- For other meanings of the abbreviation Pr, see PR.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, Symbol, Number | praseodymium, Pr, 59 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | grayish white |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight | 140.90765(2) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f3 6s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 6. Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Protactinium (ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pa and Atomic number 91 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 77 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 6. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 50 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1208 K (935 °C, 1715 °F) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3793 K (3520 °C, 6368 °F) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 6. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 89 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 331 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 27. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 20 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3 (mildly basic oxide) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 13 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 527 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1020 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2086 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 185 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 247 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (α, poly) 0. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 700 µΩ·m |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 12. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 5 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (α, poly) 6. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 7 µm/(m·K) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 2280 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | (α form) 37. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 3 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | (α form) 14. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 8 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | (α form) 28. 8 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | (α form) 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 281 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 400 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 481 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-10-0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Praseodymium (pronounced /ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm/ or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Praseodymium is a soft silvery metal in the lanthanide group. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that spalls off when exposed to air, exposing more metal to oxidation. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Spall are flakes of a material that are broken off a larger solid body and can be produced by a variety of mechanisms including as a result of Projectile impact Corrosion Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state For this reason, praseodymium should be stored under a light mineral oil or sealed in glass. Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum
Applications
Uses of praseodymium:
- As an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals that are used in aircraft engines. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 An aircraft engine is a Propulsion system for an Aircraft. Aircraft engines are almost always a type of lightweight Internal combustion engine.
- Praseodymium forms the core of carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights. A movie studio (aka film studio) is in the established sense of the term a company that distributes films. A studio is a Artist 's or worker's workroom or an artist and his or her Employees who work within that studio
- Praseodymium compounds give glasses and enamels a yellow color. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U
- Praseodymium is used to color cubic zirconia yellow-green, to simulate peridot. Cubic zirconia (or CZ) the cubic crystalline form of Zirconium dioxide ( ZrO2) is a Mineral that is widely synthesized Peridot (pronunciation /ˈpɛrɪˌdɒt/, /ˈpɛrɪˌdoʊ/ (British English /ˈpɛərɪˌdɑt/ /ˈpɛərɪˌdɑʊ/ (US English is the gem quality variety of forsteritic
- Praseodymium is a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles. Didymium (twin element is a mixture of the elements Praseodymium and Neodymium. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating the molten glass into a bubble or parison with the aid of the blowpipe or blow tube
- Praseodymium mixed with silicate crystal has been used to slow a light pulse down to a few hundred meters per second. Slow light is the literal slowing of the Speed of light. It is the propagation of an optical pulse or other modulation of an optical carrier at a very low Group velocity
- Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (PrNi5) has such a strong magnetocaloric effect that it has allowed scientists to approach within one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero[1]. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect. Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point
- Doping praseodymium in fluoride glass can be used as single mode fiber amplifier
- Praseodymium oxide in solid solution with ceria, or with ceria-zirconia, have been used as oxidation catalysts.
History
The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasios, meaning green, and didymos, twin. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Praseodymium is frequently misspelled as praseodynium. Spelling is the Writing of a Word or words with the necessary letters and Diacritics present in an accepted standard order
In 1841, Mosander extracted the rare earth didymium from lanthana. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Carl Gustaf Mosander ( Kalmar 10 September 1797 &ndash Lovö, Stockholm County 15 October, 1858) was a Didymium (twin element is a mixture of the elements Praseodymium and Neodymium. Lanthanum(III oxide is La2O3 a chemical compound containing the Rare earth element Lanthanum and Oxygen. In 1874, Per Teodor Cleve concluded that didymium was in fact two elements, and in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samarium, from didymium obtained from the mineral samarskite. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Per Teodor Cleve ( Stockholm February 10, 1840 &ndash Uppsala June 18, 1905) was a Swedish Chemist Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Paul Émile ( François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran ( April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French Chemist born Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Samarskite or properly samarskite-(Y is a Radioactive Mineral with the Empirical formula: Y 0 In 1885, the Austrian chemist baron Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymium into two elements, praseodymium and neodymium, which gave salts of different colors. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach ( 1 September 1858 - 4 August 1929) was an Austrian Scientist and Inventor who Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants
Leo Moser (not to be confused with Leo Moser, a mathematician) investigated the use of praseodymium in glass coloration in the late 1920s. Leo Moser ( April 11[[ 921]]&mdash February 9[[ 970]] was an Austrian Canadian mathematician best known for his polygon notation. The result was a yellow-green glass given the name "Prasemit". However, a similar color could be achieved with colorants costing only a minute fraction of what praseodymium cost in the late 1920s, such that the color was not popular, few pieces were made, and examples are now extremely rare. Moser also blended praseodymium with neodymium to produce "Heliolite" glass ("Heliolit" in German), which was more widely accepted. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The first enduring commercial use of praseodymium, which continues today, is in the form of a yellow-orange stain for ceramics, "Praseodymium Yellow", which is a solid-solution of praseodymium in the zirconium silicate (zircon) lattice. Zirconium silicate, also zircon orthosilicate, ( Zr[[Silicon Si]] O4) is a Chemical compound, a Silicate of Zirconium This stain has no hint of green in it. By contrast, at sufficiently high loadings, praseodymium glass is distinctly green, rather than pure yellow.
