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Wherever there is a belief in the continued existence of man's personality through and after death, religion naturally concerns itself with the relations between the living and the dead. AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos And where the idea of a future judgment or of purgatory obtains, prayers are often offered on behalf of the dead to the Higher Powers. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit

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In Judaism

Prayer for the dead appears in the Pharisaic[1] book 2 Maccabees. 2 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the [2] Judas Maccabeus offers a sacrifice as a propitiatory sin-offering and a memorial thank-offering. Judas Maccabeus (or Judah Maccabee, also spelled Machabeus or Maccabaeus Hebrew: יהודה המכבי, Yehudah HaMakabi, Judah the Hammer Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" These prayers and sacrifices were intended to improve the standing of the dead during the resurrection. Jews do not regard 2 Maccabees as canonical, perhaps because of its theological innovations. [1]

Within Judaism, prayers for the dead form part of the Jewish services. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Jewish services ( Hebrew: תפלה, tefillah; plural תפלות, tefillos or tefillot; Yinglish: davening The prayers offered on behalf of the deceased consist of: Recitation of Psalms; Reciting a thrice daily communal prayer in Aramaic known as "Kaddish" which actually means "Sanctification" (or "[Prayer of] Making Holy") which is a prayer "In Praise of God"; or other special remembrances known as Yizkor; and also a Hazkara said either on the annual commemoration known as the Yahrzeit as well on Jewish holidays. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Aramaic is a Semitic language with Kaddish (קדיש Aramaic: "holy" refers to an important and central prayer in the Jewish prayer service. Bereavement in Judaism ( is a combination of Minhag (traditional custom and Mitzvot (good deeds or religious obligation derived from Judaism 's classical Bereavement in Judaism ( is a combination of Minhag (traditional custom and Mitzvot (good deeds or religious obligation derived from Judaism 's classical For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050.

The form in use in England contains the following passage: Have mercy upon him; pardon all his transgressions . England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland . . Shelter his soul in the shadow of Thy wings. Make known to him the path of life.

In the New Testament

A passage in the New Testament which refers to a prayer for the dead is found in 2 Timothy 1:16-18, which reads as follows:

16May the Lord grant mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, for he often refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain, 17but when he was in Rome, he sought me diligently, and found me 18(the Lord grant to him to find the Lord’s mercy in that day); and in how many things he served at Ephesus, you know very well. The Second Epistle to Timothy is one of the three Pastoral Epistles, traditionally attributed to Saint Paul, and is part of the canonical New Testament Onesiphorus (name meaning "bringing profit" was a Christian referred to in the New Testament letter Second Timothy (2 Tim "

Source: World English Bible, 2 Timothy 1:16-18

As with the verses from Maccabees, these verses refer to prayers that will help the deceased on Judgment Day. The World English Bible (also known as WEB is a Public domain translation of the Bible that is currently in draft form It is not certain that Onesiphorus, for whom Saint Paul prayed, was dead, though it is implied, based on the way Paul only refers to him in the past tense, and the prayer that implies a request for the consolation of his family. Onesiphorus (name meaning "bringing profit" was a Christian referred to in the New Testament letter Second Timothy (2 Tim Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and

In the Christian tradition

Prayer for the dead is well-documented within the early Christian church, both among prominent church fathers and the Christian community in general. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c The Eastern Orthodox view is that Christians were praying for "such souls as have departed with faith, but without having had time to bring forth fruits worthy of repentance". The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world [3] The Roman Catholic view is that Christians were praying for souls who were undergoing the purification later[4] known as Purgatory. See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification [5] Prayer for the dead continues in both these traditions, but many denominations within Protestantism rejected the practice explicitly or implicitly. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

The tomb of Abercius of Hieropolis in Phrygia (latter part of the 2nd century)bears the inscription: Let every friend who observes this pray for me, i. Abercius (Avercius Avircius Avirkios may refer to the Inscription of Abercius, a Hagiography from Abercius of Hieropolis In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. e. Abercius, who throughout speaks in the first person.

