| Правда Pravda |
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|---|---|
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Broadsheet |
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| Owner | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
| Founded | October 3, 1908 |
| Political allegiance | Bolshevism |
| Language | Russian language |
| Ceased publication | August 22, 1991 |
| Headquarters |  Vienna Saint Petersburg Moscow |
Pravda (Russian: Правда, "The Truth") was a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party between 1912 and 1991. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Broadsheet is the largest of the various Newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages (typically 22 inches or more Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Central Committee, abbreviated in Russian as ЦК, "Tse-ka" was the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Pravda newspaper was started in 1912 in Vienna, Austria, and it did not arrive in Moscow until 1918. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common During the Cold War, Pravda was well-known in the West for its pronouncements as the official voice of Soviet Communism (similarly, Izvestia was the official voice of the Soviet government). Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings For the Thoroughbred racehorse see Izvestia (horse Izvestia (Известия) is a long-running high-circulation daily Newspaper
After the paper was closed down in 1991 by decree of President Yeltsin, many of the staff founded a new paper with the same name, which is now a tabloid-style Russian news source. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999 A tabloid is a Newspaper industry term which refers to a smaller newspaper format per spread to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest There is an unrelated Internet-based newspaper, Pravda Online (www.Pravda.ru) run by former Pravda newspaper employees. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks A number of other newspapers have also been called Pravda, most notably Komsomolskaya Pravda, formerly the official newspaper of the now defunct Komsomol and currently the best-selling tabloid in Russia. Note "Komsomolskaya Pravda" should not be confused with Pravda. Komsomol (Комсомол is a Syllabic abbreviation word from the Russian Kom munisticheskiy So yuz Mol odiozhi (Коммунистический A tabloid is a Newspaper industry term which refers to a smaller newspaper format per spread to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest
Contents |
Origins
The Vienna Pravda
The original Pravda was founded by Leon Trotsky as a Russian social democratic newspaper aimed at Russian workers. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The paper was published abroad to avoid censorship and was smuggled into Russia. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The first issue was published in Vienna, Austria on October 3, 1908. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The editorial staff consisted of Trotsky and, at various times, Victor Kopp, Adolf Joffe and Matvey Skobelev. Adolph Abramovich Joffe ( Russian: Адольф Абрамович Иоффе alternative transliterations Adolf Ioffe or rarely Yoffe) (October 10 1883 Matvey Ivanovich Skobelev ( Russian: Матвей Иванович Скобелев, 1885 - 1938 was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and politician The last two had wealthy parents and supported the paper financially.
Since the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was then split into multiple factions and since Trotsky was a self-described 'non-factional social democrat', the newspaper spent much of its time trying to unite party factions. The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP ( Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая The editors tried to avoid the factional issues that divided Russian émigrés and concentrated on the issues of interest to Russian workers. Coupled with a lively and easy to understand style, it made the paper very popular in Russia.
In January 1910, the party's Central Committee had a rare plenary meeting with all party factions represented. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Central Committee most commonly refers to the central executive unit of a Leninist (commonly also Trotskyist) or Communist party, whether ruling or A comprehensive agreement to re-unite the party was worked out and tentatively agreed upon. As part of the agreement, Trotsky's Pravda was made a party-financed central organ. Lev Kamenev, a leading member of the Bolshevik faction and Lenin's close associate, was made a member of the editorial board, but he withdrew in August 1910 once the reconciliation attempt failed. ( Russian: Лев Борисович Каменев born Rosenfeld, Розенфельд ( – August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The newspaper published its last issue on April 15, 1912. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting
The Saint Petersburg Pravda
During the 1917 Revolution
The overthrow of Czar Nicholas II by the February Revolution of 1917 allowed Pravda to reopen. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The February Revolution (Февральская революция in 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The original editors of the newly reincarnated Pravda, Vyacheslav Molotov and Alexander Shlyapnikov, were opposed to the liberal Russian Provisional Government. Molotov redirects here For other uses see Molotov (disambiguation. Alexander Gavrilovich Shliapnikov (also spelt Shlyapnikov (Александр Гаврилович Шляпников ( August 30, 1885, Murom - September 2 The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication However, when Kamenev, Stalin and former Duma deputy Matvei Muranov returned from Siberian exile on March 12, they ousted Molotov and Shlyapnikov and took over the editorial board. Matvei Konstantinovich Muranov ( 29 November 1873 — 9 December 1959) was a Ukrainian -born Bolshevik revolutionary and
Under Kamenev's and Stalin's influence, Pravda took a conciliatory tone towards the Provisional Government -- "insofar as it struggles against reaction or counter-revolution" -- and called for a unification conference with the internationalist wing of the Mensheviks. On March 14, Kamenev wrote in his first editorial:
- What purpose would it serve to speed things up, when things were already taking place at such a rapid pace?[1]
and on March 15 he supported the war effort:
- When army faces army, it would be the most insane policy to suggest to one of those armies to lay down its arms and go home. This would not be a policy of peace, but a policy of slavery, which would be rejected with disgust by a free people. [2]
After Lenin's and Grigory Zinoviev's return to Russia on April 3, Lenin strongly condemned the Provisional Government and unification tendencies in his April Theses. Gregory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евс́еевич Зин́овьев alternative transliteration Grigorii Ovseyevish Zinoviev born Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich The April Theses ( Russian: ru апрельские тезисы transliteration:) were a series of directives by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Kamenev argued against Lenin's position in Pravda editorials, but Lenin prevailed at the April Party conference, at which point Pravda also condemned the Provisional Government as "counter-revolutionary". From then on, Pravda essentially followed Lenin's editorial stance. After the October Revolution of 1917 Pravda was selling nearly 100,000 copies daily. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution
The Soviet period
The offices of the newspaper were transferred to Moscow on March 3, 1918 when the Soviet capital was moved there. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Pravda became an official publication, or "organ", of the Soviet Communist Party. Pravda became the conduit for announcing official policy and policy changes and would remain so until 1991. Subscription to Pravda was mandatory for state run companies, the armed services and other organizations until 1989[3]. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya
Other newspapers existed as organs of other state bodies. For example, Izvestia — which covered foreign relations — was the organ of the Supreme Soviet, Trud was the organ of the trade union movement, etc. For the Thoroughbred racehorse see Izvestia (horse Izvestia (Известия) is a long-running high-circulation daily Newspaper The Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Верхо́вный Сове́т СССР Verkhóvnyj Sovét SSSR) was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in Trud (Tpyд in Russian, meaning "labour" is one of Russia ’s largest-circulation daily Newspapers It also publishes a weekend edition A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Various derivatives of the name Pravda were used both for a number newspapers of national circulation (Komsomolskaya Pravda was the organ of the Komsomol organization, and Pionerskaya Pravda was the organ of Young Pioneers), and for the regional Communist Party newspapers in many republics and provinces of the USSR, e. Note "Komsomolskaya Pravda" should not be confused with Pravda. Komsomol (Комсомол is a Syllabic abbreviation word from the Russian Kom munisticheskiy So yuz Mol odiozhi (Коммунистический Pionerskaya Pravda (Пионе́рская Пра́вда is an all-Russian newspaper The Young Pioneer Organization of the Soviet Union, also Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization ( Russian: Всесою́зная пионе́рская организа́ция g. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda in Kazakhstan[4], Polyarnaya Pravda in Murmansk Oblast[5], Pravda Severa[6] in Arkhangelsk Oblast, or Moskovskaya Pravda in the city of Moscow[7]. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Murmansk Oblast (Му́рманская о́бласть Murmanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located in the Arkhangelsk Oblast (Арха́нгельская о́бласть Arkhangelskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast)
In the period after the death of Lenin in 1924, Pravda was to form a power base for Nikolai Bukharin, one of the rival party leaders, who edited the newspaper, which helped him reinforce his reputation as a Marxist theoretician. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (Никола́й Ива́нович Буха́рин ( &ndash March 15, 1938) was a Bolshevik Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Similarly, after the death of Stalin in 1953 and the ensuing power vacuum, Communist Party leader Nikita Khrushchev used his alliance with Dmitry Shepilov, Pravda's editor-in-chief, to gain the upper hand in his struggle with Prime Minister Georgy Malenkov. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (Дмитрий Трофимович Шепилов ( 8 August 1995) was a Soviet politician and foreign minister Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov (Гео́ргий Максимилиа́нович Маленко́в Georgij Maksimilianovič Malenkov; January 8,
A number of places and things in the Soviet Union were named after Pravda. Among them was the city of Pravdinsk in Gorky Oblast (the home of a paper mill producing much newsprint for Pravda and other national newspapers), and a number of streets and collective farms. Pravdinsk (Пра́вдинск was an Urban-type settlement in Balakhninsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, located a few kilometers Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть Nizhegorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast A paper mill is a Factory devoted to making Paper from wood pulp and other ingredients using a Fourdrinier Machine or similar apparatus Newsprint is low-cost non-archival Paper most commonly used to print Newspapers plus other publications and advertising material A kolkhoz () plural kolkhozy, was a form of Collective farming in the Soviet Union that existed along with state Farms ( Sovkhoz,
As the names of the main Communist newspaper and the main Soviet newspaper, Pravda and Izvestia, meant "the truth" and "the news" respectively, a popular Russian saying was "v Pravde net izvestiy, v Izvestiyakh net pravdy" (In the Truth there is no news, and in the News there is no truth).
