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Posthumous name
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese: 諡號/謚號
Simplified Chinese: 谥号
Japanese name
Kanji: 諡号
Hiragana: しごう
Korean name
Hangul: 시호
Hanja: 諡號
Vietnamese name
Quốc ngữ: thụy hiệu
Hán tự: 諡號

A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in some cultures after the person's death. are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with Katakana and Kanji; the Latin alphabet Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ Hán tự ( {{IPA|/han˦˥ tɯ˨/}}; 漢[[wikt 字|字]] meaning " Chinese character " or chữ Nho ( {{IPA|/tɕɯ˧˨˧ ɲɔ/}} The posthumous name is commonly used when naming royalty of China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way inclusive The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family.

Posthumous names in China and Vietnam were also given to honor lifetime accomplishments of many people who did not have hereditary titles, for example to successful courtiers.

In the Japanese tradition, an emperor is now regularly given a posthumous name that corresponds to the name of his reign. A Japanese funeral includes a wake the Cremation of the deceased a burial in a family grave, and a periodic memorial service A non-royal deceased may be given a posthumous Buddhist name known as kaimyo, but is in practice still referred to by the living name.

A posthumous name should not be confused with the era name and temple name. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as

Contents

History

Having their origins in the Chinese Zhou Dynasty, posthumous names were used 800 years earlier than temple names. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as The first person named posthumously was Ji Chang , named by his son Ji Fa of Zhou, as the "Civil King" . King Wen ( (1099–1050 BC was the founder of the Zhou Dynasty. King Wu of Zhou ( or King Wu of Chou was the first sovereign or ruler of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The use of posthumous names was stopped in the Qin Dynasty, because Qin Shi Huang proclaimed that it is disrespectful for the descendants, or "later emperors" to judge their elders, or the "prior emperors" (先帝). Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the The practice was revived in the Han Dynasty after the demise of the Qin Empire. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China.

Chinese emperors

All Chinese posthumous names for rulers end in one or two of the characters for "emperor", Huángdì (皇帝, i. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of e. emperor), which can be shortened to Dì; except about a dozen or so less recognized ones who have had only Dì and no Huáng.

Starting with Emperor Xiaowen of Han China (more commonly "Emperor Wen"), every single Han emperor, except the first one of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has the character of "filial" (孝 xiào) at the beginning of his posthumous names. Emperor Wen of Han (202 BC&ndash157 BC was an emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. In Confucian thought filial piety ( is one of the Virtues to be cultivated a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors "Filial" is also used in the full posthumous names of virtually all emperors of the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China For Qing emperors, 孝 xiào is placed in various position in the string of characters, while those Qing empresses who were given posthumous names, 孝 xiào is always initial.

The number of characters in posthumous names was increasing. The emperors of the Tang Dynasty have names in between seven to eighteen characters. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Those in the Qing Dynasty have twenty-one characters. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China For instance, that of the Shunzhi Emperor was "The Emperor of Order who Observes the Heavenly Rituals with a Solemn Fate, Destined to Unify, Establishes with Extreme Talented Insights, Admires the Arts, Manifests the Might, with Great Virtue and Vast Achievement, Reaches Humanity, Purely Filial" (體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝, Listen to pronunciation (help·info): tǐ tiān lóng yùn dìng tǒng jiàn jí yīng ruì qīn wén xiǎn wǔ dà dé hóng gōng zhì rén chún xiào zhāng huáng dì). The Shunzhi Emperor ( March 15, 1638 &ndash February 5, 1661) was the second emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty

The woman with the longest posthumous name is Empress Cixi, who is "The Empress who is Admirably Filial, Initiates Kindness, with Blessed Health, Manifests Much Contentment, Solemn Sincerity, with Longevity, Provides Admiration Prosperously, Reveal Adoration, Prosperous with a Merry Heaven, with a Holy Appearance" (孝欽慈禧端佑康頤昭豫莊誠壽恭欽獻崇熙配天興聖顯皇后 xiào qīn cí xǐ duān yòu kāng yí zhāo yù zhuāng chéng shòu gōng qīn xiàn chóng xī pèi tiān xīng shèng xiǎn huáng hòu). Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the

Posthumous names can be praises (褒字) or deprecations (貶字). There are more praises than depreciations, so posthumous names are also commonly called respectful name (尊號 zūn hào) in Chinese. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian outlines extensively the rules behind choosing the names. Early life and education Sima Qian was born and grew up in Longmen, near present-day Hancheng Shaanxi. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC Some of those guidelines:

However, most of these qualifications are subjective, repetitive, and highly stereotypical; hence the names are chosen somewhat arbitrarily. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group Such names are usually given by court historians, according to their good deeds or the bad ones.

Japanese emperors

The posthumous names of Japanese emperors are called teigō (帝号, lit. emperor names). In addition to the appellation Ten'nō (天皇, lit. heavenly sovereign, usually translated as Emperor) that is a part of all Japanese emperors' posthumous name, most consist of two kanji characters, although a few consist of three. are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana Some names are given several generations later—this is the case for Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Antoku, for example. also known as Kamuyamato Iwarebiko; given name Wakamikenu no Mikoto or Sano no Mikoto, born according to the legendary account in the Kojiki on Emperor Antoku (安徳天皇 Antoku-tennō) ( December 22, 1178 &ndash April 24, 1185) was the 81st emperor Others are given immediately after death, like that of Emperor Mommu. Emperor Mommu (文武天皇 Monmu-tennō) (683-707 was the 42nd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession

Many have Chinese-style names, for example:

Some have Japanese-style names. For example:

Since the death of Emperor Meiji (明治天皇 Meiji Ten'nō) in 1912, the posthumous name of an emperor has always been the name of his era. Emperor Go-Ichijō (後一条天皇 Go-Ichijō-tennō) ( October 12, 1008 &ndash May 15, 1036) was the 68th emperor Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) ( November 26, 1288 &ndash September 19, 1339) was the 96th emperor Empress Go-Sakuramachi (後桜町天皇 Go-Sakuramachi-tennō) ( September 23, 1740 &ndash December 24, 1813) was the 117th (661 &ndash December 29 721 was the 43rd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Empress Genshō (元正天皇 Genshō-tennō) (680 &ndash May 22, 748) was the 44th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional Empress Meishō (明正天皇 Meishō-tennō) ( January 9, 1624 – December 4, 1696) was the 109th Monarch of Empress Shōtoku (称徳天皇 Shōtoku-tennō) (718 &ndash August 28, 770) was both the 46th and the 48th imperial ruler ( November 18, 709 &ndash January 11, 782) was the 49th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of Emperor Shōkō (称光天皇 Shōkō-tennō) ( May 12, 1401 - August 30, 1428) was the 101st emperor of The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era For example, after his death Hirohito (by which he is usually called outside Japan) was formally renamed Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇 Shōwa Ten'nō) after his era; Japanese now refer to him by only that name. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to Hirohito was his given name, but most Japanese never refer to their emperors by their given names, as it is considered derogatory in etiquette.

Korean emperors and kings

Although Korean emperors and kings had elaborate posthumous names, they are usually referred to by their temple names today. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as

Officials

It was also common for persons with no hereditary titles, especially accomplished scholar-officials or ministers, to be given posthumous names by the imperial court. The characters used are mostly the same ones used for emperors, with the same denotations as described above. The length, however, was restricted to one or two characters. See List of Posthumous Names for examples. In China, Posthumous names 諡 were conferred upon Emperors Empresses and notable officials by the imperial court up until the fall of Qing Dynasty in 1911

Confucius has been given long posthumous names in almost every major dynasty. Confucius ( lit " Master Kung " September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher One of the most commonly used was Zhìshèngxiānshī 至聖先師.

Sometimes a person is given a posthumous name not by the court, but by his own family or disciples. Such names are private posthumous names (Sĩshì, 私諡). For example, Tao Qian was given Sishi Jìngjié 靖節. Translation Editions Meng Erdong ed Tao Yuanming Ji Yi Zhu ISBN 7-80626-064-1

Miscellaneous

To combine an emperor's temple name and posthumous name, place temple first.

A fuller description of this naming convention for royalty appears in the Chinese sovereign entry. Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China.

See also

References

External links

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