The inscriptions in the Roman catacombs bear similar witness to the practice, by the occurrence of such phrases as:

Among Church writers Tertullian († 230) is the first to mention prayers for the dead, and not as a concession to natural sentiment, but as a duty: The widow who does not pray for her dead husband has as good as divorced him. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, Anglicised as Tertullian, (ca Events By Place Roman Empire Taxes are increased in order to maintain the unity and defense of the Empire This passage occurs in one of his later Montanist writings, dating from the beginning of the 3rd century. Subsequent writers similarly make incidental mention of the practice as prevalent, but not as unlawful or even disputed (until Arius challenged it towards the end of the 4th century). Arius ( AD ca 250 or 256 - 336 was a Christian priest from Alexandria Egypt in the early fourth century whose teachings now called Arianism As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The most famous instance is Saint Augustine's prayer for his mother, Monica, at the end of the 9th book of his Confessions, written around 398. Monica (or Monnica) of Hippo (331 – 387 is a Christian Saint and the mother of Augustine of Hippo, who wrote extensively of her Confessions ( Latin: Confessiones) is the name of an Autobiographical work consisting of 13 books by St Events By Place Western Roman Empire An imperial Edict obliges Roman landowners to yield 1/3 of their fields to the barbarians who have

An important element in the liturgies of the various Churches consisted of the diptychs, or lists of names of living and dead who were to be commemorated at the Eucharist. A Liturgy is a set form of ceremony or pattern of worship Christian liturgy is a pattern for worship used (whether recommended or prescribed by a Christian congregation or A diptych (pronounced "dip-tick" dip'tik (or US: 'dɪp The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those To be inserted in these lists was a confirmation of one's orthodoxy, and out of the practice grew the canonization of saints; on the other hand, to be excluded was a condemnation. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints

In the middle of the 3rd century we find St. Cyprian enjoining that there should be no oblation or public prayer made for a deceased layman who had broken the Church's rule by appointing a cleric trustee under his will: "He ought not to be named in the priests prayer who has done his best to detain the clergy from the altar. This page is about Cyprian bishop of Carthage For other Cyprians see Cyprian (disambiguation. "

Although it is not possible, as a rule, to name dates for the exact words used in the ancient liturgies, yet the universal occurrence of these diptychs and of definite prayers for the dead in all parts of the Church in the 4th and 5th centuries tends to show how primitive such prayers were. The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The language used in the prayers for the departed is very reserved, and contains no suggestion of Purgatory or any place or state of pain. See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification We may cite the following from the so-called Liturgy of St James:

Remember, O Lord, the God of Spirits and of all Flesh, those whom we have remembered and those whom we have not remembered, men of the true faith, from righteous Abel unto to-day; do thou thyself give them rest there in the land of the living, in thy kingdom, in the delight of Paradise, in the bosom of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, our holy fathers, from whence pain and sorrow and sighing have fled away, where the light of thy countenance visiteth them and always shineth upon them. The Liturgy of Saint James is the oldest complete form of the Divine Liturgy still in use among the Christian churches Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. See also Intermediate state The phrase " Bosom of Abraham " refers to the place of comfort in Sheol (Greek hades According to the Hebrew Bible, Isaac ( Hebrew: Yitzchak יִצְחָק, Standard Yiẓḥaq Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; The Patriarchs (also known as the Avot in Hebrew) according to the Judeo-Christian Old Testament are Abraham, his Son

Public prayers were only offered for those who were believed to have died as faithful members of the Church. But Saint Perpetua, who was martyred in 202, believed herself to have been encouraged in a vision to pray for her brother, who had died in his eighth year, almost certainly unbaptized; and a later vision assured her that her prayer was answered and he had been translated from punishment. Perpetua redirects here For other uses see Perpetua (disambiguation For the other saint named Felicitas see Felicitas of Rome. For the area code see Area code 202. Events By Place Roman Empire Septimus Severus returns to Rome after St. Augustine thought it needful to point out that the narrative was not canonical Scripture, and contended that the child had perhaps been baptized—although Augustine's own speculation was, likewise, "not canonical Scripture".

