Potassium chloride
Other names	sylvite (mineral form); muriate of potash
Identifiers
CAS number	[7447-40-7]
Properties
Molecular formula	KCl
Molar mass	74. Sylvite is Potassium chloride ( K[[chlorine Cl]] in natural Mineral form CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 551 g/mol
Appearance	white crystalline solid
Density	1. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 987 g/cm3
Melting point	776 °C
Solubility in water	28. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 1 g/100 cm³ (0°C); 34. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth 0 g/100 cm³ (20°C); 56. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. CM3 redirects here If you were looking for the 3rd game in the Cooking Mama series abbreviated as CM3 see here. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 7 gram
Hazards
LD50	2600 mg/kg (oral/rat), 142 mg/kg (intravenous/rat)[1]
Related compounds
Other anions	potassium fluoride; potassium bromide; potassium iodide
Other cations	sodium chloride;rubidium chloride
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Potassium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula KF Potassium bromide ( K[[Bromine Br]] is a salt, widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Potassium iodide is an Inorganic compound with formula K[[iodide I]] An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Rubidium chloride is the alkali metal Halide RbCl This alkali halide finds diverse uses from Electrochemistry to Molecular biology. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and In its pure state it is odorless. It has a white or colorless vitreous crystal, with a crystal structure that cleaves easily in three directions. Vitreous refers to a material in an Amorphous, Glassy state (in contrast to a Crystalline state In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Potassium chloride crystals are face-centered cubic. Potassium chloride is also commonly known as "Muriate of Potash". In chemistry hydrochlorides are salts resulting or regarded as resulting from the reaction of Hydrochloric acid with an organic base (mostly Amines Potash varies in color from pink or red to white depending on the mining and recovery process used. Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of Potassium carbonate ( K 2 CO3) Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body White potash, sometimes referred to as soluble potash, is usually higher in analysis and is used primarily for making liquid starter fertilizers. KCl is used in medicine, scientific applications, food processing and in judicial execution through lethal injection. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Food preservation is the process of treating and handling Food in a way that preserves its edibility and nutrition value Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Sylvite is Potassium chloride ( K[[chlorine Cl]] in natural Mineral form For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Sylvinite is the most important ore for the production of Potash in North America.

Contents 1 Chemical properties 2 Manufacture/Extraction 3 Uses 4 Biological and medical properties 5 Physical properties 6 Precautions 7 References

Chemical properties

Potassium chloride can react as a source of chloride ion. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge As with any other soluble ionic chloride, it will precipitate insoluble chloride salts when added to a solution of an appropriate metal ion:

KCl(aq) + AgNO₃(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO₃(aq)

Although potassium is more electropositive than sodium, KCl can be reduced to the metal by reaction with metallic sodium at 850 °C because the potassium is removed by distillation (see Le Chatelier's principle):

KCl(l) + Na(l) ⇌ NaCl(l) + K(g)

This method is the main method for producing metallic potassium. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Silver chloride is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ag[[Chlorine Cl]] A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate Electrons, and therefore form positive Ions. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 In Chemistry, Le Chatelier's Principle, also called the Le Chatelier-Braun principle, can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a Chemical Electrolysis (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten KCl. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current

As with other compounds containing potassium, KCl in powdered form gives a lilac flame test result. A flame test is a procedure used in Chemistry to detect the presence of certain Metal ions based on each element's characteristic Emission spectrum

Manufacture/Extraction

Potassium chloride occurs naturally as sylvite, and it can be extracted from sylvinite. Sylvite is Potassium chloride ( K[[chlorine Cl]] in natural Mineral form Sylvinite is the most important ore for the production of Potash in North America. It is also extracted from salt water and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, flotation or electrostatic separation from suitable minerals. Brine (lat saltus) is Water saturated or nearly saturated with Salt (NaCl In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Flotation process is a method of separation widely used in the wastewater treatment and mineral processing industries Electrostatics is the branch of Science that deals with the Phenomena arising from what seems to be stationary Electric charges Since Classical It is a by-product of the making of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water

Uses

The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer, since the growth of many plants is limited by their potassium intake. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. As a chemical feedstock it is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and potassium metal. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] It is also used in medicine, scientific applications, food processing, and as a sodium-free substitute for table salt (sodium chloride). Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Potassium chloride is also used as the third of a three drug combination in judicial execution through lethal injection. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. It is sometimes used in water as a completion fluid in petroleum and natural gas operations, as well as being an alternative to sodium chloride in household water softener units. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, A water softener reduces the dissolved Calcium, Magnesium, and to some degree Manganese and Ferrous iron ion concentration in Hard water KCl is useful as a beta radiation source for calibration of radiation monitoring equipment because natural potassium contains 0. Beta particles are high-energy high-speed Electrons or Positrons emitted by certain types of Radioactive nuclei such as Potassium -40 Radiation dosimetry is the calculation of the Absorbed dose in matter and tissue resulting from the exposure to Ionizing radiation. 0118% of the isotope ⁴⁰K. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides One kilogram of KCl yields 16350 becquerels of radiation consisting of 89. The becquerel (symbol Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy 28% beta and 10. 72% gamma with 1. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 46083 MeV. Potassium chloride makes up 70% of Ace Hardware's allegedly pet and vegetarian-friendly "Ice Melt" though inferior in melting quality to calcium chloride (0°F v. Ace Hardware Corp, based in Oak Brook, Illinois, United States is a hardware cooperative that was created in 1924 by Richard Hesse A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 -25°F). It is also used in Dasani water, as well as in bulk quantities for fossil fuel drilling purposes. Dasani (dəˈsɑːni is a Brand of Bottled water from the Coca-Cola company launched in 1999, after the success of Aquafina Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Drilling is the process of using a Drill bit in a Drill to produce cylindrical holes in solid materials such as wood or metal

Biological and medical properties

Potassium is vital in the human body and oral potassium chloride is the common means to replenish it, although it can also be diluted and given intravenously (of course, in concentrations much lower than those used in executions). The human body is the entire physical and mental structure of a Human Organism. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. It can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, it is usually mixed with regular salt (sodium chloride), for this purpose to improve the taste (for example, in Morton Lite Salt^[2]). High intake of table salt ( Sodium chloride) is associated with high blood pressure and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Flavor or flavour is the sensory impression of a Food or other substance, and is determined Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Medically it is used in the treatment of hypokalemia and associated conditions, for digitalis poisoning, and as an electrolyte replenisher. Hypokalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of Potassium in the blood is low In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Brand names include K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K, and Kaon Cl. Side effects can include gastrointestinal discomfort including nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and bleeding of the digestive tract. Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from Overdoses cause hyperkalemia which can lead to paresthesia, cardiac conduction blocks, fibrillation, arrhythmias, and sclerosis. The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities Hyperkalemia ( AE) or Hyperkalaemia ( BE) is an elevated blood level of the Electrolyte Potassium. Paresthesia (pron /ˌpɛɹɪsˈθiʒə/ paraesthesia in British English, pron The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Fibrillation is the rapid irregular and unsynchronized contraction of the muscle fibers of the Heart. Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band.

Dr. Jack Kevorkian's thanatron machine injected a lethal dose of potassium chloride into the patient, which caused the heart to stop functioning, after a sodium thiopental-induced coma was achieved. Jack Kevorkian (kɛˈvɔrkiːɛn (born on May 26, 1928) is an Armenian-American The Thanatron, or death machine (see Thanatos) was a device created by Dr The fictional truth drug Hyoscine-pentothal does not describe real pentothal accurately A similar device, the German 'Perfusor', also uses potassium chloride as a suicide aid. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[3]

Physical properties

Potassium chloride has a crystalline structure like many other salts. Its structure is face-centered cubic. Its lattice constant is roughly 6. 3 angstroms. An ångström or angstrom (symbol Å) (ˈɔːŋstrəm Swedish: ˈɔ̀ŋstrœm is an internationally recognized non- SI unit of length equal

In chemistry and physics it is a very commonly used as a standard, for example as a calibration standard solution in measuring electrical conductivity of (ionic) solutions, since carefully prepared KCl solutions have well-reproducible and well-repeatable measurable properties. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between a measuring device and the units of measure Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current.

Solubility of KCl in various solvents (g KCl / 100 g of solvent at 25 °C)
H2O	36
Liquid ammonia	0. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor 04
Liquid sulfur dioxide	0. 041
Methanol	0. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound 53
Formic acid	19. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. 2
Sulfolane	0. Sulfolane (also tetramethylene sulfone, systematic name: 2345-tetrahydrothiophene-11-dioxide) is a clear colorless Liquid commonly 004
Acetonitrile	0. Acetonitrile (ACN is the Chemical compound with formula CH3CN 0024
Acetone	0. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable 000091
Formamide	6. Formamide, also known as methanamide is an Amide derived from Formic acid. 2
Acetamide	2. Acetamide (or acetic acid amide or ethanamide) CH3CONH2 the Amide of Acetic acid, is a white crystalline solid in 45
Dimethylformamide	0. Dimethylformamide is the Organic compound with the formula ( CH3)2NC(OH 017 - 0. 05
Reference: Burgess, J. Metal Ions in Solution (Ellis Horwood, New York, 1978) ISBN 0-85312-027-7

Precautions

Orally it is toxic in excess; the LD₅₀ is around 2500 milligram/kg (meaning that a person weighing 75 kg (165 lb) would have to consume about 190 g (6. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. 7 ounces); regular salt is about as toxic). This article is about the unit of mass For the unit of force see Pound-force. Intravenously this is reduced to just over 100 mg/kg but of more concern are its severe effects on cardiac muscles; high doses can cause cardiac arrest and rapid death. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the A cardiac arrest, also known as cardiorespiratory arrest, cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest, is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific A massive overdose of intravenous potassium chloride is used to stop the heart in capital punishment by lethal injection.

References

1. ^ Sigma Material Safety Data Sheet - Potassium Chloride. Section 11. Sigma Chemical Company. Valid 7/2001.
2. ^ Lite Salt™ Mixture. Morton Solt. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
3. ^ Boyes, Roger. "Death for hire - suicide machine lets you push final button", The Times, 2008-03-29. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  

• Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
• N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, 1984. ISBN 0-08-022057-6
• "Sigma Material Safety Data Sheet - Potassium Chloride", Valid 7/2001.

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