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Paranormal / Parapsychology
Terminology
Nostradamus was thought by some to have the ability to predict future events. Michel de Nostredame (14 December 1503 or 21 December 1503 &ndash 2 July 1566 usually Latinized to Nostradamus, was a French Apothecary
Details
Terminology: Precognition
Definition: The ability to perceive events in the future through the use of Psi
Signature: The ability to perceive future events through means other than deduction
Misc
See Also: Prescience, Anomalous cognition, Retrocognition

Precognition (from the Latin præ-, “prior to,” + cognitio, “a getting to know”) denotes a form of extra-sensory perception where in a person is said to perceive information about places or events through paranormal means before they happen. Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Retrocognition (also known as postcognition) from the Latin retro meaning "backward behind" and cognition meaning "knowing" Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Extrasensory perception (ESP is the apparent ability to acquire information by Paranormal means independent of any known physical Senses or deduction from previous Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation [1][2] A related term, presentiment, refers to information about future events which is said to be perceived as emotions. These terms are considered by some to be special cases of the more general term clairvoyance. Clairvoyance (from 17th century French with clair meaning "clear" and voyance meaning "visibility" is the apparent ability to gain

Those skeptical of the existence of precognition and other forms of ESP believe it to be the result of fraud or self-delusion and contend that selection bias is the cause of the belief that one has precognition where individuals remember the "hits" and forget the "misses". Extrasensory perception (ESP is the apparent ability to acquire information by Paranormal means independent of any known physical Senses or deduction from previous In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual Selection bias is a distortion of evidence or data that arises from the way that the data are collected Skeptics contend that the human memory naturally has a tendency to remember coincidences more often than other non-coincidences and thus individuals tend to remember more frequently when they were correct about a future event and forget the instances when they were wrong. [3]

Contents

History and research

J. W. Dunne, a British aeronautics engineer, undertook the first systematic study of precognition in the early twentieth century. John William Dunne (1875 — 1949 established his career as an Aeronautical engineer working on many early military aircraft Aeronautics (from Greek aero which means air or sky and nautis which means sailor i The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In 1927, he published the classic An Experiment with Time, which contained his findings and theories. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An Experiment with Time is a long essay by J W Dunne on the subjects of Precognition and the human experience of time Dunne's study was based on his own precognitive dreams, which involved both trivial incidents in his own life and major news events appearing in the press the day after the dream. When first realizing that he was seeing the future in his dreams, Dunne worried that he was "a freak. " His worries soon eased when he discovered that precognitive dreams are common; he concluded that many people have them without realizing it, perhaps because they do not recall the details or fail to properly interpret the dream symbols. Precognitive dreams are Dreams that have been credited with foresight or precognition [4] Joseph Banks Rhine and Louisa Rhine began the next significant systematic research of precognition in the 1930s at the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University. Joseph Banks Rhine ( September 29, 1895 &ndash February 20, 1980) (usually known as J The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Duke University is a private Research University located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Rhine used card-guessing experiments in which the participant was asked to record his guess of the order of a card deck before the deck was shuffled. A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper thin card or thin plastic figured with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing Card games [5]

London psychiatrist J. A. Barker established the British Premonitions Bureau in 1967, which collected precognitive data in order to provide an early warning system of impending disasters. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Barker succeeded in finding a number of "human seismographs" who tuned in regularly to disasters, but were unable to accurately pinpoint the times. Seismometers (from Greek Seism - "the shakes" - and Metro - "I measure" are instruments that measure and record motions of the ground including The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab is one of the more recent examples of attempts to study precognition, it began in 1979 with precognitive experiments have since been done in a variety of formats by various parapsychologists, for example by the remote viewing researchers. The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research ( PEAR) program was established at Princeton University in 1979 by Robert G Remote Viewing (RV refers to the attempt to gather information about a distant or unseen target using paranormal means or Extra-sensory perception. This facility was closed down in 2007. [6]

Causality and paradox

An issue related to precognitive events includes paradoxes due to causality, (which are used heavily in fiction). A paradox is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a Contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; or inversely Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence One form of paradox includes events that are prevented due to the actions of those that know of it through precognition. In this case, the event doesn't happen, which would prevent the viewer from seeing the event in the first place.

A subtler form of paradox is the circular cause and consequence problem of events that are actually caused by the foreseeing of the event. Circular Cause and Consequence is a Logical fallacy where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause Though in and of itself this chain is logically consistent, it is a chicken or egg problem -- if the event did not happen the viewer would not have seen it, which would have prevented it from happening. The chicken or the egg Causality dilemma is commonly stated as "which came first the Chicken or the egg ?" Chickens hatch from eggs

Skepticism

The existence of precognition is disputed by skeptics such as Robert Todd Carroll, who believe that there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting the existence of precognition and who contend that examples of what are commonly thought to be precognition can be explained naturally without evoking supernatural abilities. Robert Todd Carroll (born 1945 PhD, is an American writer and academic [3] Skeptics point to the fact that the human memory has a tendency to selectively recall coincidences and forget all of the other examples where, for example, dreams and other thoughts do not come to be. In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences Examples include thinking of a specific individual right before the individual thought of calls on the phone. Human memory has a tendency to remember the instances where the individual thought of calls and forget the instances where the individual calls when not thought of just prior to calling. This is an example of selection bias and skeptics assert that examples of precognition are better explained using psychology and natural human tendencies opposed to supernatural or paranormal powers. Selection bias is a distortion of evidence or data that arises from the way that the data are collected Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation [7]

In fiction

Further information: Category:Fictional characters with precognition

See also

References

  1. ^ Parapsychological Association: Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology (2006-12-24)
  2. ^ Randi, James. Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Premonition refers to a situation when future events are foreknown or forecast or foretelling Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Déjà vu ( pronounced; French "already seen" also called "paramnesia" from Greek παρα "para" "near" + μνήμη "mnēmē" Second sight is a form of Extra-sensory perception whereby a person perceives information in the form of vision, about future events before they happen Retrocognition (also known as postcognition) from the Latin retro meaning "backward behind" and cognition meaning "knowing" Fortune-telling is the practice of predicting the future usually of an individual through mystical or supernatural means and often for commercial gain Precognitive dreams are Dreams that have been credited with foresight or precognition "An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural", St. Martin's Press, 1995. St Martin's Press is a book publisher headquartered in the iconic Flatiron Building in New York City. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.  
  3. ^ a b Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). Psychic. Skepdic. com. The Skeptics Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
  4. ^ Dunne, J.W. (1927). John William Dunne (1875 — 1949 established his career as an Aeronautical engineer working on many early military aircraft An Experiment with Time. Hampton Roads Publishing Co. I. ISBN 978-1571742346.  
  5. ^ Berger, Arthur S. ; Berger, Joyce (1991). The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research. Paragon House Publishers. ISBN 1557780439.  
  6. ^ Odling-Smee, Lucy (2007-03-01). "The lab that asked the wrong questions". Nature 446 (446): 10–11. doi:10.1038/446010a. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  7. ^ http://www.csicop.org/si/9505/belief.html "The Belief Engine", Skeptical Inquirer, May 1995

External links

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages

Dictionary

precognition

-noun

  1. Knowledge of something that is to occur in the future.
  2. The ability to see the future in advance.
  3. (Scotland) The practice of taking a factual statement from a witness before a trial.
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