Eastern Christianity

Theology

Among the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, there is no doctrine of Purgatory, and the doctrinal teaching remains as it was in the early church, simply being "prayer for the dead" in hades. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the See also Intermediate state Sheol|Hell in Christianity Hades is "the place or state of departed spirits" Specifically how the prayers of the Church help the departed is not elucidated; Orthodox simply believe that tradition teaches that prayers should be made for the dead. [6]

Saint Basil the Great († 379) writes in his Third Kneeling Prayer at Pentecost O Christ our God. Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (c 330 – January 1, 379) (Άγιος Βασίλειος ο Μέγας Latin Events By Place Roman Empire January 19 — Theodosius I is elevated as Roman Emperor at Sirmium. Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the . . (who) on this all-perfect and saving Feast, art graciously pleased to accept propitiatory prayers for those who are imprisoned in hades, promising unto us who are held in bondage great hope of release from the vilenes that doth hinder us and did hinder them . . . send down Thy consolation. . . and establish their souls in the mansions of the Just; and graciously vouchsafe unto them peace and pardon; for not the dead shall praise thee, O Lord, neither shall they who are in Hell make bold to offer unto thee confession. But we who are living will bless thee, and will pray, and offer unto thee propitiatory prayers and sacrifices for their souls. [7]

Saint Gregory Dialogus († 604) in his famous Dialogues (written in 593) teaches that, "The Holy Sacrifice (Eucharist) of Christ, our saving Victim, brings great benefits to souls even after death, provided their sins (are such as) can be pardoned in the life to come. Events By Place Ancient Japan Prince Shotoku issues a Seventeen-article constitution. Events By Place Europe Aethelfrith succeeds Hussa as king of Bernicia (traditional date " [8] However, St. Gregory goes on to say, the Church's practice of prayer for the dead must not be an excuse for not living a godly life on earth. "The safer course, naturally, is to do for ourselves during life what we hope others will do for us after death. " [9] Father Seraphim Rose († 1982) says, "the Church's prayer cannot save anyone who does not wish salvation, or who never offered any struggle (podvig) for it himself during his lifetime. Seraphim Rose, born Eugene Dennis Rose ( August 13, 1934 - September 2, 1982) was a Hieromonk (also called Priest Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) " [10]

Praxis

The various prayers for the departed have as their purpose to pray for the repose of the departed, to comfort the living, and to remind those who remain of their own mortality. Praxis is the customary use of knowledge or skills distinct from theoretical knowledge For this reason, memorial services have an air of penitence about them. [11]

The Church's prayers for the dead begin at the moment of death, when the priest leads the Prayers at the Departure of the Soul , consisting of a special Canon and prayers for the release of the soul. A canon is a structured Hymn used in a number of Eastern Orthodox services Then the body is washed, clothed and laid in the coffin, after which the priest begins the First Panikhida (prayer service for the departed). The service In the Eastern Church, the various prayers for the departed have as their purpose to pray for the repose of the departed to comfort the living After the First Panikhida, the family and friends begin reading the Psalter aloud beside the casket. A Psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms and which often contains other devotional material This reading continues until the funeral begins (usually on the third day after death), being interrupted only by more Panikhidas (at least one per day).

Orthodox Christians offer particularly fervent prayers for the departed on the first 40 days after death. Traditionally, in addition to the service on the day of death, the memorial service is performed at the request of the relatives of an individual departed person on the following occasions:

In addition to Panikhidas for individuals, there are also several days during the year that are set aside as special general commemorations of the dead, when all departed Orthodox Christians will be prayed for together (this is especially to benefit those who have no one on earth to pray for them). The majority of these general commemorations fall on the various "Soul Saturdays" throughout the year (mostly during Great Lent). Saturday of Souls (or Soul Saturday) is a day set aside for commemoration of the dead within the Liturgical year of the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Great Lent, or the Great Fast, is the most important Fasting season in the Church year in Eastern Christianity, which prepares Christians On these days, in addition to the normal Panikhida, there are special additions to Vespers and Matins, and there will be propers for the departed added to the Divine Liturgy. Vespers is the evening Prayer service in the Roman Catholic, Eastern (Byzantine Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox, liturgies of the Matins (also known as Orthros or Oútrenya in Eastern Churches) is the early morning or night Prayer service in the Roman Catholic The Proper (Latin proprium) is a part of the Christian liturgy that varies according to the date either representing an observance within the Liturgical Year These days of general memorial are:

The most important form of prayer for the dead occurs in the Divine Liturgy. Radonitsa ("Day of Rejoicing" is a holiday in the Eastern Orthodox Church which falls on the Monday or (more commonly Tuesday of Saint Thomas Week&mdasheight Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Saint Demetrius redirects here For another saint see Demetrius of Alexandria. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death The Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy. Particles are cut from the prosphoron during the Proskomedie at the beginning of the Liturgy. A prosphoron ( Greek: πρόσφορον offering) is a small loaf of Bread used in Orthodox Christian liturgies. The Liturgy of Preparation, also Prothesis ( Greek &Pi&rho&omicron&theta&eta&sigma&iota&sigmaf a setting forth or Proskomedia (an offering These particles are placed beneath the Lamb (Host) on the diskos, where they remain throughout the Liturgy. The Lamb ( Greek:άμνος amnos; Slavonic: Агнецъ agnets) is the square portion of bread cut from the Prosphora in the A paten, or diskos, is a small plate usually made of silver or gold used to hold Eucharistic bread which is to be Consecrated. After the Communion of the faithful, the deacon brushes these particles into the chalice, saying, "Wash away, O Lord, the sins of all those here commemorated, by Thy Precious Blood, through the prayers of all thy saints. A chalice (from Latin calix, cup borrowed from Greek kalyx, shell husk is a goblet intended to hold drink " Of this action, Saint Mark of Ephesus says, "We can do nothing better or greater for the dead than to pray for them, offering commemoration for them at the Liturgy. Mark of Ephesus (Eugenikos – "the courteous" Greek: Μάρκος Ευγενικός) a 15th century Bishop Of this they are always in need. . . The body feels nothing then: it does not see its close ones who have assembled, does not smell the fragrance of the flowers, does not hear the funeral orations. But the soul senses the prayers offered for it and is grateful to those who make them and is spiritually close to them. "[13]

Normally, candidates for sainthood, prior to their Glorification (Canonization) as a saint, will be commemorated by serving Panikhidas. Then, on the eve of their Glorification will be served an especially solemn Requiem, known as the "Last Panikhida. The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the "

Western Christianity

In the West there is ample evidence of the custom of praying for the dead in the inscriptions of the catacombs, with their constant prayers for the peace and refreshment of the souls of the departed and in the early liturgies, which commonly contain commemorations of the dead; and Tertullian, Cyprian and other early Western Fathers witness to the regular practice of praying for the dead. The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. [14]

The West felt that it was inappropriate to pray "for" the martyrs, since they were believed to be in no need of such prayers. Theoretically, too, prayer for those in hell would be useless, but since there is no certainty that any particular person is in hell, prayers were and are offered for all the dead, except for those believed to be in heaven. These are prayed to, not for. With the development of the doctrine of purgatory, the dead prayed for were spoken of as being in purgatory, and in view of the certainty that by the process of purification and with the help of the prayers of the faithful they were destined for heaven, they were referred to as the "holy souls". See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification

Limits were placed on public offering of Mass for the unbaptised and notorious sinners, but prayers and even Mass in private could be said for them. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The present Code of Canon Law states that, unless the person concerned gave some signs of repentance before death, no form of funeral Mass may be offered for notorious apostates, heretics and schismatics; those who for anti-Christian motives chose that their bodies be cremated; and other manifest sinners to whom a Church funeral could not be granted without public scandal to the faithful. [15]

On the other hand, "provided their own minister is not available, baptised persons belonging to a non-catholic Church or ecclesial community may, in accordance with the prudent judgement of the local Ordinary, be allowed Church funeral rites, unless it is established that they did not wish this. "[16]

During the slaughter of the First World War, Pope Benedict XV on 10 August 1915, allowed all priests everywhere to say three Masses on All Souls' Day. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Pope Benedict XV ( Latin: Benedictus PP XV) (Benedetto XV ( November 21 1854 &ndash January 22 1922 born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In Western Christianity, All Souls' Day commemorates the faithful departed. The two extra Masses were in no way to benefit the priest himself: one was to be offered for all the faithful departed, the other for the Pope's intentions, which at that time were presumed to be for all the victims of that war. The permission remains.

