Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) (Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति): according to one interpretation, "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", interpreted as indicating the "vernacular", in contrast to the literary and religious [orthodoxy] of saṃskṛtā; both adjectives elliptically referring to vāk "speech"; according to another interpretation, "derived from an original", i. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical In Rhetoric, an ellipse is the suppression of a word or phrase that is technically necessary but either of such minor importance to the thought being conveyed or so commonly e. derived from Sanskrit) refers to the broad family of the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the Kshatriya caste, but were regarded as illegitimate by the Brahmin orthodoxy. Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय kṣatriya from क्षत्र kṣatra) is one of the four varnas (social orders in Hinduism Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. The earliest extant usage of Prakrit is the corpus of inscriptions of Asoka, emperor of Northern India. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi While the various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions, none of them were at any time an informal "mother tongue" in any area of India.
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Prakrit is foremost a native term, designating "vernaculars" as opposed to Sanskrit. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Some modern scholars follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography. The Middle Indo-Aryan ( Middle Indic) languages are the early medieval dialects of the Indo-Aryan languages, the descendants of the Old Indo-Aryan dialects such as Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena
The three Dramatic Prakrits - Sauraseni, Magadhi, Maharashtri, as well as Jain Prakrit each represent a distinct tradition of literature within the history of India. The Dramatic Prakrits are the three main dialects of Prakrit, used extensively in Ancient Indian literature A Dramatic Prakrit, Sauraseni was the chief Language of northern Medieval India, evolving into the Hindi language complex Punjabi Magadhi Prakrit is of one of the three Dramatic Prakrits the written languages of Ancient India after the decline of Sanskrit as an official language Maharashtri (महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत is a language of ancient and medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is Jain Prakrit is a term loosely used for the language of the Jain canon Other Prakrits are reported in historical sources, but are no longer spoken (e. g. , Paisaci). Paisaci, also known as Paisachi, or Paishachi, is an Extinct language of classical India, its existence as a medium of debate and literary expression
Ardhamagadhi ("half Magadhi"), an archaic form of Magadhi which was used extensively to write Jain scriptures, is often considered to be the definitive form of Prakrit, while others are considered variants. Jain Prakrit is a term loosely used for the language of the Jain canon For this reason, courses teaching "Prakrit" often teach Ardhamagadhi. Jain Prakrit is a term loosely used for the language of the Jain canon
Pali (the language of Theravada Buddhism) tends to be treated as a special exception, as classical (Sanskrit) grammars do not consider it as a Prakrit per se, presumably for sectarian rather than linguistic reasons. Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions
Etymology
According to the dictionary of Monier Monier-Williams, the most frequent meanings of the Sanskrit term prakṛta, from which our "prakrit" is derived, are "original, natural, normal" and the term is derived from prakṛti, "making or placing before or at first, the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance". Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit In linguistic terms, this is used in contrast with saṃskṛta, "refined".
Traditional accounts
Virtually every Sanskrit student is taught that refinement of Sanskrit (to reverse much of middle-Indic influence from the standard language) was a process spanning many generations (traditionally more than a thousand years) until it was considered complete and perfect. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical
Some scholars restrict the Prakrits to the languages used by Hindu and Jain writers; others include the Buddhist languages, such as Pali and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, and the inscriptional Prakrits. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit ( BHS) is a modern linguistic category applied to the language used in a class of Indian Buddhist texts such as the Perfection Other Prakrits include the Gāndhārī, and Paisāci, which is known through grammarians' statements. Alternate meanings see Gandhari Gāndhārī ( Devanagari: गंधारी was a north-western Prakrit spoken in The modern languages of northern India developed from the Prakrits, after the intermediary stage of the Apabhramsa language.
External links
Bibliography
- Pischel, Prakrit Grammar
- Woolner, Introduction to Prakrit
Dictionary
Prakrit
-proper noun
- A broad family of the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India.
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