The post-Soviet period
On August 22, 1991, a decree by Russian President Boris Yeltsin shut down the Communist Party and seized all of its property, including Pravda. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. A decree is an order made by a Head of state or government and having the force of Law. The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999 A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of Its team of journalists fought for their newspaper and freedom of speech. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends They registered a new paper with the same title just weeks after.
A few months later, then-editor Gennady Seleznyov (now a member of the Duma) sold Pravda to a family of Greek entrepreneurs, the Yannikoses. Gennadiy Nikolayevich Seleznyov (Геннадий Николаевич Селезнёв born November 6 1947) is a Russian politician who was the Speaker of A Duma (Ду́ма is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome The next editor-in-chief, Alexander Ilyin, handed Pravda's trademark — the Order of Lenin medals — and the new registration certificate over to the new owners. Alexander Ilyin is a Russian Engineer turned Mathematician, who according to some press-reports found a simpler proof of Fermat's last theorem A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual Design of the decoration The first design of the Order of Lenin was made of silver with
By that time, a serious split occurred in the editorial office. Over 90% of the journalists who had been working for Pravda until 1991 quit their jobs. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. They established their own version of the newspaper, which was later shut down under government pressure. These same journalists, led by former Pravda editors Vadim Gorshenin and Viktor Linnik in January 1999, launched Pravda Online, the first web-based newspaper in the Russian language; English, Italian and Portuguese versions are also available. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.
The new Pravda newspaper and Pravda Online are not related in any way, although the journalists of both publications are still in touch with each other. The paper Pravda tends to analyze events from a leftist point of view, while the web-based, tabloid-style newspaper often takes a nationalist and sensationalist approach. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation
Meanwhile, in 2004, a new urban guide Pravda has been launched in Lithuania. It has no stylistic resemblance to the original communist Pravda, although its mission purports "to report the truth and nothing but the truth".
The newspaper of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation is also called Gazeta "Pravda". The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации = КПРФ Transliteration of Russian into English|translit
Pravda in arts
- Pravda is the name of the 1985 play by Howard Brenton and David Hare satirising the British newspaper industry of the time. Pravda is a play by David Hare and Howard Brenton. It was first produced at the Royal National Theatre in 1985. Howard John Brenton is an English playwright He was born in Portsmouth, Hants on 13 December 1942, son of Donald Henry Brenton and his wife Rose Lilian Sir David Hare (born June 5, 1947) is an English Dramatist and theatre and Film director.
- American science fiction author Robert A. Heinlein, wrote a nonfiction article about his experiences as a tourist in Russia during the Soviet period, titled "Pravda" means "Truth". The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer.
- The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, a tale of Lunar revolution also by Heinlein, contains a paper (published in the city of Novy Leningrad) named Lunaya Pravda. The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 Science fiction Novel by American writer Robert A A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively
- In the film Alphaville, the secret agent Lemmy Caution claims at one point to be working for Figaro-Pravda, obviously an amalgamation of Pravda with right-wing newspaper Le Figaro. Alphaville is a 1965 Black-and-white French Science fiction film directed by Jean-Luc Godard. Le Figaro is one of the leading French morning daily Newspapers Its editorial line is conservative and has generally been supportive of
- Pravda is often present in artistic works of Socialist Realism. Socialist realism is a teleologically -oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of Socialism and Communism
- The Pravda is mentioned in the movie "2010"
- In the novel Animal Farm Pravda is paralleled by a pig named Squealer. 2010 is a Science fiction film released in 1984 directed by Peter Hyams. Animal Farm is a Novel by George Orwell, and is the most famous satirical Allegory of Soviet Totalitarianism
References
- Cookson, Matthew (April 30, 2004). The spark that lit a revolution. Socialist Worker, p. 7.
Notes
- ^ See Marcel Liebman, Leninism under Lenin, London, J. Cape, 1975, ISBN 0-224-01072-7 p. 123
- ^ See E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, London, Macmillan, 1950, vol. 1, p. 75.
- ^ See Mark Hooker. The Military Uses of Literature: Fiction and the Armed Forces in the Soviet Union, Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers, 1996, ISBN 0-275-95563-X p. 34
- ^ Kazakhstanskaya Pravda (Russian)
- ^ Polyarnaya Pravda (Russian)
- ^ Pravda Severa (Russian)
- ^ Moskovskaya Pravda(Russian)
See also
External links
- Pravda Newspaper
- CNN Cold War Knowledge Bank - comparison of articles on Cold War topics in TIME Magazine and Pravda between 1945 and 1991
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