Praseodymium has historically been a rare earth whose supply has exceeded demand. Unwanted as such, much praseodymium has been marketed as a mixture with lanthanum and cerium, or "LCP" for the first letters of each of the constituents, for use in replacing the traditional lanthanide mixtures that were inexpensively made from monazite or bastnaesite. LCP is what remains of such mixtures, after the desirable neodymium, and all the heavier, rarer and more valuable lanthanides have been removed, by solvent extraction. However, as technology progresses, praseodymium has been found possible to incorporate into neodymium-iron-boron magnets, thereby extending the supply of the much in demand neodymium. So LC is starting to replace LCP as a result.
Occurrence
Praseodymium is available in small quantities in Earth’s crust (9. 5 ppm). "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly It is found in the rare earth minerals monazite and bastnasite, typically comprising about 5% of the lanthanides contained therein, and can be recovered from bastnasite or monazite by an ion exchange process, or by counter-current solvent extraction. In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex.
Praseodymium also makes up about 5% of misch metal. Mischmetal (from German: Mischmetall - "mixed metals" is an Alloy of Rare earth elements in various naturally-occurring proportions
Compounds
Praseodymium compounds include:
- Fluorides: PrF2, PrF3, PrF4
- Chlorides: PrCl3
- Bromides: PrBr3, Pr2Br5
- Iodides: PrI2, PrI3, Pr2I5
- Oxides: PrO2, Pr2O3, Pr6O11
- Sulfides: PrS, Pr2S3
- Selenides: PrSe
- Tellurides: PrTe, Pr2Te3
- Nitrides: PrN
See also praseodymium compounds. Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Praseodymium(III chloride (PrCl3 also known as praseodymium trichloride, is a compound of Praseodymium and Chlorine. A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Praseodymium(III sulfide ( Pr2[[Sulfur S3]] is an Inorganic Chemical compound. The selenide Ion is Se2&minus A selenide is a chemical compound in which Selenium serves as an Anion with Oxidation number The telluride Ion is Te 2&minus It is the final stable member of the series of dianions O 2&minus S 2&minus In chemistry a nitride is a compound of Nitrogen with a less Electronegative element where nitrogen has an Oxidation state of -3
Isotopes
Naturally occurring praseodymium is composed of one stable isotope, 141Pr. Naturally occurring Praseodymium ( Pr) is composed of one stable Isotope, 141Pr Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 143Pr with a half-life of 13. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 57 days and 142Pr with a half-life of 19. 12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. 985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has six meta states with the most stable being 138mPr (t½ 2. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 12 hours), 142mPr (t½ 14. 6 minutes) and 134mPr (t½ 11 minutes).
The isotopes of praseodymium range in atomic weight from 120. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 955 u (121Pr) to 158. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 955 u (159Pr). The primary decay mode before the stable isotope, 141Pr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before 141Pr are element 58 (cerium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 60 (neodymium) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60
Precautions
Like all rare earths, praseodymium is of low to moderate toxicity. Praseodymium has no known biological role.
References
- ^ Emsley, John (2001). NATURE'S BUILDING BLOCKS. Oxford University Press, pp. 342. ISBN 0-1985-0341-5.
External links
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic