| Potassium bromide | |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [7758-02-3] |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | KBr |
| Molar mass | 119. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 01 g/mol |
| Appearance | white solid |
| Density | 2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 75 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point |
734 °C (1007 K) |
| Boiling point |
1435 °C (1708 K) |
| Solubility in water | 53. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 5 g/100 ml (0 °C) |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | Sodium chloride |
| Coordination geometry |
octahedral |
| Dipole moment | 10. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a 41 D (gas) |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | MSDS at Oxford University |
| EU classification | Harmful (Xn) |
| R-phrases | R20 R21 R22 R36 R37 R38 |
| S-phrases | S22 S26 S36 |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium iodide |
| Other cations | Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Rubidium bromide Caesium bromide |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, widely used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Potassium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula KF The Chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl is a Metal Halide salt composed of Potassium and Chlorine. Potassium iodide is an Inorganic compound with formula K[[iodide I]] An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Lithium bromide, or LiBr is a Chemical compound of Lithium and Bromine. Sodium bromide, also known as sedoneural is a Salt with the formula Na[[bromine Br]] widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative Rubidium bromide is the Bromide of Rubidium. It has a Face-centred-cubic crystal structure with a lattice constant of 6 Caesium bromide, (CsBr is an ionic compound of Caesium and Bromine. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. The anticonvulsants, also called antiepileptic drugs (abbreviated "AEDs" are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness Its action is due to the bromide ion (sodium bromide is equally effective). Sodium bromide, also known as sedoneural is a Salt with the formula Na[[bromine Br]] widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative Potassium bromide is presently used as veterinary drug, as an antiepileptic medication for dogs and cats. It is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water. In a dilute aqueous solution, potassium bromide tastes sweet, at higher concentration it tastes bitter, and when most concentrated it tastes salty to humans (these effects are due mainly to potassium ion; sodium bromide merely tastes salty at all concentrations). In high concentration potassium bromide strongly irritates the gastric mucous membrane, leading to nausea and sometimes vomiting (again this effect is typical of all soluble potassium salts).
Contents |
Chemical properties
Potassium bromide is a typical ionic salt which is fully dissociated and near pH 7 in aqueous solution. In Chemistry, an ionic compound is a Chemical compound in which Ions are held together in a lattice structure by Ionic bonds Usually the positively pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. It serves as a source of bromide ions- this reaction is important for the manufacture of silver bromide for photographic film:
Aqueous bromide Br- will also form complexes when reacted with some metal halides such as copper(II) bromide:
Preparation
A traditional method for the manufacture of KBr is the reaction of potassium carbonate with a bromide of iron, Fe3Br8, made by treating scrap iron under water with excess bromine:
Applications
Medical and Veterinary
The anticonvulsant properties of potassium bromide were first noted by Sir Charles Locock at a meeting of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1857. Silver bromide (AgBr a soft pale-yellow insoluble salt well known (along with other silver halides for its unusual sensitivity to light. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Silver bromide (AgBr a soft pale-yellow insoluble salt well known (along with other silver halides for its unusual sensitivity to light. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Copper(II bromide ( Cu[[Bromine Br2]] is a Chemical compound. Copper(II bromide ( Cu[[Bromine Br2]] is a Chemical compound. Carbonate of potash redirects here For one of potassium carbonate's impure forms see Potash. A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Carbonate of potash redirects here For one of potassium carbonate's impure forms see Potash. Iron(IIIII oxide is the chemical compound with formula Fe3O4 It is one of a number of Iron oxides. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single The Medical and Chirurgical Society of London was a learned society of Physicians and surgeons which was founded in 1805 by 26 personalities in these fields who had Bromide can be regarded as the first effective medication for epilepsy. At the time, it was commonly thought that epilepsy was caused by masturbation. Locock noted that bromide calmed sexual excitement and thought this was responsible for his success in treating seizures. There would not be a better drug for epilepsy until phenobarbital in 1912. Phenobarbital ( INN) or phenobarbitone (former BAN) is a Barbiturate, first marketed as Luminal by Friedr It was often said the British Army laced the soldiers' tea with bromide to quell sexual arousal, however this is likely to be an urban legend and similar stories were also told about a number of substances. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them [1]
Potassium bromide is used to treat epilepsy in dogs, either as first-line treatment or in addition to phenobarbital when the seizures are not adequately controlled with phenobarbital alone. Use of bromide in cats is limited because it carries a substantial risk of causing lung inflammation (pneumonitis) in this species.
Potassium bromide is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans to control seizures. In Germany it continues to be approved for use as an antiepileptic drug for humans, particularly children and adolescents. These indications include severe forms of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, early-childhood-related Grand-Mal-seizures, and also severe myoclonic seizures during childhood. Adults who have reacted positively to the drug during childhood/adolescence may continue treatment. KBr is sold under the brand name Dibro-Be mono (RX-only). When used for proper indications it shows promising results. The drug has almost complete bioavailability and an extremely long half-life of 6 weeks. One tablet contains 850 mg of potassium bromide. Potassium bromide is not known to interfere with the absorption or excretion of any other anticonvulsant.
The therapeutic index is very small for bromide. As with other antiepileptics, sometimes even therapeutic doses give rise to intoxication. Often indistinguishable from 'expected' side-effects, these include:
- Loss of appetite, nausea/emesis, lethargy, propensity to sleep during the daytime, depression, loss of concentration and memory, confusion, headache, and
- Bromism (central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, psychoses)
- Acne-form dermatitis and other forms of skin disease may also be seen, as well as mucous hypersecretion in the lungs. Somnolence (or " drowsiness " is a state of near- Sleep, a strong desire for sleep or sleeping for unusually long periods (c In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. Cachexia (kəˈkɛksiə is loss of weight, Muscle atrophy, fatigue weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and almost instant movement in response to stimulus. Clonus (from the Greek for "violent confused motion" is a series of involuntary Muscular contractions due to sudden stretching of the muscle Tremor is an unintentional somewhat rhythmic muscle movement involving to-and-from movements (oscillations of one or more parts of the body Ataxia (from Greek α- as a negative prefix + -τάξις, meaning "lack of order" is a neurological sign and symptom consisting Paresis is a condition typified by partial loss of movement or impaired movement Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intracellular and/or extracellular spaces of the Brain. Delirium is an acute and relatively sudden (developing over hours to days decline in attention-focus perception and Cognition. Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Asthma and rhinitis may worsen. Rarely, tongue disorder, aphten, bad breath, and obstipation occur.
Optics
KBr is transparent from the near ultraviolet to long wave infrared wavelengths (0. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. 25-25 µm). KBr has no significant optical absorption lines in its high transmission region. In Physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the process by which the Energy of a Photon is taken up by matter typically the electrons of an It is used for optical windows and prisms. It must be kept in a dry environment due to high solubility and hygroscopic nature. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption The refractive index is about 1. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium 55 at 1. 0 µm.
In infrared spectroscopy, samples are analyzed by grinding with KBr powder, and pressing into a disc. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Alternatively, the samples may be analyzed as a liquid film (neat, as a solution, or in a mull with Nujol) between two polished KBr discs. Nujol is a brand of mineral oil by Plough Inc used in Infrared spectroscopy. [2]
References
- ^ Barbara Mikkelson (2 Auust 2007). The Saltpeter Principle. Snopes.com. Snopes (ˈsnoʊps also known as the Urban Legends Reference Pages, is a Web site that is the most widely-known resource for validating or debunking Urban legends
- ^ W. Reusch. Infrared Spectroscopy. VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
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