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Potawatomi
Total population
Regions with significant populations
United States (Oklahoma, Kansas, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana), Canada (Ontario)
Languages
English, Potawatomi
Religions
Christianity, other
Related ethnic groups
Ojibwe, Ottawa, and other Algonquian peoples

The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi, among many variations) are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodéwadmimwen or Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen or Neshnabémwen) is a Central Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodéwadmimwen or Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen or Neshnabémwen) is a Central The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied to them by their Anishinaabe cousins. Anishinaabe or more properly Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek (which is the plural form of the word is a self-description often used by the Odawa, Ojibwe They originally called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word Anishinaabe. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from

The Potawatomi were part of a long term alliance with the Ojibwe and Ottawa, called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations The Council of Three Fires, also known as the People of the Three Fires, the Three Fires Confederacy, the United Nations of Chippewa Ottawa and Potawatomi In the Council of Three Fires, Potawatomi were considered the "youngest brother. "

Contents

History

The Potawatomi are first mentioned in French records which suggest that, in the early 17th century, they lived in what is now southwestern Michigan. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. During the Beaver Wars, they fled to the area around Green Bay to escape attacks by the Iroquois and Neutral Nation. The French and Iroquois Wars, also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars, commonly refer to a brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan, located along the south-west coast of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula and the east coast of Wisconsin. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse The Neutrals, also known as the Attawandaron, were an Iroquoian nation of North American native people who lived near the shores of Lake Ontario

Potawatomi warriors were an important part of Tecumseh's Confederacy and took part in Tecumseh's War, the War of 1812 and the Peoria War, although their allegiance switched repeatedly between the English and the Americans. Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813) also Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a famous Native American leader of the Shawnee Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion are terms sometimes used to describe a conflict in the Old Northwest between the United States and an American The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The Peoria War was an armed conflict between the U S Army and the Native American tribes of the Potawatomi and the Kickapoo that took The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927

At the time of the War of 1812, a band of Potawatomies were present near Fort Dearborn, in the current location of Chicago. Fort Dearborn, named in honor of Henry Dearborn, was a United States Fort built on the Chicago River in 1803 by troops under Captain Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. This tribe was agitated by chiefs Blackbird and Nuscotomeg (Mad Sturgeon), and a force of about 500 attacked the evacuation column leaving Fort Dearborn; a majority of the civilians and 54 of Captain Nathan Heald's force were killed, along with many wounded. This attack is referred to as the Fort Dearborn massacre. The Fort Dearborn massacre occurred on August 15, 1812, near Fort Dearborn, Illinois Territory (in what is now Chicago, A Potawatomi chief named Mucktypoke (Makdébki, Black Partridge), counciled against the attack and later saved some of the civilians that were being ransomed by the Potawatomis. Black Partridge or Black Pheasant ( Potawatomi: Mucketeypokee, Mucktypoke, Mka-da-puk-ke, Muccutay Penay, Makadebakii [1] There was also Potawatomi land in Crown Point, Indiana. Crown Point is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States.

According to an article in the Chicago Tribune, the Prairie Band Potawatomi Indians purchased 1,280 acres (5. 2 km²) of land near Shabbona, Illinois, in rural DeKalb County. Shabbona is a village in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. DeKalb County is a County located in the US state of Illinois.

Bands

Rain dance, Kansas, c. 1920
Rain dance, Kansas, c. 1920

There are several active bands of Potawatomi:

