859 BC — Assurnasirpal II died 859 BC — Shalmaneser attacked Syria and Palestine.
Iron age
From around 700 BC extending into Roman times the Iron age brought an age of forts and defended farmsteads, which supports the image of quarrelsome tribes and petty kingdoms recorded by the Romans. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Evidence that at times occupants neglected the defences might suggest that symbolic power was as significant as warfare.
Brythonic Celtic culture and language spread into southern Scotland at some time after the 8th century BC, possibly through cultural contact rather than mass invasion, and systems of kingdoms developed. The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC.
Larger fortified settlements expanded, such as the Votadini stronghold of Traprain Law, East Lothian, which was the size of a town. The Votadini (the Wotādīnī, or Votādīnī) were a people of the Iron Age in Great Britain, and their territory was briefly part of the Traprain Law is a hill about 221m (724 feet in elevation located 6km (4 miles east of Haddington in East Lothian, Scotland. East Lothian ( Lodainn an Ear in Gaelic) is one of 32 Unitary council areas in Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. Huge numbers of small duns, hill forts and ring forts were built on any suitable crag or hillock. Dun (from the Brythonic Din (modern Welsh Dinas and Gaelic Dùn, meaning fort) is now used both as a generic term for a fort A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement Ringforts are fortified settlements that are generally deemed to be from the Iron Age, Early Christian or possibly the Early Medieval period The spectacular brochs were built, most impressively the near complete broch at Mousa on Shetland. A Broch is an Iron Age Drystone hollow-walled structure of a type found only in Scotland. Mousa ( Old Norse: Mosey "mossy island" is a small Island in Shetland, uninhabited since the nineteenth century Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland; Old Norse non Hjaltland; Sealtainn is an Archipelago off the northeast coast of Many Souterrain underground passageways were constructed, though their purpose is obscure. Souterrain (from French 'sous terrain' meaning 'under ground' is a name given by Archaeologists to a type of underground structure associated mainly with the Atlantic Iron Island settlements linked with a causeway to land, the crannogs, became common; it is thought that their function was defensive. For Canada's organic brewery see Crannóg Ales A crannóg is an artificial island usually originally built in lakes rivers and estuarine waters and most often
Access - guide books
Historic Scotland provides access to many sites and monuments including most of those mentioned above, and others are freely accessible making exploring the distant past open to anyone with a guide book and map. The following were used as references.
- Scotland Before History - Stuart Piggott, Edinburgh University Press 1982, ISBN 0-7524-1400-3
- Scotland's Hidden History - Ian Armit, Tempus (in association with Historic Scotland) 1998, ISBN 0-85224-348-0
See also
Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
References
- ^ Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. This timeline of prehistoric Scotland is a chronologically ordered list of important Archaeological sites in Scotland and of major events affecting Scotland's human London. Thames & Hudson. Page 154.
- Toghill, Peter, The Geology of Britain, an introduction, Airlife (2000), ISBN 1-84037-404-7
- The Other Orkney Book - Gordon Thomson, Northabout Publishing 1980, ISBN 0-907200-00-1
Further reading
- Scotland Since Prehistory: Natural Change and Human Impact, by Christopher Smout, 1993, Scottish Cultural Press, ISBN 189821803X
- Mesolithic Scotland and Its Neighbours, by Alan Saville, 2004, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, ISBN 0903903288
- Scotland: From Prehistory to the Present, by Fiona Watson, 2003, ISBN 0752425919
- The Early Prehistory of Scotland, by Tony Pollard and Alex Morrison, 1996, ISBN 0585104204
- The Later Prehistory of the Western Isles of Scotland, by Ian Armit, 1992, ISBN 0860547310
- Prehistoric Scotland, by Ann MacSween and Mick Sharp, 1989, ISBN 071346173X
- Guide to Prehistoric Scotland, by Richard Feachem, 1977, Simon & Schuster
- Prehistoric Scotland, by Richard Feachem and Urho Kekkonen, 1963
- A Guide to Prehistoric Scotland, by Richard Feachem, 1963, Batsford
- Prehistoric Scotland, by Vere Gordon Childe, 1940, G Bell and Sons
- The Prehistory of Scotland, by Vere Gordon Childe, 1935, K Paul, Trench, Trubner & co
- Prehistoric Scotland and Its Place in European Civilization, by Robert Munro, 1899, W Blackwood and sons
External links
- ScottishGeology.com
- Scotland's Past
- BBC - History - Britain's Oldest House? A Journey into the Stone Age
- History Scotland Magazine: First Settlers - Sand
- The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Rubbish dump reveals time-capsule of Scotland's earliest settlements
- The National Trust for Scotland - Press Releases - Archaeological find at Mar Lodge Estate
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