The Centenary of Independence (Le centenaire de l'indépendance)

Henri Rousseau, 1892

Oil on canvas

57 × 110 cm, 22. Henri Julien Félix Rousseau ( May 21, 1844 &ndash September 2, 1910) was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the 4 × 43. 3 in

Presently in the Getty Museum in Los Angeles

Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1910, to describe the development of European art since Manet. An art critic is a person who specializes in evaluating Art. Their written critiques or reviews are published in newspapers magazines books and on web sites Roger Eliot Fry (14 December 1866 – 9 September 1934) was an English artist and an Art critic, and a member of the Bloomsbury group John Rewald, one of the first professional art historians to focus on the birth of early modern art, limited the scope to the years between 1886 and 1892 in his pioneering publication on Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin (1956): Rewald considered it to continue his History of Impressionism (1946), and pointed out that a "subsequent volume dedicated to the second half of the post-impressionist period"^[1] - Post-Impressionism: From Gauguin to Matisse - was to follow, extending the period covered to other artistic movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries — to artistic movements based on or derived from Impressionism. John Rewald (May 12 1912 – February 2 1994 was a German -born American Art historian, scholar of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s

Contents 1 Defining "Post-Impressionism" 1.1 Reviews and adjustments 1.2 Conclusion 2 Historical overview 3 Concise Gallery of major Post-Impressionist artists 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Defining "Post-Impressionism"

John Rewald focused on outstanding early "Post-Impressionists" active in France: on Van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat, Redon, and their relations as well as the artistic circles they frequented (or they were in opposition to):

• Neo-Impressionism: ridiculed by contemporary art critics as well as artists as "Pointillism"; Seurat and Signac would have preferred other terms: Divisionism for example
• Cloisonnism: a short-lived term introduced in 1888 by the art critic Edouard Dujardin, was to promote the work of Louis Anquetin, and was later also applied to contemporary works of his friend Émile Bernard
• Synthetism: another short-lived term coined in 1889 to distinguish recent works of Gauguin and Bernard from that of more traditional "Impressionists" exhibiting with them at the Café Volpini. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman not to be confused with the French painter and architect Émile Bénard, 1844-1929 Émile Bernard ( April 28, 1868 &ndash Tate is the United Kingdom 's national museum of British and Modern Art and is a network of four art galleries in England: Tate Britain (opened in London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. John Rewald (May 12 1912 – February 2 1994 was a German -born American Art historian, scholar of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903 was a leading Post-Impressionist painter. Georges-Pierre Seurat ( December 2, 1859  &ndash March 29, 1891) was a French painter and Draftsman. Bertrand-Jean Redon, better known as Odilon Redon ( April 20, 1840 &ndash July 6, 1916) was a Symbolist painter and Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by the French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1887 to characterise the late-19th century Art movement led by See also Neo-Impressionism Pointillism is a style of Painting in which small distinct points of Primary colors create the impression of a wide selection Georges-Pierre Seurat ( December 2, 1859  &ndash March 29, 1891) was a French painter and Draftsman. Paul Signac ( November 11, 1863 – August 15, 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter who working with See also Neo-Impressionism Chromoluminarism, also known as Divisionism, is a technique used by Neo-Impressionists such as Georges "Cloisonnism" is a style of post-Impressionist painting with bold forms separated by dark contours Édouard Dujardin (1861–1949 was a French writer one of the early pioneers of the literary technique stream of consciousness, exemplified in his 1888 novel Louis Anquetin ( January 26 1861 - August 19 1932) was a French painter. not to be confused with the French painter and architect Émile Bénard, 1844-1929 Émile Bernard ( April 28, 1868 &ndash Synthetism is a term used by post-Impressionist artists like Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin to distinguish their work The Exhibition at the Café Volpini in summer 1889 was arranged by Paul Gauguin and his circle on the walls of a café just outside the gates of the Exposition
• Pont-Aven School: implying little more than that the artists involved had been working for a while in Pont-Aven or elsewhere in Brittany. Pont-Aven School (French École de Pont-Aven) is a term occupied by works of art iconographically due to Pont-Aven and its surroundings
• Symbolism: a term highly welcomed by vanguard critics in 1891, when Gauguin dropped Synthetism as soon as he was acclaimed to be the leader of Symbolism in painting. Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts

Furthermore, in his introduction to "Post-Impressionism", Rewald opted for a second volume featuring Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau "le Douanier", Les Nabis and Cézanne as well as the Fauves, the young Picasso and Gauguin's last trip to the South-Sea; it was to expand the period covered at least into the first decade of the 20th century - yet this second volume remained unfinished. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman Henri Julien Félix Rousseau ( May 21, 1844 &ndash September 2, 1910) was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the Les Nabis were a group of Post-Impressionist Avant-garde artists who set the pace for Fine arts and Graphic arts in France in Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973

Reviews and adjustments

Rewald's approach to historical data was narrative rather than analytic, and beyond this point he believed it would be sufficient to "let the sources speak for themselves. "^[2] So, Rewald frankly admitted that "the term 'Post-Impressionism' is not a very precise one, though a very convenient one. " Convenient, when the term is by definition limited to French visual arts derived from Impressionism since 1886.

Rival terms like Modernism or Symbolism were never as easy to handle, for they covered literature, architecture and other arts as well, and they expanded to other countries. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts

• Modernism, thus, is now considered to be the central movement within international western civilisation with its original roots in France, going back beyond the French Revolution to the Age of Enlightenment. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century

• Symbolism, however, is considered to be a concept which emerged a century later in France, and implied an individual approach. Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Local national traditions as well as individual settings therefore could stand side by side, and from the very beginning a broad variety of artists practising some kind of symbolic imagery, ranged between extreme positions: The Nabis for example united to find synthesis of tradition and brand new form, while others kept to traditional, more or less academic forms, when they were looking for fresh contents: Symbolism is therefore often linked to fanatastic, esoteric, erotic and other non-realist subject matter. Les Nabis were a group of Post-Impressionist Avant-garde artists who set the pace for Fine arts and Graphic arts in France in Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts

To meet the recent discussion, the connotations of the term 'Post-Impressionism' were challenged again: Alan Bowness and his collaborators expanded the period covered to 1914, but limited their approach widely on the 1890s to France. Sir Alan Bowness CBE is a British curator and museum director Other European countries are pushed back to standard connotations, and Eastern Europe is completely excluded.

So, while it seems reasonable to see a split between classical 'Impressionism' and 'Post-Impressionism' in 1886, the end and the extend of 'Post-Impressionism' remains under discussion. For Bowness and his contributors as well as for Rewald, 'Cubism' was an absolutely fresh start, and so Cubism has been seen in France since the beginning, and later in Anglosaxonia. Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Meanwhile Eastern European artists, however, did not care so much for western traditions, and proceeded to manners of painting called abstract and suprematic - terms expanding far into the 20th century. Abstract art uses a Visual language of form color and line to create a composition which exists independently of visual references to the world This term is not to be confused with Supremacism. black circle

Conclusion

According to the present state of discussion, Post-Impressionism is a term best used within Rewald's definition in a strictly historical manner, concentrating on French art between 1886 and 1914, and re-considering the altered positions of impressionist painters like Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, and others - as well as all new brands at the turn of the century: from Cloisonnism to Cubism. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in "Cloisonnism" is a style of post-Impressionist painting with bold forms separated by dark contours Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European The declarations of war, in July/August 1914, indicate probably far more than the beginning of a World War - they signal a major break in European cultural history, too. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Historical overview

Post-Impressionism was both an extension of Impressionism and a rejection of its limitations. Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Post-Impressionists continued using vivid colours, thick application of paint, distinctive brushstrokes and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour. The Impressionist Camille Pissarro experimented with Neo-Impressionist ideas between the mid 1880s and the early 1890s. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by the French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1887 to characterise the late-19th century Art movement led by Discontented with what he referred to as "romantic Impressionism," he investigated Pointillism which he called "scientific Impressionism" before returning to a purer Impressionism in the last decade of his life. See also Neo-Impressionism Pointillism is a style of Painting in which small distinct points of Primary colors create the impression of a wide selection Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s The Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure in Impressionist paintings, though they did not agree on the way forward. Georges Seurat and his followers concerned themselves with Pointillism, the systematic use of tiny dots of colour. Georges-Pierre Seurat ( December 2, 1859  &ndash March 29, 1891) was a French painter and Draftsman. See also Neo-Impressionism Pointillism is a style of Painting in which small distinct points of Primary colors create the impression of a wide selection Paul Cézanne set out to restore a sense of order and structure to painting. He achieved this by reducing objects to their basic shapes while retaining the bright fresh colours of Impressionism. Vincent van Gogh used colour and vibrant swirling brush strokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind. Although they often exhibited together, Post-Impressionist artists were not in agreement concerning a cohesive movement. Younger painters during the 1890s and early 20th century worked in geographically disparate regions and in various stylistic categories, such as Fauvism and Cubism. Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European

Concise Gallery of major Post-Impressionist artists

Paul Cézanne (1839-1906)	Odilon Redon (1840-1916)	Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)	Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
Charles Angrand (1854-1926)	Henri Edmond Cross (1856-1910)	Georges Seurat (1859-1891)	Theo van Rysselberghe (1862-1926)
Paul Signac (1863-1935)	Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901)	Paul Sérusier (1864-1927)	Paul Ranson, (1864-1909)
Félix Vallotton (1865-1925)	Édouard Vuillard (1868-1940)

See also

• Art periods
• Neo-impressionism
• Albert Dubois-Pillet
• Maximilien Luce
• Jan Toorop
• Anna Boch
• Willy Finch

Notes

References

• Rewald, John: Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin, revised edition: Secker & Warburg, London 1978
• Bowness, Alan, et alt. : Post-Impressionism. Cross-Currents in European Painting, Royal Academy of Arts & Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979 ISBN 0-297-77713-0

External links

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