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Voivodeships |
A powiat (pronounced [ˈpɔvjat]; Polish plural powiaty) is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries. The administrative division of Poland since 1999 has been based on three levels of subdivision Voivodeship The voivodeship or province (województwo has been a high-level Administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century The following is an alphabetical list of all 379 county-level entities in Poland The gmina or Municipality (frequently translated commune) plural gminy, is the principal unit (lowest level of territorial division in Poland This is a list of all 2478 Gminas of Poland (sometimes called communes or municipalities) Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. For subsequent types of praefectura, see Prefect. Prefecture (from the Latin Praefectura) indicates the office The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode The term powiat is most often translated into English as "county", although other terms are also sometimes used. It is arguably preferred to leave such national labels for levels of government untranslated to avoid the false suggestion of resemblance to e. g. the UK structure of government (Bankauskaite et al. 2007).
A powiat is part of a larger unit or province called a voivodeship (Polish województwo). Voivodeship The voivodeship or province (województwo has been a high-level Administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. In turn a powiat is usually subdivided into gminas (sometimes called municipalities or communes). The gmina or Municipality (frequently translated commune) plural gminy, is the principal unit (lowest level of territorial division in Poland However the more important towns and cities function as separate counties in their own right, with no subdivision into gminas. These are called city counties (Polish powiaty grodzkie, or more formally miasta na prawach powiatu, meaning "towns with the rights of a powiat"). The other, true powiats are called land counties (Polish powiaty ziemskie).
As of 2008 there are 379 powiat-level entities in Poland: 314 land counties and 65 city counties. For a complete alphabetical listing, see List of counties in Poland. The following is an alphabetical list of all 379 county-level entities in Poland For tables of counties by voivodeship, see the articles on the individual voivodeships (Greater Poland Voivodeship etc. Greater Poland Voivodeship (also known as Wielkopolska Province or by its Polish name of województwo wielkopolskie or simply Wielkopolskie) is a ).
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History
The history of Polish powiats goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic unit of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's partitioning in 1795. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the
In the 19th century, the powiats continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland") and, as the Polish equivalent of the German "Kreis" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Grand Duchy of Posen (Großherzogtum Posen Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as "
After Poland regained independence in 1918, the powiats again became the basic territorial units throughout the country.
Powiats were abolished in 1975 in favour of a larger number of voivodeships, but were reintroduced on 1 January 1999. Voivodeship The voivodeship or province (województwo has been a high-level Administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) This reform also created 16 larger voivodeships.
Functioning
Legislative power within a powiat is vested in an elected council (rada powiatu), while local executive power is vested in the starosta, who is elected by that council. Starost(a ( Elder Cyrillic: Старост/а is a Title for an official or unofficial position of leadership that has been used in various contexts through The administrative offices headed by the starosta are called the starostwo. However in city counties these institutions do not exist separately – their powers and functions are exercised by the city council (rada miasta), the directly-elected mayor (burmistrz or prezydent), and the city offices (urząd miasta). A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government
In some cases a powiat has its seat outside its own territory. A county seat is a term for an Administrative center for a County, primarily used in the United States. For example, Poznań County (powiat poznański) has its offices in Poznań, although Poznań is itself a city county, and is therefore not part of Poznań County. Poznań County (powiat poznański is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland
Powiats have relatively limited powers, since many local and regional matters are dealt with either at gmina or voivodeship level. The gmina or Municipality (frequently translated commune) plural gminy, is the principal unit (lowest level of territorial division in Poland Voivodeship The voivodeship or province (województwo has been a high-level Administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century Some of the main areas in which the powiat authorities have decision-making powers and competences include:
- education at high-school level (primary and middle schools are run by the gminas)
- healthcare (at county level)
- public transport (at county level)
- maintenance of certain designated roads
- land surveying
- issuing of work permits to foreigners
- vehicle registration (see Polish car number plates)
Names and English equivalents
The Polish name of a land county consists of the word powiat followed by a masculine-gender adjective (since powiat is a masculine noun). In common with many Countries, Polish car number plates indicate the Region of Registration of the Vehicle encoded in the number plate Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the In most cases this is the adjective formed from the name of the town or city where the county has its seat. A county seat is a term for an Administrative center for a County, primarily used in the United States. Thus the county with its seat at the town of Kutno is named powiat kutnowski (Kutno County). Kutno is a town in central Poland with 48000 inhabitants (2005 and an area of 336 km² Kutno County (powiat kutnowski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. Note that in modern Polish both parts of the name are written in lower case, however, names of powiats in Grand Duchy of Poznań were written in upper case. Lower case (also lower-case or lowercase) minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters as opposed to upper The Grand Duchy of Posen (Großherzogtum Posen Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as " Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, If the name of the seat comprises a noun followed by an adjective, as in Maków Mazowiecki ("Mazovian Maków"), the adjective will generally be formed from the noun only (powiat makowski). Maków Mazowiecki is a town in Poland, in Masovian Voivodship. Masovia or Mazovia (Mazowsze is a geographic and historic region situated in eastern Poland 's Masovian Plain. Maków County (powiat makowski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. There are also a few counties whose names are derived from the names of two towns (such as powiat czarnkowsko-trzcianecki, Czarnków-Trzcianka County), from the name of a city and a geographical adjective (powiat łódzki wschodni, Łódź East County), or a mountain range (powiat tatrzański, Tatra County). Czarnków-Trzcianka County (powiat czarnkowsko-trzcianecki is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Łódź East County (powiat łódzki wschodni is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland Tatra County (powiat tatrzański is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland, on
There is more than one way to render such names in English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A common method is to translate the names as "(something) County", as in the examples above. (This is the system used as standard in Wikipedia. ) Thus in most cases the English name for a powiat consists of the name of the city or town which is its seat, followed by the word County.
Note that different counties sometimes have the same name in Polish, since the names of different towns may have the same derived adjective. For example, the counties with their seats at Grodzisk Wielkopolski and Grodzisk Mazowiecki are both called powiat grodziski, and those with seats at Brzeg and Brzesko are both called powiat brzeski. Grodzisk Wielkopolski (Grätz is a town in Poland, in the Greater Poland Voivodeship (Wielkopolskie Grodzisk Mazowiecki is a town in central Poland with 26881 inhabitants in 2006. Powiat grodziski may refer to either of two counties ( Powiats in Poland: Grodzisk Wielkopolski County, in Greater Poland Voivodeship Brzeg (Brieg is a Town in southwestern Poland with 38496 inhabitants ( 2004) situated in Silesia in the Opole Voivodeship Brzesko is a town in southern Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship that is 50 kilometres east of Kraków. Powiat brzeski may refer to either of two counties ( Powiats in Poland Brzeg County, in Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland Brzesko County In English this ambiguity either does not occur (Brzeg County and Brzesko County) or can be avoided by using the full name of the seat (Grodzisk Wielkopolski County and Grodzisk Mazowiecki County). Brzeg County (powiat brzeski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland. Brzesko County (powiat brzeski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland. Grodzisk Wielkopolski County (powiat grodziski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Grodzisk Mazowiecki County (powiat grodziski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland
References
Bankauskaite, V. et al. (2007) Patterns of decentralization across European health systems. in R. B. Saltman, V. Bankauskaite and K. Vrangbæk (eds) (2007) Decentralization in health care. London: Open University Press / McGraw-Hill.
This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding Polish Wikipedia article as of 25 January 2008. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
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