Population

Estimates of the original Potawatomi population range as high as 15,000, but 8,000 is probably closer to the truth. Citizen Potawatomi Nation are Algonquian -speaking Potawatomi -people located in Oklahoma. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. The Forest County Potawatomi Community is a band of the Potawatomi, many of whom live on the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish (also spelled with various transliterations as Mashipinashiwish, Me-chee-pee-nai-she-insh, Mash-i-pi-wish, Mitch-e-pe-nain-she-wish Gun Lake is a Lake in the US state of Michigan, located mostly in Barry County with the southwestern tip extending into Allegan County Dorr Township is a Civil township of Allegan County in the US Allegan County is a county in the US state of Michigan. As of 2000 census, the population was 105665 The Hannahville Indian Community is a federally recognized Potawatomi Indian Tribe residing in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, approximately Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi ( NHBP) is a federally recognized Potawatomi Indian Tribe. Calhoun County is a county in the US state of Michigan. It is part of the Battle Creek Michigan, Metropolitan Statistical Area. Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians are Algonquian -speaking Potawatomi -people located in southwestern Michigan and northeastern Indiana. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Kettle Point 44 is an Indian reserve 35 km northeast of Sarnia Ontario on the southern shore of Lake Huron Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Walpole Island is an Island and the name of a community in southwestern Ontario, Canada, on the border between Ontario and Michigan Unceded territory refers to land in North America that was never ceded to a government entity by the Indigenous peoples ( Aboriginal peoples in Canada and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Although they had undergone 30 years of war, relocation, and epidemic, the French estimated there were about 4,000 in 1667. Since all Potawatomi bands had gathered into four villages near Green Bay at that time, this probably was fairly accurate. Later estimates vary between 1,200 to 3,400, but the Potawatomi had separated into many bands, and these estimates failed to list all of them. Accurate counts were not possible until the Potawatomi had been moved to Kansas. In 1854 the Indian Bureau listed 3,440 on the reservation, but some had left with the Kickapoo for northern Mexico. The report also mentioned 600 "strolling Potawatomi," who had avoided removal and were somewhere in Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin. It also failed to include the 4-600 Potawatomi in Canada. The 1910 census listed 2,440 Potawatomi in the United States, with another 180 in Canada - total of 2,620. The current population of all Potawatomi in Canada and the United States is almost 28,000. [2]

Clans

Main article: Anishinaabe clan system

Chauvignerie (1736) and Morgan (1877) mentions among the Potawatomi doodems (clans) being:

  • Bené (Turkey)
  • Gagagshi (Crow)
  • Gnew (Golden Eagle)
  • Jejakwé (Thunderer, i. The Anishinaabe, like most Algonquian -speaking groups in North America base their system of kinship on Patrilineal Clans or totems The Anishinaabe, like most Algonquian -speaking groups in North America base their system of kinship on Patrilineal Clans or totems e. Crane)
  • Mag (Loon)
  • Mekchi (Frog)
  • Mek (Beaver)
  • Mewi'a (Wolf)
  • Mgezewa (Bald Eagle)
  • Mkedésh-gékékwa (Black Hawk)
  • Mko (Bear)
  • Mshéwé (Elk)
  • Mshike (Turtle)
  • Nmé (Sturgeon)
  • Nmébena (Carp)
  • Shagéshi (Crab)
  • Wabozo (Rabbit)
  • Wakeshi (Fox)

Location

Trail of Death marker in Warren County, Indiana.
Trail of Death marker in Warren County, Indiana. Warren County is a county on the western border of the US state of Indiana.

The Potawatomi first lived in lower Michigan, then moved to northern Wisconsin and eventually settled into northern Indiana and central Illinois. In the early 19th century, major portions of Potawatomi lands were annexed by the U. S. government. Following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, most of the Potawatomi people were forcibly removed from the tribe's lands. The Treaty of Chicago may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Chicago Illinois between the United States and the Ottawa, Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi Many perished en route to new lands in the west through Iowa, Kansas and Oklahoma, following what became known as the "Trail of Death". The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. The Potawatomi Trail of Death was the forced removal by United States forces from September 4 to November 4, 1838, of 859 members of the

Language

Main article: Potawatomi language

Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodéwadmimwen or Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen or Neshnabémwen) is a Central Algonquian language and is spoken around the Great Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as in Kansas and in southern Ontario, by fewer than 50 Potawatomi people, all elderly. Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodéwadmimwen or Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen or Neshnabémwen) is a Central The Central Algonquian languages are commonly grouped together as a subgroup of the larger Algonquian family, itself a member of the Algic family. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec There is currently an effort underway to revive the language.

Potawatomi language is the most similar to the Odawa language; however, it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from Sauk. Like the Odawa language, or the Ottawa dialect of the Anishinaabe language, the Potawatomi language exhibits great amount of vowel syncope.

Many places in the Midwest have names derived from the Potawatomi language, including Allegan, Waukegan, Muskegon, Oconomowoc and Skokie. Allegan is a city county and township in the US state of Michigan Allegan Michigan Allegan County Michigan Allegan Waukegan ( IPA: /wɔˈkigən/ is a city in Lake County, Illinois. Muskegon (mus-kēg'n is a city in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 40105 Oconomowoc is a city in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. Skokie (formerly Niles Center is a Village in Cook County, Illinois, United States.

Notes

  1. ^ R. David Edmunds,. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire (Civilization of the American Indian Series). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2069-X.  
  2. ^ http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:diuHnnHXzyoJ:www.tolatsga.org/pota.html+Potawatomi+Amherstburg+Canada&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us

External links

Dictionary

Potawatomi

-noun

  1. A Native-American people of the upper Mississippi River region.
  2. The Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people.
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