At first the Protestant Reformers continued the traditional custom of praying for the dead, but before long they came to denounce it, partly because they believed it to be without biblical foundation, partly through their rejection of the doctrine of purgatory and the practices associated with it. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time [14]

The Church of England 's 1549 Book of the Common Prayer still had prayer for the dead, such as (in the Communion Service): "We commend into thy mercy all other thy servants, which are departed hence from us with the sign of faith and now do rest in the sleep of peace: grant unto them, we beseech thee, thy mercy and everlasting peace. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. " But since 1552 the Book of Common Prayer has no express prayers for the dead, and the practice is denounced in the Homily "On Prayer" (part 3). [17] Nonjurors included prayers for the dead, a practice that spread within the Church of England in the mid-nineteenth century, and was authorized in 1900 for forces serving in South Africa and since then in other forms of service. The nonjuring schism was a split in the Anglican Church in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, over whether William of Orange could legally be recognized The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa But prayer for the dead is still avoided by those of marked Evangelical belief. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel [14]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Stephen L Harris is Professor and Chair Department of Humanities and Religious Studies at California State University Sacramento. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
  2. ^ "[A]nd they turned to prayer, beseeching that the sin which had been committed might be wholly blotted out. And the noble Judas exhorted the people to keep themselves free from sin, for they had seen with their own eyes what had happened because of the sin of those who had fallen. He also took up a collection, man by man, to the amount of two thousand drachmas of silver, and sent it to Jerusalem to provide for a sin offering. In doing this he acted very well and honorably, taking account of the resurrection. For if he were not expecting that those who had fallen would rise again, it would have been superfluous and foolish to pray for the dead. But if he was looking to the splendid reward that is laid up for those who fall asleep in godliness, it was a holy and pious thought. Therefore he made atonement for the dead, that they might be delivered from their sin. " 12:43-45
  3. ^ The Longer Catechism of the Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church, 376
  4. ^ Le Goff, Jacques. Jacques Le Goff (born January 1, 1924 in Toulon) is a prolific French Historian specializing in The birth of purgatory. University of Chicago Press. 1984.
  5. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1032
  6. ^ Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church (Penguin Books, 1964, ISBN 0-14-020592-6), p. 259.
  7. ^ Isabel F. Hapgood, Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church (Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, Englewood, NJ, 1975, 5th edition), p. 255.
  8. ^ Dialogues IV, 57.
  9. ^ Id. IV, 60.
  10. ^ Fr. Seraphim Rose, The Soul After Death (Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina, CA, ISBN 0-938635-14-X), p. 191.
  11. ^ For instance, the Panikhida does not have the chanting of "God is the Lord. . . " as the Moleben does; but instead, the "Alleluia" is chanted, reminiscent of the "Alleluia" that is chanted at Lenten services. A molében ( Slavonic: молебен also called a molieben, service of intercession, or service of supplication, is a supplicatory
  12. ^ In calculating the number of days, the actual day of death is counted as the first day. According to St. Macarius the Great, the reason for these days is as follows: from the third day to the ninth day after death, the departed is soul is shown the mansions of Paradise (the funeral is normally performed on the third day); from the ninth to the fortieth days, the soul is shown the torments of hell; and on the fortieth day, the soul stands before the throne of God to undergo the Particular Judgement and is assigned the place where it will await the Second Coming. Macarius of Egypt (ca 300-391 was an Egyptian Christian monk and Hermit. Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering Particular judgment, according to Christian Eschatology, is the judgement given by God a departed Soul undergoes immediately after death in In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic For this reason, the fortieth day is considered to be the most important. In some traditions, there is also a commemoration on the six-month anniversary.
  13. ^ Quoted in Seraphim Rose, The Soul After Death, p. 192, op. cit.
  14. ^ a b c Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article dead, prayer for the
  15. ^ canons 1184-1185
  16. ^ canon 1183 §3
  17. ^ "Neither let us dreame any more, that the soules of the dead are any thing at all holpen by our prayers: But as the Scripture teacheth us, let us thinke that the soule of man passing out of the body, goeth straight wayes either to heaven, or else to hell, whereof the one needeth no prayer, and the other is without redemption" (An Homilie or Sermon concerning Prayer, part 3

See also

External links

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